Background
Methods and materials
Study setting
Vaccination schedules in Uganda
Data source, study design, and population
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Trends in vaccination completion across sub-regions and socio-demographic characteristics by year
Kampala | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 75) | 2000 (n = 68) | 2006 (n = 61) | 2011 (n = 72) | 2016 (n = 126) | ||||||
Rate (%) | (95%CI) | Rate (%) | 95%CI) | Rate (%) | 95%CI) | Rate (%) | 95%CI) | Rate (%) | 95%CI) | |
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 95.3 | 87.7–98.3 | 94.1 | 85.5–97.7 | 90.1 | 75.9–96.3 | 94.8 | 82.6–98.6 | 99.2 | 94.9–99.9 |
DPT3 | 78.9 | 65.0–88.2 | 58.8 | 47.0–69.7 | 68.3 | 59.1–76.2 | 76.5 | 62.3–86.5 | 79.9 | 72.1–85.9 |
OPV3 | 70.6 | 60.8–78.8 | 61.8 | 50.0–72.3 | 54.8 | 45.8–63.5 | 75.7 | 66.4–83.1 | 57.5 | 47.6–66.9 |
Measles | 78.9 | 68.1–86.7 | 70.6 | 57.6–80.9 | 69.4 | 60.3–77.1 | 83.8 | 73.5–90.6 | 81.8 | 72.4–88.4 |
All* | 58.9 | 46.1–70.6 | 38.2 | 26.3–51.8 | 45.6 | 36.9–54.5 | 67.5 | 54.4–78.3 | 51.4 | 41.3–61.3 |
Central 1 | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 75) | 2000 (n = 68) | 2006 (n = 61) | 2011 (n = 72) | 2016 (n = 126) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 82.6 | 72.4–89.6 | 55.6 | 43.9–66.7 | 73.9 | 65.8–80.7 | 88.4 | 78.5–94.1 | 93.3 | 88.7–96.0 |
DPT3 | 70.6 | 59.3–79.8 | 23.5 | 15.9–33.2 | 51.8 | 42.7–60.8 | 70.1 | 56.7–80.7 | 74.5 | 67.8–80.3 |
OPV3 | 68.3 | 58.4–76.7 | 26.1 | 17.2–37.3 | 53.3 | 44.2–62.1 | 56 | 44.6–66.7 | 63.8 | 56.5–70.5 |
Measles | 62.5 | 53.5–70.7 | 39.7 | 29.4–50.9 | 60.9 | 49.9–70.9 | 77.8 | 65.5–86.7 | 74.9 | 68.3–80.5 |
All* | 55.5 | 45.4–65.2 | 17.3 | 10.6–27.1 | 43.2 | 33.9–52.9 | 46.8 | 34.7–59.3 | 51.9 | 45.3–58.4 |
Central 2 | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 121) | 2000 (n = 102) | 2006 (n = 97) | 2011 (n = 124) | 2016 (n = 268) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 85.9 | 78.1–91.3 | 71.8 | 62.4–79.6 | 88.2 | 78.4–93.9 | 95.4 | 89.1–98.1 | 94.8 | 89.6–97.5 |
DPT3 | 69.3 | 60.3–77.0 | 39.9 | 30.0–50.8 | 64.8 | 52.9–75.2 | 58.6 | 48.4–68.1 | 76.4 | 68.5–82.8 |
OPV3 | 67.7 | 58.2–76.0 | 43.2 | 34.6–52.8 | 61.3 | 49.1–72.2 | 53.8 | 40.7–66.3 | 57.2 | 49.0–65.1 |
Measles | 64.6 | 54.0–73.9 | 51.7 | 40.7–62.5 | 66.3 | 56.1–75.2 | 70.9 | 60.5–79.5 | 73 | 63.8–80.6 |
All* | 50.4 | 40.5–60.3 | 32.3 | 22.8–43.4 | 51.1 | 38.7–63.3 | 41.7 | 30.9–53.3 | 47.1 | 39.7–54.6 |
East central | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 130) | 2000 (n = 118) | 2006 (n = 147) | 2011 (n = 135) | 2016 (n = 231) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 75.3 | 64.7–83.5 | 79.9 | 70.2–87.0 | 88.2 | 81.7–92.6 | 96.3 | 92.3–98.2 | 97.1 | 92.3–98.9 |
DPT3 | 41.2 | 33.2–49.8 | 36.4 | 23.5–51.6 | 59.4 | 48.6–69.3 | 53.0 | 44.0–61.7 | 71.2 | 63.1–78.1 |
OPV3 | 36.8 | 27.4–47.4 | 45.6 | 32.1–59.7 | 53.2 | 45.0–61.2 | 53.1 | 45.2–60.9 | 57.0 | 47.2–66.3 |
Measles | 39.3 | 31.9–47.2 | 43.5 | 31.4–56.4 | 56.7 | 48.4–64.6 | 70.9 | 63.3–77.4 | 71.1 | 62.3–78.6 |
All* | 28.2 | 21.0–36.6 | 33.0 | 20.2–48.9 | 38.9 | 30.7–47.9 | 38.6 | 29.4–48.7 | 45.0 | 35.8–54.5 |
Eastern | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 207) | 2000 (n = 214) | 2006 (n = 224) | 2011 (n = 212) | 2016 (n = 476) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 84.5 | 77.9–89.4 | 85.9 | 79.4–90.6 | 95.5 | 91.0–97.8 | 97.0 | 92.7–98.8 | 98.5 | 97.1–99.2 |
DPT3 | 53.9 | 45.5–62.1 | 50.8 | 38.7–62.8 | 67.2 | 57.7–75.4 | 75.4 | 67.1–82.1 | 81.7 | 77.6–85.2 |
OPV3 | 53.1 | 44.9–61.1 | 65.3 | 54.6–74.6 | 63.2 | 53.4–72.0 | 61.0 | 50.4–70.6 | 66.8 | 62.3–71.0 |
Measles | 52.7 | 44.4–60.9 | 58.5 | 46.9–69.2 | 62.6 | 52.0–72.1 | 76.6 | 68.9–82.8 | 80.9 | 75.9–85.1 |
All* | 37.3 | 30.0–45.1 | 41.8 | 31.4–52.9 | 46.3 | 36.1–56.9 | 52.8 | 41.3–63.7 | 56.7 | 51.3–61.9 |
Northern | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 138) | 2000 (n = 67) | 2006 (n = 172) | 2011 (n = 115) | 2016 (n = 258) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 81.7 | 68.1–90.3 | 69.0 | 58.8–77.6 | 96.3 | 92.6–98.2 | 94.5 | 86.6–97.8 | 97.3 | 94.7–98.7 |
DPT3 | 49.1 | 28.4–70.1 | 41.3 | 28.8–55.0 | 69.7 | 59.3–78.3 | 74.7 | 63.0–83.6 | 82.1 | 76.9–86.3 |
OPV3 | 41.6 | 25.0–60.2 | 49.7 | 37.2–62.2 | 58.9 | 50.9–66.4 | 60.4 | 50.1–69.9 | 72.9 | 67.1–78.0 |
Measles | 57.7 | 40.7–73.1 | 47.2 | 32.6–62.2 | 80.2 | 71.2–86.9 | 70.4 | 56.7–81.2 | 77.6 | 71.7–82.5 |
All* | 37.0 | 21.2–56.1 | 29.1 | 20.3–39.7 | 48.5 | 39.4–57.7 | 48.3 | 37.1–59.7 | 57.5 | 51.1–63.7 |
Karamoja | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 9) | 2000 (n = 10) | 2006 (n = 49) | 2011 (n = 54) | 2016 (n = 73) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 58.2 | 36.8–76.8 | 100 | – | 95.9 | 90.3–98.3 | 99.9 | 99.4–100.0 | 98.8 | 93.1–99.8 |
DPT3 | 25.3 | 4.2–72.5 | 81.1 | 43.7–95.9 | 65.9 | 49.0–79.4 | 92.6 | 84.0–96.7 | 87 | 80.1–91.7 |
OPV3 | 25.3 | 4.2–72.5 | 95.3 | 70.7–99.4 | 64.6 | 49.0–77.7 | 67.9 | 60.2–81.6 | 79.2 | 68.6–86.8 |
Measles | 25.3 | 4.2–72.5 | 100 | – | 79.5 | 69.6–86.8 | 92.8 | 84.8–96.7 | 90.4 | 82.4–95.0 |
All* | 25.3 | 4.2–72.5 | 76.4 | 44.7–92.8 | 48.8 | 33.5–64.4 | 64.5 | 46.3–79.3 | 73.5 | 62.3–82.3 |
West Nile | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 121) | 2000 (n = 103) | 2006 (n = 77) | 2011 (n = 70) | 2016 (n = 178) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 85.9 | 75.0–92.5 | 85.3 | 75.3–91.7 | 96.2 | 91.5–98.3 | 98.3 | 93.7–99.6 | 95.4 | 90.5–97.9 |
DPT3 | 47.2 | 38.4–56.2 | 50 | 39.5–60.5 | 59.4 | 48.9–69.1 | 81.3 | 71.3–88.4 | 83.0 | 76.8–87.8 |
OPV3 | 45.6 | 37.9–53.5 | 61.9 | 47.7–74.3 | 57.1 | 46.8–66.8 | 63.0 | 49.4–74.8 | 74.8 | 67.4–80.9 |
Measles | 47.1 | 39.2–55.1 | 62.4 | 55.8–68.6 | 64.2 | 53.2–73.8 | 77.4 | 68.4–84.5 | 84.0 | 77.9–88.7 |
All* | 31.9 | 23.6–41.5 | 36.3 | 26.4–47.6 | 45.3 | 33.9–57.3 | 50.7 | 39.7–61.7 | 63.7 | 56.4–70.4 |
Western | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 183) | 2000 (n = 76) | 2006 (n = 192) | 2011 (n = 157) | 2016 (n = 332) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 84.5 | 74.1–91.2 | 78.7 | 66.6–87.3 | 91.9 | 85.4–95.7 | 94.6 | 88.2–97.6 | 95.8 | 92.7–97.6 |
DPT3 | 76 | 63.5–85.3 | 50.6 | 33.3–67.8 | 71.9 | 61.0–80.8 | 77.4 | 65.4–86.1 | 76.9 | 72.5–80.8 |
OPV3 | 76.3 | 63.9–85.3 | 54.6 | 38.8–69.5 | 67.3 | 57.3–75.9 | 71.9 | 58.1–82.6 | 67.4 | 62.3–72.1 |
Measles | 68.1 | 55.7–78.3 | 72.2 | 55.8–84.2 | 75.5 | 66.0–83.0 | 80.9 | 68.4–89.2 | 85.3 | 80.8–88.9 |
All* | 64 | 51.4–75.0 | 39 | 24.6–55.6 | 52.7 | 41.6–63.4 | 58.8 | 48.8–68.0 | 57.5 | 52.0–62.9 |
Southwest | ||||||||||
1995 (n = 167) | 2000 (n = 199) | 2006 (n = 146) | 2011 (n = 117) | 2016 (n = 262) | ||||||
Antigens | ||||||||||
BCG | 85.3 | 77.5–90.7 | 82 | 72.0–88.9 | 86.6 | 77.8–92.5 | 87.8 | 82.3–91.8 | 97.1 | 94.2–98.6 |
DPT3 | 71.5 | 61.8–79.5 | 60.3 | 51.2–68.7 | 62.8 | 51.2–73.1 | 79.4 | 71.4–85.6 | 87.0 | 81.2–91.1 |
OPV3 | 74.2 | 64.3–82.1 | 66.2 | 58.2–73.4 | 46.7 | 55.3–73.1 | 80.3 | 72.4–86.4 | 77.1 | 70.7–82.5 |
Measles | 74.6 | 65.8–81.8 | 62.5 | 55.2–69.2 | 68.0 | 57.6–76.8 | 71.3 | 60.8–79.9 | 86.3 | 80.4–90.4 |
All* | 64.2 | 55.7–71.9 | 47.6 | 40.1–55.3 | 45.7 | 35.0–56.8 | 61.4 | 50.7–71.0 | 65.9 | 59.1–72.1 |
1995–2000 | 2000–2006 | 2006-2011 | 2011-2016 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% change (95%CI) | % change (95%CI) | % change (95%CI) | % change (95%CI) | |
Region | ||||
Kampala | −20.7 (−38, − 2.6)* | + 7.3 (−8.4, 23.1) | + 21.9 (6.9, 36.9)* | −16.1 (− 32.4, 0.1) |
Central1 | − 38.2 (−51.1, − 25.3)* | + 25.8 (13.2, 38.5)* | + 3.6 (− 12.2, 19.4) | + 5.1 (− 8.8, 19.0) |
Central2 | −18.1 (− 32.5, − 3.7)* | + 18.8 (2.5, 35.1)* | − 9.4 (−26.3, 7.6) | + 5.4 (− 8.2, 19.0) |
East central | + 4.8 (− 11.8, 21.5) | + 5.9 (− 11.1, 23.0) | −0.4 (− 13.4, 12.7) | + 6.4 (−7.2, 19.9) |
Eastern | + 4.5 (− 8.8, 17.8) | + 4.6 (− 10.6, 19.8) | + 6.4 (− 9.0, 21.8) | + 3.9 (− 8.5, 16.4) |
Northern | −7.9 (−28.5, 12.7) | + 19.4 (6.0, 32.9)* | −0.2 (− 15.0, 14.5) | + 9.3 (− 3.9, 22.4) |
Karamoja | + 51.1 (4.9, 97.2)* | −27.5 (− 57.2, 2.1) | + 15.6 (− 7.7, 39.0) | + 9.0 (− 10.8, 28.8) |
West Nile | + 4.4 (− 9.6, 18.40 | + 9.0 (− 7.0, 25.0) | + 5.4 (− 10.9, 21.7) | + 13.0 (− 0.2, 26.2) |
Western | − 25.0 (− 45.0, − 5.1)* | + 13.6 (− 5.7, 33.1) | + 6.1 (− 8.6, 20.8) | −1.2 (− 12.4, 9.9) |
Southwest | − 16.6 (− 27.8, − 5.4)* | −1.9 (− 15.5, 11.5) | + 15.7 (0.6, 30.8)* | + 4.5 (− 7.6. 16.7) |
Education | ||||
None | −8.7 (− 17.3, − 0.1)* | + 10.8 (2.2, 19.5)* | + 3.4 (− 7.3, 14.0) | + 15.0 (4.7, 27.2)* |
Primary | − 10.7 (− 18.0, − 3.5)* | + 9.4 (2.6, 16.1)* | + 2.3 (− 4.1, 8.7) | + 4.6 (− 1.0, 10.2) |
Secondary | −21.7 (− 34.7, − 8.7)* | + 8.7 (− 4.3, 21.7) | + 10.8 (− 0.7, 22.3) | −6.6 (− 16.0, 1.9) |
Higher | −25.9 (− 60.1, 8.3) | + 2.8 (− 24.5, 30.1) | − 0.1 (− 25.1, 25.0) | −1.9 (− 19.6, 15.9) |
Religion | ||||
Catholic | − 9.9 (− 17.5, − 2.2)* | + 11.2 (4.1, 18.3)* | + 9.3 (2.0, 16.5)* | + 0.6 (− 6.0, 7.1) |
Protestants | − 12.8 (− 20.9, − 4.7)* | + 8.5 (0.3, 16.7)* | + 5.9 (− 3.0, 14.8) | + 5.7 (− 2.1, 13.4) |
Muslims | −12.4 (− 24.2, − 0.7)* | + 13.6 (1.1, 26.0)* | + 8.1 (− 6.0, 22.2) | −1.0 (− 13.4, 11.4) |
Others* | + 8.5 (− 10.6, 27.5) | −0.6 (− 16.7, 16.5) | −8.6 (− 21.7, 4.5) | + 13.4 (3.5, 23.3)* |
Residence | ||||
Rural | −9.9 (− 16.2, − 3.6)* | + 10.0 (4.2, 15.9)* | + 4.1 (− 1.6, 9.9) | + 5.8 (0.6, 10.9)* |
Urban | −15.0 (− 25.3, − 4.7)* | + 10.3 (− 0.3, 20.9) | + 11.7 (0.9, 22.5)* | −7.6 (− 16.5, 12.4) |
Wealth | ||||
Lowest | + 7.2 (−4.0, 18.4) | + 2.1 (− 8.8, 13.0) | + 6.7 (−3.5, 16.8) | + 8.2 (− 0.6, 16.9) |
Second | −8.3 (− 10.3, 3.7) | + 7.5 (− 4.1, 19.2) | + 6.1 (− 3.7, 15.9) | + 4.1 (− 4.5, 12.6) |
Middle | −4.3 (− 15.3, 6.7) | + 2.8 (− 8.0, 13.7) | + 1.4 (− 8.8, 11.6) | + 8.2 (− 1.4, 17.9) |
Fourth | −14.5 (− 26.7, − 2.3)* | + 19.3 (7.1, 31.5)* | + 3.7 (− 6.5, 14.1) | −0.02 (− 9.2, 9.2) |
Highest | −30.5 (− 40.0, − 20.9)* | + 14.6 (4.9, 24.3)* | + 9.4 (− 1.3, 20.1) | −2.5 (− 12.2, 7.2) |
Overall | − 10.4 (− 16.1, − 4.6)* | + 10.0 (4.6, 15.4)* | + 5.4 (0.2, 10.6)* | + 3.8 (− 0.8, 8.3) |
Vaccination coverage for basic vaccines (BCG, DPT3, OPV3, and measles)
Predictors of vaccination completion
Variable | Central 1 (n = 841) | East Central (n = 864) | Northern (n = 831) | Southwest (n = 1008) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children (%) | All* | p | Children (%) | All* | p | Children (%) | All* | p | Children (%) | All* | p | |
Household Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Place of Residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 79.6 | 41.7 | 0.004* | 92.3 | 36.2 | 0.012* | 92.4 | 45.7 | 0.005* | 90.8 | 56.3 | 0.042* |
Urban | 20.4 | 56.5 | 7.7 | 51.6 | 7.6 | 59.6 | 9.2 | 66.7 | ||||
Religious affiliation | ||||||||||||
Catholic | 41.1 | 44.5 | 0.844 | 21.2 | 37.9 | 0.390 | 59.9 | 49.8 | 0.058* | 35.5 | 54.8 | 0.196 |
Protestants | 25.8 | 45.0 | 42.5 | 37.5 | 31.6 | 39.8 | 53.1 | 60.2 | ||||
Muslims | 21.6 | 42.2 | 26.1 | 33.1 | 0.4 | 44.9 | 2.9 | 46.8 | ||||
Pentecostal + Others | 11.5 | 49.8 | 10.1 | 46.7 | 8.3 | 52.5 | 8.5 | 52.3 | ||||
Wealth index | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 4.7 | 35.6 | 0.061 | 24.7 | 34.8 | 0.605 | 46.9 | 45.2 | < 0.001* | 12.0 | 50.0 | 0.292 |
Second | 10.4 | 47.5 | 21.8 | 34.7 | 24.6 | 52.0 | 19.3 | 57.1 | ||||
Middle | 16.3 | 54.1 | 21.8 | 35.6 | 15.4 | 30.0 | 28.3 | 60.7 | ||||
Fourth | 27.1 | 35.3 | 19.9 | 41.6 | 7.6 | 54.0 | 27.1 | 54.4 | ||||
Richest | 41.6 | 47.6 | 11.8 | 44.1 | 5.5 | 73.3 | 13.4 | 62.2 | ||||
Maternal Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Maternal age | ||||||||||||
15–24 | 41.5 | 40.7 | 0.127 | 39.1 | 34.1 | 0.327 | 39.8 | 50.6 | 0.127 | 30.8 | 56.2 | 0.494 |
25–34 | 42.1 | 35.3 | 44.4 | 39.8 | 41.0 | 46.3 | 50.6 | 59.0 | ||||
35–49 | 16.4 | 47.6 | 16.5 | 38.8 | 19.2 | 39.7 | 18.5 | 54.0 | ||||
Maternal education | ||||||||||||
No education | 11.5 | 33.6 | 0.001* | 16.0 | 26.6 | < 0.001* | 17.8 | 36.5 | 0.002* | 23.1 | 48.9 | 0.005* |
Primary | 58.1 | 40.8 | 63.7 | 34.9 | 72.1 | 46.2 | 61.2 | 57.8 | ||||
Secondary | 24.6 | 55.1 | 17.6 | 49.9 | 8.4 | 70.0 | 11.6 | 71.2 | ||||
Higher | 5.8 | 61.9 | 2.6 | 78.8 | 1.7 | 62.3 | 4.2 | 56.4 | ||||
Marital Status | ||||||||||||
Never married | 6.3 | 44.3 | 0.369 | 2.9 | 59.6 | 0.081 | 3.1 | 40.7 | 0.336 | 1.8 | 47.9 | 0.667 |
Married | 82.1 | 46.0 | 89.3 | 37.2 | 86.7 | 47.8 | 89.7 | 57.6 | ||||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 11.6 | 36.0 | 7.7 | 31.1 | 10.2 | 39.7 | 8.5 | 55.1 | ||||
Maternal working Status | ||||||||||||
Not working | 33.8 | 41.1 | 0.280 | 14.3 | 38.4 | 0.858 | 26.2 | 41.5 | 0.205 | 9.6 | 58.5 | 0.816 |
Working | 66.2 | 46.6 | 85.7 | 37.2 | 73.8 | 48.6 | 90.4 | 57.2 | ||||
Child Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Sex of child | ||||||||||||
Male | 56.0 | 42.5 | 0.226 | 51.0 | 37.1 | 0.868 | 47.3 | 49.2 | 0.201 | 50.2 | 58.7 | 0.319 |
Female | 44.0 | 47.6 | 49.0 | 37.7 | 52.7 | 44.5 | 49.8 | 55.5 | ||||
Birth order | ||||||||||||
1 | 19.5 | 41.2 | 0.019* | 17.3 | 38.2 | 0.987 | 20.2 | 51.3 | 0.032* | 15.6 | 65.9 | 0.035* |
2–3 | 36.5 | 53.8 | 27.3 | 37.0 | 27.5 | 53.0 | 34.5 | 54.1 | ||||
4–5 | 23.4 | 38.2 | 24.2 | 36.5 | 20.5 | 45.9 | 21.5 | 61.2 | ||||
6+ | 20.7 | 39.5 | 31.2 | 38.0 | 32.0 | 38.9 | 28.4 | 53.3 | ||||
Size at birth | ||||||||||||
Very large | 10.1 | 36.7 | 0.367 | 8.0 | 43.5 | 0.369 | 3.1 | 45.8 | 0.018* | 6.3 | 60.9 | 0.001* |
Above average | 18.9 | 44.6 | 27.6 | 32.1 | 17.3 | 57.8 | 25.8 | 53.6 | ||||
Average | 53.2 | 43.5 | 43.7 | 39.8 | 56.5 | 44.4 | 53.6 | 62.7 | ||||
Below average | 11.4 | 52.7 | 14.2 | 40.1 | 18.7 | 40.3 | 10.6 | 41.0 | ||||
Very small | 6.4 | 53.9 | 6.5 | 30.3 | 4.4 | 60.4 | 3.7 | 43.7 | ||||
Health Utilization Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Health card | ||||||||||||
No card | 43.1 | 14.1 | < 0.001* | 42.9 | 13.9 | < 0.001* | 37.6 | 15.5 | < 0.001* | 34.8 | 27.6 | < 0.001* |
Yes | 56.9 | 68.0 | 57.1 | 55.1 | 62.4 | 65.5 | 65.2 | 73.1 | ||||
Antenatal care Visit | ||||||||||||
None | 3.9 | 32.0 | 0.364 | 3.9 | 15.8 | 0.022* | 3.4 | 24.7 | 0.017* | 6.5 | 43.0 | 0.001* |
1–3 | 41.3 | 42.9 | 43.9 | 35.6 | 44.2 | 43.0 | 49.2 | 53.1 | ||||
4+ | 54.8 | 47.0 | 52.2 | 40.5 | 52.2 | 51.3 | 44.3 | 63.9 | ||||
Tetanus Toxoid Injection | ||||||||||||
None | 21.6 | 31.7 | 0.002* | 15.8 | 22.2 | < 0.001* | 17.9 | 29.2 | < 0.001* | 28.4 | 47.8 | 0.001* |
Yes | 78.4 | 48.3 | 84.2 | 40.2 | 82.1 | 50.6 | 71.6 | 61.0 | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
Home | 33.9 | 35.0 | 0.008* | 31.8 | 31.6 | 0.201 | 49.4 | 39.3 | 0.004* | 59.1 | 53.8 | 0.027* |
Public health facilityr | 34.3 | 50.5 | 45.6 | 41.3 | 40.0 | 55.5 | 30.2 | 64.9 | ||||
Private health facility | 31.3 | 48.6 | 21.9 | 37.6 | 9.6 | 48.7 | 9.4 | 53.7 | ||||
Others | 0.5 | 71.8 | 0.6 | 39.3 | 1.0 | 47.1 | 1.2 | 60.9 |
Variable | Central 1 (n = 841) | East Central (n = 864) | Northern (n = 831) | Southwest (n = 1008) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | |
Household Characteristics | ||||||||
Place of Residence | ||||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Urban | 1.85 | 1.18–2.89** | 1.85 | 1.03–3.33** | 1.28 | 0.77–2.12 | 1.58 | 1.03–2.45** |
Religious affiliation | ||||||||
Catholic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Protestants | 1.02 | 0.67–1.55 | 0.97 | 0.56–1.45 | 0.67 | 0.48–0.94** | 1.27 | 0.91–1.76 |
Muslims | 0.89 | 0.55–1.45 | 0.72 | 0.42–1.25 | 0.76 | 0.10–5.74 | 0.71 | 0.36–1.38 |
Pentecostal* | 1.20 | 0.61–2.37 | 1.40 | 0.68–2.85 | 1.11 | 0.68–1.79 | 0.88 | 0.54–1.45 |
Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Second | 1.64 | 0.54–4.99 | 1.03 | 0.54–1.96 | 1.31 | 0.94–1.84 | 1.32 | 0.77–2.27 |
Middle | 2.13 | 0.91–4.96 | 1.08 | 0.58–2.01 | 0.52 | 0.35–0.79** | 1.55 | 0.96–2.51 |
Fourth | 0.97 | 0.38–2.45 | 1.34 | 0.76–2.38 | 1.28 | 0.58–2.82 | 1.15 | 0.69–1.92 |
Richest | 1.34 | 0.54–3.33 | 1.32 | 0.67–2.61 | 3.16 | 1.34–7.48** | 1.44 | 0.85–2.42 |
Maternal Characteristics | ||||||||
Maternal age | ||||||||
15-24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
25-34 | 1.51 | 1.02–2.24** | 1.34 | 0.94–1.91 | 0.85 | 0.59–1.23 | 1.15 | 0.83–1.59 |
35-49 | 1.22 | 0.72–2.06 | 1.53 | 0.96–2.45 | 0.66 | 0.42–1.04 | 1.02 | 0.70–1.49 |
Maternal education | ||||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary | 1.45) | 0.83–2.55 | 1.61 | 0.94–2.75 | 1.41 | 0.88–2.25 | 1.45 | 0.99–2.11 |
Secondary | 2.75 | 1.47–5.17** | 2.94 | 1.59–5.43** | 4.17 | 1.69–10.32** | 2.56 | 1.51–4.35** |
Higher | 3.15 | 1.38–7.21** | 9.50 | 2.45–36.85** | 2.71 | 1.00–7.32** | 1.35 | 0.66–2.76 |
Marital Status | ||||||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Married | 1.20 | 0.54–2.65 | 0.51 | 0.18–1.46 | 1.81 | 0.74–4.44 | 1.46 | 0.53–4.01 |
Separated/widowed | 0.82 | 0.31–2.13 | 0.37 | 0.12–1.13 | 1.12 | 0.39–3.25 | 1.33 | 0.44–4.02 |
Child Characteristics | ||||||||
Birth order | ||||||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2-3 | 1.73 | 1.04–2.89** | 0.93 | 0.54–1.60 | 1.09 | 0.64–1.74 | 0.60 | 0.40–0.90** |
4-5 | 0.92 | 0.53–1.58 | 0.92 | 0.52–1.64 | 0.78 | 0.49–1.27 | 0.80 | 0.52–1.25 |
6+ | 0.98 | 0.54–1.76 | 0.99 | 0.61–1.60 | 0.60 | 0.40–0.88** | 0.61 | 0.41–0.91** |
Size at birth | ||||||||
Very large | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Above average | 1.36 | 0.70–2.63 | 0.62 | 0.30–1.30 | 1.80 | 0.71–4.54 | 0.77 | 0.42–1.39 |
Average | 1.37 | 0.77–2.42 | 0.87 | 0.43–1.78 | 1.02 | 0.40–2.62 | 1.12 | 0.61–2.05 |
Below average | 2.01 | 0.99–4.07 | 0.87 | 0.39–1.94 | 0.84 | 0.32–2.22 | 0.47 | 0.23–0.96** |
Very small | 2.00 | 0.89–4.52 | 0.56 | 0.24–1.32 | 1.88 | 0.60–5.86 | 0.49 | 0.20–1.24 |
Health Utilization Characteristics | ||||||||
Health card | ||||||||
No card | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 13.14 | 8.51–20.2** | 7.30 | 4.96–10.75** | 10.56 | 6.18–18.06** | 6.93 | 4.93–9.73** |
Antenatal care Visit | ||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1-3 | 0.85 | 0.34–2.15 | 1.54 | 0.59–4.00 | 0.84 | 0.22–3.26 | 0.97 | 0.51–1.85 |
4+ | 0.91 | 0.35–2.34 | 1.63 | 0.61–4.32 | 1.15 | 0.29–4.52 | 1.44 | 0.73–2.83 |
Tetanus Toxoid Injection | ||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1.87 | 1.08–3.26** | 1.91 | 1.14–3.22** | 2.63 | 1.56–4.42** | 1.48 | 1.01–2.17** |
Place of delivery | ||||||||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Public health facility | 1.57 | 0.95–2.6 | 1.32 | 0.76–2.30 | 1.22 | 0.79–1.87 | 1.10 | 0.77–1.59 |
Private health facility | 1.71 | 1.05–2.78** | 1.23 | 0.77–1.98 | 0.86 | 0.51–1.45 | 0.68 | 0.40–1.14 |
Others | 6.38 | 1.28–31.87** | 1.92 | 0.55–6.64 | 1.50 | 0.43–5.25 | 1.11 | 0.46–2.67 |