Background
The World Health Organization defines health literacy as the capacity to access information for the purpose of protecting and maintaining one’s health and the skills needed to understand, interpret and use the information gathered [1]. Health literacy in public health is one of society’s important indicators of the degree to which the individuals can benefit from health services, become aware of their right to health and public health services, understand health education materials, take medications carefully and accurately, and benefit from other aspects of healthcare [2]. It is ever more important today to ensure that individuals take responsibility for their own health, understand and interpret the information given to them, and make the right decisions about their health [3]. When health literacy is deficient in a society, the general level of health of the community suffers and problems arise in accessing and using health services, caring for and managing chronic conditions, maintaining the capacity or the will to practice self-care, among other issues [4].
Health literacy can have a positive or negative impact on parents in the context of their knowledge, attitudes and behavior with regard to accessing and benefiting from health services [5]. It is reported that parental health literacy levels have an impact on children’s growth and development and that the children of parents with inadequate health literacy are negatively affected. Inadequate health literacy has been shown to adversely affect a child in terms of eating habits, obesity, the correct administration of medications, application to emergency facilities and asthma management, oral and dental health, consumption of fruits and vegetables, physical activity and hygienic behavior [6‐12]. Functional health literacy is said to be an important indicator of a child’s health and it is reported that breastfeeding self-efficacy levels rise with an increase in maternal health literacy levels [13, 14]. It is asserted that a mother’s level of education and the functional health literacy of parents are factors that impact children’s height, as well as their growth and development [15]. Conversely, inadequate health literacy has been associated with problems such as dwarfism, shortness and low weight [16].
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It has been reported that among those in Turkey who prefer to seek medical services first at family health centers, 30.9% have an inadequate level of health literacy (HL), 38.0% have a problematic level of HL, 23.4% have an adequate level of HL, and 7.7% have an excellent level of HL [17]. In a study carried out in Turkey, it was found that the health literacy of parents who regularly carry out their own follow-up and follow-up of their children is higher than that of parents who have their children follow up when called by health care institutions [18]. In one study, the level of health literacy of parents had no association with their attitudes and behavior towards childhood vaccines [19]. Another study found that having a health problem for parents and their children increased their health literacy and that there was a relationship between parental health literacy and child health. To clarify this relationship, it is recommended to investigate the effect of parental health literacy on children’s health behavior [20]. It is stated that parental health literacy and body weight of adolescents are not related in Turkey [21], but no study was found that revealed the relationship between parental health literacy and anthropometric measurements of children under 6 years of age. International studies have shown that parents with a low level of health literacy are less likely to meet the needs of their children in terms of prevention and health care [7‐9]. There is also evidence of an association between certain health behaviors in children that have a negative impact on their health, such as low parental health literacy, socioeconomic status, less healthy diet and less physical activity [11, 14‐16].
Health care workers play an important role in helping communities’ access, understand and make use of health information. Public health and pediatric nurses should plan initiatives that will identify parental health literacy levels, which is a significant determinant of children’s health; they should seek to explore impacting factors, improve HL levels and ensure that parents gain the needed knowledge and develop the skills and attitudes conducive to maintaining pediatric health. In particular, nurses should guide parents and children to appropriate websites where they can find relevant health information, making sure that these resources provide accurate, reliable and updated information [22]. On the other hand, although there are many studies on parental health literacy and children’s health behaviors, there are few that inquire into the effect of parental health literacy on a child’s health behavior or the relationship between health literacy and children’s health [23]. We believe that this study will contribute to the literature by setting forth the relationship between levels of parental health literacy and children’s anthropometric measurements in Turkey.
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between parental health literacy levels and anthropometric measurements of children in Turkey.
Research questions
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What is the health literacy level of parents?
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What are the factors affecting the health literacy levels of parents?
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Is there a relationship between the health literacy levels of parents have an effect on children’s anthropometric measurements?
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Methods
Sample and design
The universe of this cross-sectional study consisted of 538 parents with children of the ages 0–6 who were registered at a family health center. Using the G*Power program, sample size was calculated at a medium effect size, a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, indicating that a total of 200 participants were needed for a power of 80% [24]. However, although our goal was to reach all the parents in the three-month data collection period, the study was completed with 378 parents with children of ages 0–6 who had been registered at the local family health center. The power of the sample to represent the universe was therefore 96%. In this study, parents who volunteered, had children aged 0–6 years, consented to their child’s height and weight being measured, and completed the data collection form in full were selected for inclusion in the study.
Ethical considerations
Ethical approval was granted to the study by the Mugla Sitki Kocman University Health Sciences Ethics Committee (83/26.04.2021); institutional approval was obtained from the Aydın Provincial Health Directorate (327,897/15.09.2021). The staff at the family health center were informed about the study, and the consent of the parents regarding participation in the research was received. All of the stages of the study were conducted in keeping with the stipulations of the Helsinki Declaration.
Measurements
A Sociodemographic Data Form and the Health Literacy Scale for Turkey-32 was used to collect the study data.
Sociodemographic data form
The sociodemographic data form prepared by the authors in line with the literature consisted of questions on the age, gender, civil status, level of education, condition of general health, employment status, economic status of the parents, and information about their child’s gender, age, body weight and height measurements [25]. The sociodemographic data form consists of 20 questions.
The health literacy scale for Turkey-32 (HLSTR-32)
The HLS-32 was derived from the 47-item European Health Literacy Scale [26, 27] and adapted to the Turkish language in the form of 32 items [28]. HLS-32 differs from the original scale in that it is based not on three, but two basic dimensions, on a 2 × 4 matrix. The scale has 4 options: 1 = Very easy, 2 = Easy, 3 = Hard, 4 = Very Hard. The statement “I don’t know” is coded as 5. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was calculated as 0.927 [28]. In the evaluation of the scale, the indices have been standardized on a scale of 0–50, as in the HLS-EU instrument. The formula Index=(mean-1) x (50/3) was used for this. In this formula, the index is the index calculated unique to the individual and the mean refers to the mean of each item the individual responds to. The calculation provides a reading that indicates health literacy, 0 representing the lowest level of health literacy and 50 the highest. Scores of 0–25 signify an inadequate level of health literacy; >25–33, a level of problematic-limited, > 33–42, an adequate level; and > 42–50, excellent health literacy [26, 27]. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale in this study was calculated as 0.978.
Data collection
The data collection instruments were used through face-to-face interviews with the participants on weekdays in a room made available by the family health center for the research between the 1st of August and the 31st of October 2021. The researchers measured the weight and height of the infants and children using a weight scale and a height meter provided by the participants. This was done in a room provided by the family health center for the research. Once the measurement concluded, participants completed the data collection forms. The measurement of a child’s height and weight took about 5–8 min, and the completion of the data collection form by the parents took about 10 min. Then, the data were assessed by age according to the anthropometric measurements of Turkish children and standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated and categorized for the children’s height, weight, and body mass index [29]. The SDS calculations according to age were assessed as follows [29]:
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SDS for weight by age: <-3 and − 2 underweight; > 3 overweight; 0, 1, 2 and <-1 normal.
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SDS for height by age: <-3 dwarf; <-2 short; >3 tall; 0, 1, 2 and <-1 normal.
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SDS for body mass index by age: >3 obese; >2 overweight; <-2 and − 3 underweight; 0, 1 and <-1 normal.
Analytic strategy
The data obtained in the research were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 22) program. The data analysis made use of numbers, percentiles, and the Chi-square test. Ordinal Regression Analysis was used to assess the relationships between the sociodemographic characteristics of the parents and their health literacy levels and between the parents’ health literacy levels and their children’s anthropometric measurements. Statistical significance was accepted as p < .05 in all of the statistical analyses.
Results
Descriptive results
It was found that of the participants, 97.4% were women, 96.3% were married, 67.7% were gainfully employed, 69.3% were high school and university graduates, 61.4% had family income equal to their expenditure, 71.4% preferred to go to a family health center for an initial medical evaluation, 83.0% assessed themselves as in good or excellent health, and 94.2% said that the source of their knowledge about health was television. Of the parents, 85.2% had 3 children or fewer, the children of 87.8% did not have a chronic disease, and 82.6% assessed their child’s health to be good or excellent. The children’s standard deviation scores were accepted as normal for 77.2% in terms of weight by age, for 52.4% in terms of height by age, and for 86.2% in terms of body mass index by age. Of the parents, 34.9% displayed adequate health literacy (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic and individual characteristics of the participants
Variables | n | % |
|---|---|---|
Gender of parents | ||
Male | 10 | 2.6 |
Female | 368 | 97.4 |
Age groups of parents | ||
19–29 | 162 | 42.9 |
Above 30 | 216 | 57.1 |
Martial status of parents | ||
Married | 364 | 96.3 |
Single | 14 | 3.7 |
Education level of parents | ||
Primary school | 116 | 30.7 |
High school | 140 | 37.0 |
University | 122 | 32.3 |
Work status of parents | ||
Not working | 256 | 67.7 |
Working | 122 | 32.3 |
Income level of parents | ||
Income less than spending | 34 | 9.0 |
Income equal to spending | 232 | 61.4 |
Income more than spending | 112 | 29.6 |
First healthcare provider of parents | ||
Primary health care | 270 | 71.4 |
Hospital | 108 | 28.6 |
Number of children of parents | ||
1 | 162 | 42.9 |
2 | 160 | 42.3 |
Above 3 | 56 | 14.8 |
Gender of child | ||
Male | 214 | 56.6 |
Female | 164 | 43.4 |
Parent’s level of assessment of health status | ||
Passing | 64 | 16.9 |
Good | 180 | 47.6 |
Very good | 134 | 35.4 |
Parent’s level of assessment of the child’s health status | ||
Good | 66 | 17.5 |
Very good | 198 | 52.4 |
Excellent | 114 | 30.2 |
Weight for age SDS level of child | ||
Underweight | 68 | 18.0 |
Normal | 292 | 77.2 |
Overweight | 18 | 4.8 |
Height for age SDS level of child | ||
Stunted height | 82 | 21.7 |
Short height | 74 | 19.6 |
Normal height | 198 | 52.4 |
Tall height | 24 | 6.3 |
BMI for age SDS level of child | ||
Weak | 20 | 5.3 |
Normal | 326 | 86.2 |
Overweight/Obese | 32 | 8.5 |
Health literacy level of parents | ||
Inadeguate | 142 | 37.6 |
Problematic | 104 | 27.5 |
Adeguate | 132 | 34.9 |
Health information resources of parents | ||
TV | 356 | 94.2 |
Internet | 316 | 83.6 |
Social media | 230 | 60.8 |
Friends | 118 | 31.2 |
Health institutions | 156 | 41.3 |
Scientific journal/book | 22 | 5.8 |
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Comparison of various characteristics of the parental health literacy levels
It was observed that employed parents compared to unemployed parents and those that first applied to primary healthcare services compared to those that first applied to hospitals had higher and more significant levels of adequate health literacy (p < .001) (Table 2). A significant statistical difference was found between the parents’ level of health literacy and their level of education (x2 = 222.86 and p < .001), level of income (x2 = 113.23 and p < .001), the number of their children (x2 = 19.18 and p = .001), and their assessment of their own health (x2 = 69.80 and p < .001) (Table 2). The multiple comparisons between the parents’ levels of education and their health literacy levels showed that university graduates compared to both high school and elementary school graduates, high school graduates compared to elementary school graduates had higher and more significant levels of adequate health literacy (p < .001). In the comparison between the parents’ income status and their health literacy levels, it was noted that those with income exceeding their expenditure compared to those with equal income/expenditure and those with income less than their expenditure (p < .001), and those with equal income/expenditure compared to those with less income than expenditure (p = .020) had higher and more significant levels of adequate health literacy. It was seen that parents with one (p < .001) or two (p = .022) children compared to those with 3 or more children had higher and more significant levels of adequate health literacy. It was found that the parents who assessed their own health as excellent compared to those who assessed it as good or not bad, and those who assessed their health as good compared to those who assessed it as not bad had higher and more significant levels of adequate health literacy (p < .001).
Table 2
Comparison of sociodemographic and individual characteristics of the participants with general health literacy levels
Independent Variable | Health literacy levels | Chi-Square | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inadeguate %(n) | Problematic %(n) | Adeguate % (n) | |||
Gender of parents | |||||
Male | 20.0 (2) | 40.0 (4) | 40.0 (4) | 1.50 | 0.472 |
Female | 38.0 (140) | 27.2 (100) | 34.8 (128) | ||
Age groups of parents | |||||
19–29 | 37.0 (60) | 29.6 (48) | 33.4 (54) | 0.68 | 0.709 |
Above 30 | 38.0 (82) | 25.9 (56) | 36.1 (78) | ||
Martial status of parents | |||||
Married | 36.8 (134) | 28.0 (102) | 35.2 (128) | 2.57 | 0.276 |
Single | 57.1 (8) | 14.3 (2) | 28.6 (4) | ||
Education level of parents | |||||
Primary school | 77.6 (90) | 20.7 (24) | 1.7 (2) | 222.86 | < 0.001 |
High school | 32.8 (46) | 44.3 (62) | 22.9 (32) | ||
University | 4.9 (6) | 14.8 (18) | 80.3 (98) | ||
Work status of parents | |||||
Not working | 47.6 (122) | 30.5 (78) | 21.9 (56) | 62.67 | < 0.001 |
Working | 16.4 (20) | 21.3 (26) | 62.3 (72) | ||
Income level of parents | |||||
Income less than spending | 76.5 (26) | 5.9 (2) | 17.6 (6) | 113.23 | < 0.001 |
Income equal to spending | 44.0 (102) | 36.2 (84) | 19.8 (46) | ||
Income more than spending | 12.5 (14) | 16.1 (18) | 71.4 (80) | ||
First healthcare provider of parents | |||||
Primary health care | 24.4 (66) | 28.1 (76) | 47.4 (128) | 85.64 | < 0.001 |
Hospital | 70.4 (76) | 25.9 (28) | 3.7 (4) | ||
Number of children of parents | |||||
1 | 27.2 (44) | 28.4 (46) | 44.4 (72) | 19.18 | 0.001 |
2 | 42.4 (68) | 26.3 (42) | 31.3 (50) | ||
Above 3 | 53.6 (30) | 28.6 (16) | 17.8 (10) | ||
Parent’s level of assessment of health status | |||||
Passing | 68.8 (44) | 18.7 (12) | 12.5 (8) | 69.80 | < 0.001 |
Good | 37.7 (68) | 36.7 (66) | 25.6 (46) | ||
Very good | 22.4 (30) | 19.4 (26) | 58.2 (78) | ||
No significant relationship was detected between the parents’ levels of health literacy in terms of their age, gender, civil status, gainful employment status, the health facility to which they first applied, and the self-assessment of their health (Table 3). Being a university (OR = 43.905 and p < .001) or high school graduate (OR = 3.567 and p = .001) compared to being an elementary school graduate, and having an income that exceeded expenditure compared to an income that was less than expenditure (OR = 4.027 and p = .029), also having 1 child compared to having 3 or more children (OR = 1.346 and p = .007) were found to be factors highly and significantly associated with adequate levels of health literacy (Table 3).
Table 3
The assessment of sociodemographic and individual characteristics of the participants between general health literacy levels with Ordinal Logit Regression Analysis
Independent Variable | Estimate | S.E | Wald | OR | 95% CI for OR | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Gender of parents | |||||||
Male | 0.85 | 0.81 | 1.11 | 2.33 | 0.48 | 11.32 | 0.292 |
Female | 0a | ||||||
Age groups of parents | |||||||
19–29 | -0.05 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.42 | 2.13 | 0.910 |
Above 30 | 0a | ||||||
Marital status of parents | |||||||
Married | -0.75 | 0.65 | 1.32 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 1.70 | 0.251 |
Single | 0a | ||||||
Education level of parents | |||||||
University | 3.78 | 0.46 | 68.77 | 43.90 | 17.96 | 107.33 | < 0.001 |
High school | 1.27 | 0.37 | 11.59 | 3.56 | 1.71 | 7.41 | 0.001 |
Primary school | 0a | ||||||
Work status of parents | |||||||
Not working | -0.16 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.85 | 0.473 | 1.53 | 0.594 |
Working | 0a | ||||||
Income level of parents | |||||||
Income more than spending | 1.39 | 0.64 | 4.74 | 4.02 | 1.15 | 14.11 | 0.029 |
Income equal to spending | 0.11 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 1.11 | 0.39 | 3.15 | 0.836 |
Income less than spending | 0a | ||||||
Number of children of parents | |||||||
1 | 1.08 | 0.40 | 7.32 | 2.94 | 1.35 | 6.41 | 0.007 |
2 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 2.17 | 1.77 | 0.82 | 3.80 | 0.140 |
Above 3 | 0a | ||||||
First healthcare provider of parents | |||||||
Hospital | -0.62 | 0.36 | 2.93 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 1.09 | 0.087 |
Primary health care provider | 0a | ||||||
Level of self-assessment of parents | |||||||
Very good | -0.35 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.27 | 1.81 | 0.467 |
Passing | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.45 | 2.22 | 0.988 |
Good | 0a | ||||||
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The relationship between parental health literacy levels and children’s anthropometric measurements
A statistically significant difference was found between the parents’ health literacy levels in terms of their assessment of their children’s health (p < .001), the children’s weight SDS by age (p = .006), the children’s height SDS by age (p = .036) and the children’s body mass index SDS by age (p = .004) (Table 4). It was found in the multiple comparisons that parents assessing their child’s general health as excellent compared to parents who described this as very good (p < .001) or good (p < .001); as well as parents who described their child’s health as very good compared to those who described it as good (p = .011) had higher and more significant health literacy at the adequate level. It was discovered that parents with children whose weight SDS by age was normal compared to those whose weight SDS by age was underweight (p = .017), or those with children whose height SDS levels by age was short compared to those whose height SDS levels by age indicated dwarfism (p = .021), had higher and more significantly adequate health literacy levels. It was also found that parents with children with a normal mass body index SDS by age compared to children with a mass body index SDS by age indicating underweight (p = .009) displayed higher and more significantly adequate levels of health literacy.
Table 4
Comparison of parental health literacy levels and anthropometric measurements of children
Independent Variable | Health literacy levels | Chi-Square | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inadeguate %(n) | Problematic %(n) | Adeguate % (n) | |||
Parent’s level of assessment of the child’s health status | |||||
Good | 15.2 (10) | 69.7 (46) | 15.1 (10) | 23.06 | < 0.001 |
Very good | 4.0 (8) | 87.9 (174) | 8.1 (16) | ||
Excellent | 1.7 (2) | 93.0 (106) | 5.3 (6) | ||
Weight for age SDS level of child | |||||
Underweight | 52.9 (36) | 20.6 (14) | 26.5 (18) | 14.41 | 0.006 |
Normal | 32.9 (96) | 28.7 (84) | 38.4 (112) | ||
Overweight | 50.0 (16) | 31.3 (10) | 18.8 (6) | ||
Height for age SDS level of child | |||||
Stunted height | 51.2 (42) | 22.0 (18) | 26.8 (22) | 13.47 | 0.036 |
Short height | 29.8 (22) | 37.8 (28) | 32.4 (24) | ||
Normal height | 36.4 (72) | 25.3 (50) | 38.3 (76) | ||
Tall height | 25.0 (6) | 33.3 (8) | 41.7 (10) | ||
BMI for age SDS level of child | |||||
Weak | 70.0 (14) | 20.0 (4) | 10.0 (2) | 15.24 | 0.004 |
Normal | 34.4 (112) | 27.6 (90) | 38.0 (124) | ||
Overweight/Obese | 37.6 (16) | 27.5 (10) | 34.9 (6) | ||
Parents who assessed their children’s general health to be excellent (OR = 9.015 and pp < 0.001) or very good (OR = 2.817 and p = .001) compared to those that described it as good showed higher and more significantly adequate levels of health literacy. An association was found with higher and more significantly adequate levels of health literacy in the case of parents whose children displayed weight SDS indicating underweight (OR = 23.373 and p < .001) or normal weight (OR = 18.071 and p < .001) according to their age compared to parents with children whose weight SDS levels indicated overweight. An association was found with higher and more significantly adequate levels of health literacy in the case of parents whose children’s standard deviation scores indicated tallness for their age compared to parents with children with SDS indicating dwarfism by age (OR = 13.704 and p < .001) (Table 5).
Table 5
Evaluation of the relationship between parental health literacy levels and anthropometric measurements of children with Ordinal Logit Regression Analysis
Independent Variable | Estimate | S.E | Wald | OR | 95% CI for OR | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Level of child self-assessment | |||||||
Excellent | 2.20 | 0.36 | 37.53 | 9.01 | 4.46 | 18.21 | < 0.001 |
Very good | 1.04 | 0.32 | 10.30 | 2.81 | 1.49 | 5.30 | 0.001 |
Good | 0a | ||||||
Weight for age SDS level of child | |||||||
Underweight | 3.15 | 0.90 | 12.31 | 23.37 | 4.01 | 135.95 | < 0.001 |
Normal | 2.89 | 0.75 | 15.08 | 18.07 | 4.19 | 77.88 | < 0.001 |
Overweight | 0a | ||||||
Height for age SDS level of child | |||||||
Tall height | 2.62 | 0.75 | 12.18 | 13.70 | 3.15 | 59.60 | < 0.001 |
Normal height | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.75 | 1.45 | 0.62 | 3.407 | 0.385 |
Short height | 0.55 | 0.40 | 1.87 | 1.73 | 0.79 | 3.80 | 0.171 |
Stunted height | 0a | ||||||
BMI for age SDS level of child | |||||||
Weak | -0.52 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 2.35 | 0.461 |
Normal | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.41 | 2.49 | 0.978 |
Overweight/Obese | 0a | ||||||
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Discussion
This study, which examined the relationship between parental health literacy and children’s anthropometric measurements, found that one third of parents had adequate health literacy and that these levels could be associated with education, income level and employment status. In addition, an association was found between the adequate level of health literacy of the parents and the Standard Deviation Scores (SDS) for weight and height of their children according to age. Several studies indicate that low levels of health literacy have an impact on parents’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and also on children’s health outcomes such as disease prevention, acute care and chronic disease management. In addition, low health literacy has been shown to lead to negative outcomes such as poor nutrition knowledge and behavior, higher rates of obesity, more medication errors, and more visits to the emergency department [30, 31]. This study is the first in Turkey to show the effect of parental health literacy on children’s anthropometric measurements. It is also one of the few studies in the international literature. When reviewing the literature, it can be seen that parental literacy is mostly studied in areas such as children’s acute and chronic health problems, oral and dental health, mental health, emergency visits and caring for medically difficult children [6, 7, 10‐12, 14, 23]. In this study, it is assumed that only 1/3 of parents have sufficient health literacy. This situation will have a negative impact not only on children’s anthropometric measurements, but also on acute and chronic health problems, mental health and positive health behaviors.
The research found that about two-thirds of parents had inadequate or problematic health literacy, whereas about one-third had adequate or exceptional health literacy. The level of adequate health literacy found in this study is similar to that found in some of the literature reviews [4, 32], but higher than that reported in other studies [33‐35]. The prevalence of adequate health literacy in our study reflects the more favorable circumstances that exist in the study area compared to other regions of the country. The prevalence of adequate health literacy in our study reflects the more favorable circumstances that exist in the study area compared to other regions of the country. This is due to the higher level of education and income of the parents, as well as their level of health knowledge and use of preventive health services. The prevalence of adequate health literacy in our study reflects the more favorable circumstances present in the study area, in comparison to other regions in the country. Our study’s reported prevalence is higher than that of previous relevant research conducted in Turkey. However, it should be noted that the rate is comparatively lower than that reported in European countries. A study conducted in Europe found that only 52.7% of individuals had adequate and excellent health literacy [36]. This finding was supported by other studies that reported the rate of adequate and excellent health literacy in the population at 60-65% [37, 38]. These inadequate and problematic levels of health literacy highlighted in this study could potentially be attributed to factors such as economic instability, educational deficiencies, limited knowledge about health and other related gaps that exist in Turkey.
In this study, it was found that having parents with adequate health literacy was positively associated with their level of education, their level of income, their employment, their smaller family size and their self-assessment of their health. Some studies in the literature [39] report a significant correlation between health literacy and certain demographic factors, including age and level of education, with higher levels of health literacy found among women than men, those aged 65–74, married individuals, those with a high school education or higher, and those in employment [40]. Many studies in the Turkish literature [4, 33‐35, 41] and international articles [37, 38] show consistency in the results regarding the level of health literacy among adults. The level of health literacy in a society is significantly influenced by factors related to employment, income and education [42‐44]. Poor socio-economic conditions are recognized as contributing to low health literacy, and health literacy serves as a mediator in the relationship between the use of preventive health services and overall health status, quality of life and health behaviors [45]. The results of the study show that health literacy is significantly influenced by various socio-economic factors such as education, income and employment, as well as an individual’s ability to self-assess their health status.
We noted a correlation between possessing sufficient health literacy and parents’ ability to accurately evaluate their child’s health. Studies in the literature indicate that parents with high or functional health literacy exhibit preventative measures towards their children’s health [10, 46], possess greater understanding and expertise in managing their child’s asthma [47], instill their children with enhanced self-esteem [48], and adopt more constructive approaches towards their children’s health [13]. It is noteworthy for pediatric health that parents with sufficient health literacy were capable of reporting their child’s health as excellent or very good. Hence, a child’s well-being is influenced by the extent of their parents’ health literacy.
This study found no significant association between parental health literacy and a child’s body mass index. However, there is evidence to suggest that adequate parental health literacy may be associated with a child’s reduced likelihood of being unhealthily overweight and increased likelihood of being tall for their age. An important finding of this study is that rates of obesity and stunted growth were significantly lower in children of parents with adequate health literacy compared with those of parents with inadequate health literacy. A study has shown that low parental health literacy is linked to factors such as the socioeconomic status of the community, unhealthy dietary habits in children, and insufficient physical activity. These factors negatively affect a child’s health [9]. One study found an association between low parental health literacy and low parental self-efficacy in parents of new-born babies, which negatively affected their child’s health [49]. Another study found that parents with low health literacy put their children at increased risk of developing obesity, and that adequate parental health literacy had a positive effect on children, as they were more likely to adopt effective weight loss strategies and positive health behaviors [50]. There is evidence of a positive association between functional health literacy of parents and adult height of children, and adequate health literacy of parents has a positive impact on child development [15]. Some studies have shown a positive and statistically significant association between maternal nutritional literacy and children’s weight for age, height for age and body mass index [49, 51], and maternal nutritional literacy has been found to be effective in preventing stunting [52].
In this study, it is clear that there is a sufficiently positive relationship between having parents with adequate health literacy and assessing their children’s health, not being overweight for their age and being tall. It can be said that this situation may indicate that adequate parental health literacy may be effective in influencing positive health-related behaviors in children. Based on this situation, it can be said that adequate parental health literacy will positively influence anthropometric measurements of children aged 0–6.
Strengths and limitations
This study is one of the few studies that has been conducted to determine the relationship between parental health literacy and children’s health. In this research explored the factors associated with parental health literacy as well as the relationship between parental health literacy and children’s health. It is important in terms of improving children’s health that health providers make an evaluation of the level of parents’ health knowledge and health literacy when they bring their children in for healthcare at primary care facilities.
The first and most important limitation to our study was that it was carried out in only one family health center. The second limitation is that all data on the data collection form other than the children’s measurements were based on self-reporting. Meanwhile, the fact that the study sample represented 70% of the study population and had a power of 96% were the strong points in the research.
Conclusions
We found that the adequate health literacy of the parents we studied was higher than average for Turkey, but remarkably lower than the European average. In this study, it was found that parents’ adequate level of health literacy had a positive association with their level of education, employment status and income level. It also found that parents’ adequate health literacy was positively associated with their children’s health rating, weight for age and height for age, but not with the child’s body mass index for age. As a result, adequate parental health literacy has an impact on children’s anthropometric measurements. In light of these findings, we recommend that health care institutions and health professionals assess parents’ health knowledge and health literacy when they apply to health care institutions, and also implement practices that help to improve health literacy. In this context, educational programs to improve parents’ health literacy can be planned by health care institutions. Health care providers can reduce the impact of inadequate health literacy by trying to match families’ health care needs with their health literacy. It may also be beneficial to carry out more studies on the effects of parental health literacy on the health of children, and also on ways to increase the level of health literacy in general.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the cooperation of the Aydın Provincial Health Directorate, Family Health Center staff, as well as the participating parents and their children.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving research study participants were approved by the Ethics Committee of Mugla Sitkı Kocman University (83/26.04.2021). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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