Introduction
Background
Methods
Data source
Cohort criteria | Outcome definition | |
---|---|---|
Family planning | Inclusion criteria (all of the following) 1. Currently married 2. 15–49 years old 3. Currently not pregnant 4. Does not want another child now or ever Exclusion criteria (any of the following) 1. Never menstruated or menstruated before last birth 2. In menopause or had hysterectomy 3. Declared infecund 4. Never had sex 5. Using modern contraceptive method not related with side effects (further questions about side effects were not collected for those methods) | Outcome domains (threshold: 3 or more) 1. Currently using modern contraceptive methods (IUD, injectables, implants, or pill) 2. Informed about the side effects of these methods 3. Informed about how to deal with the side effects 4. Informed about other family planning methods |
Antenatal care | Inclusion criteria (all of the following) 1. 15–49 years old 2. Have at least one birth in 5 years 3. Birth after 2008 | Outcome domains (threshold: 5 or more) 1. First ANC visit in up to 12 weeks 2. More than 4 ANC visits 3. Blood pressure taken during pregnancy 4. Urine sample taken during pregnancy 5. Blood sample taken during pregnancy 6. Had taken drugs for intestinal worms during pregnancy 7. Were informed about signs suggesting problem in pregnancy 8. Were given iron tablet during pregnancy |
Delivery care | Inclusion criteria (all of the following) 1. 15–49 years old 2. Have at least one birth in 5 years 3. Birth after 2008 Exclusion criteria (any of the following) 1. Child death within 2 months 2. Birth after May 2012 (at least 2-month follow-up period) | Outcome component (threshold: 4 or more) 1. Received health check for mother after delivery 2. Received health check for baby within 1 h after delivery 3. Stayed at health facility after birth for at least 24 h 4. Receiving the health check for baby within 2 months after delivery 5. Receiving a vitamin A dose in 2 months after delivery 6. Ever breastfed 7. Baby was placed at mother's breast within 60 min after delivery |
Vaccination | Inclusion criteria (all of the following) 1. 15–49 years old 2. Have at least one birth in 5 years 3. Birth after 2008 4. Child is alive for at least one year Exclusion criteria (any of the following) 1. Birth after July 2011 (at least 1-year follow-up period) | Outcome component (threshold: 4) 1. Child received BCG at once 2. Child received polio vaccine at least 3 times 3. Child received DPT vaccine at least 3 times 4. Child received measles vaccine at once |
Malaria prevention | Inclusion criteria (all of the following) 1. 15–49 years old 2. Have at least one birth in 5 years 3. Child is alive | Outcome component (threshold: 2) 1. Slept under treated mosquito net the previous night 2. Mother slept under the mosquito net 3. Child slept under the mosquito net |
Exposure
Outcomes
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Before earthquake | After earthquake | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unexposed | Exposed | P-value | Unexposed | Exposed | P-value | |
n | 1580 | 1649 | 980 | 864 | ||
Age (mean (SD)) | 36.6 (8.0) | 36.1 (8.0) | 0.065 | 30.1 (7.0) | 29.1 (7.0) | 0.004 |
Smoking status (%) | 0.313 | 0.012 | ||||
No | 1527 (96.6) | 1577 (95.6) | 968 (98.8) | 837 (96.9) | ||
Yes | 52 (3.3) | 70 (4.2) | 12 (1.2) | 25 (2.9) | ||
Education status (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
No education | 492 (31.1) | 406 (24.6) | 276 (28.2) | 167 (19.3) | ||
Primary | 656 (41.5) | 635 (38.5) | 442 (45.1) | 373 (43.2) | ||
Secondary | 393 (24.9) | 559 (33.9) | 236 (24.1) | 297 (34.4) | ||
Higher | 39 (2.5) | 49 (3.0) | 26 (2.7) | 27 (3.1) | ||
Urban (%) | 556 (35.2) | 963 (58.4) | < 0.001 | 229 (23.4) | 407 (47.1) | < 0.001 |
Region of residence (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Aire Metropolitaine/Reste-Ouest | 11 (0.7) | 796 (48.3) | 4 (0.4) | 377 (43.6) | ||
Artibonite | 200 (12.7) | 71 (4.3) | 103 (10.5) | 44 (5.1) | ||
Camps | 2 (0.1) | 352 (21.3) | 0 (0.0) | 212 (24.5) | ||
Centre | 183 (11.6) | 53 (3.2) | 137 (14.0) | 30 (3.5) | ||
Grand'Anse | 126 (8.0) | 67 (4.1) | 88 (9.0) | 46 (5.3) | ||
Nippes | 157 (9.9) | 84 (5.1) | 61 (6.2) | 25 (2.9) | ||
Nord | 235 (14.9) | 27 (1.6) | 142 (14.5) | 13 (1.5) | ||
Nord-Est | 219 (13.9) | 10 (0.6) | 152 (15.5) | 6 (0.7) | ||
Nord-Ouest | 189 (12.0) | 44 (2.7) | 117 (11.9) | 24 (2.8) | ||
Sud | 159 (10.1) | 48 (2.9) | 109 (11.1) | 35 (4.1) | ||
Sud-Est | 99 (6.3) | 97 (5.9) | 67 (6.8) | 52 (6.0) | ||
Health care decision (%) | 0.094 | 0.139 | ||||
By others | 341 (21.6) | 321 (19.5) | 274 (28.0) | 210 (24.3) | ||
By mother | 947 (59.9) | 979 (59.4) | 614 (62.7) | 558 (64.6) | ||
Household wealth (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Poor | 727 (46.0) | 425 (25.8) | 615 (62.8) | 288 (33.3) | ||
Middle | 323 (20.4) | 483 (29.3) | 168 (17.1) | 279 (32.3) | ||
Rich | 530 (33.5) | 741 (44.9) | 197 (20.1) | 297 (34.4) | ||
Drinking alcohol (%) | 0.043 | 0.338 | ||||
Every day | 8 (0.5) | 10 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | ||
Time to time | 58 (3.7) | 50 (3.0) | 13 (1.3) | 18 (2.1) | ||
Rarely | 250 (15.8) | 328 (19.9) | 130 (13.3) | 132 (15.3) | ||
Never | 1263 (79.9) | 1260 (76.4) | 834 (85.1) | 711 (82.3) | ||
Mother's occupation (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Not working | 477 (30.2) | 558 (33.8) | 409 (41.7) | 413 (47.8) | ||
Non-professional | 862 (54.6) | 937 (56.8) | 450 (45.9) | 392 (45.4) | ||
Agricultural | 181 (11.5) | 104 (6.3) | 103 (10.5) | 40 (4.6) | ||
Professional | 60 (3.8) | 50 (3.0) | 18 (1.8) | 18 (2.1) | ||
Father's occupation (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Not working | 14 (0.9) | 26 (1.6) | 7 (0.7) | 9 (1.0) | ||
Non-professional | 529 (33.5) | 833 (50.5) | 284 (29.0) | 466 (53.9) | ||
Agricultural | 805 (50.9) | 482 (29.2) | 568 (58.0) | 241 (27.9) | ||
Professional | 188 (11.9) | 265 (16.1) | 85 (8.7) | 122 (14.1) |
Before-After Difference | Unadjusted analyses | Adjusted analyses | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unexposed % (n) | Exposed % (n) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
Family planning | 33.5% (413) | 25.4% (283) | 0.95 (0.74–1.24) | 0.717 | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.777 |
Antenatal care | 70.6%-65.0% (338–562)(-5.6%) | 71.9%-65.7% (348–644)(-6.2%) | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) | 0.785 | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.857 |
Delivery care | 47.6%-41.1% (226–388)(-6.5%) | 49.6%-49.6% (233–412)(0%) | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) | 0.244 | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 0.108 |
Vaccination | 58.9%-49.4% [279–288](-9.5%) | 50.4%-37.3% (235–191)(-13.1%) | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.431 | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | 0.282 |
Malaria prevention | 17.4% (266) | 21.8% (306) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 0.322 | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.384 |
Unexposed | Exposed | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Difference | Before | After | Difference | |
Family planning (n) | 1233 | 1116 | ||||
Using modern contraceptive method = Yes (%) | - | 598 (48.5) | - | - | 438 (39.2) | - |
Told about side effect = Yes (%) | - | 441 (35.8) | - | - | 299 (26.8) | - |
Told how to deal with side effects = Yes (%) | - | 386 (31.3) | - | - | 270 (24.2) | - |
Told about other method = Yes (%) | - | 369 (29.9) | - | - | 238 (21.4) | - |
Antenatal care (n) | 479 | 864 | 484 | 980 | ||
First ANC visit in up to 12 weeks = Yes (%) | 158 (33.1) | 234 (27.1) | -6.0% | 151 (31.2) | 240 (24.5) | -6.7% |
More than 4 times ANC visits = Yes (%) | 336 (70.6) | 560 (65.0) | -5.6% | 349 (72.4) | 635 (64.9) | -7.5% |
Talked about the signs of complication = Yes (%) | 295 (62.2) | 512 (59.5) | -2.7% | 287 (59.5) | 585 (59.8) | 0.3% |
Blood pressure taken during pregnancy = Yes (%) | 411 (86.3) | 750 (87.1) | 0.8% | 440 (91.3) | 838 (85.6) | -5.7% |
Urine sample taken during pregnancy = Yes (%) | 352 (73.9) | 629 (73.1) | -0.8% | 378 (78.4) | 711 (72.6) | -5.8% |
Blood sample taken during pregnancy = Yes (%) | 358 (75.2) | 644 (74.8) | -0.4% | 381 (79.0) | 710 (72.5) | -6.5% |
Drugs for intestinal worms during pregnancy = Yes (%) | 82 (17.2) | 133 (15.4) | -1.8% | 92 (19.0) | 157 (16.0) | -3.0% |
Iron tablet during pregnancy = Yes (%) | 353 (74.0) | 624 (72.2) | -1.8% | 386 (79.8) | 735 (75.0) | -4.8% |
Delivery care (n) | 475 | 945 | 470 | 831 | ||
Mother checked after delivery (%) | 167 (35.2) | 284 (30.1) | -5.1% | 208 (44.3) | 355 (42.8) | -1.5% |
Baby checked within 1 h (%) | 29 (6.1) | 22 (2.3) | -3.8% | 33 (7.1) | 51 (6.1) | -1.0% |
At least 24 h facility stay (%) | 129 (27.2) | 196 (20.7) | -6.5% | 135 (28.9) | 263 (31.8) | 2.9% |
Baby checked within 2 months (%) | 326 (68.6) | 544 (57.6) | -11.0% | 345 (73.7) | 532 (64.1) | -9.6% |
Received Vitamin A (%) | 258 (54.3) | 414 (43.9) | -10.4% | 245 (52.2) | 384 (46.3) | -5.9% |
Ever breastfeed (%) | 464 (97.7) | 932 (98.6) | 0.9% | 453 (96.4) | 803 (96.9) | 0.5% |
Put baby to mother's breast within 60 min (%) | 285 (61.7) | 660 (71.0) | 9.3% | 229 (50.7) | 501 (62.6) | 11.9% |
Vaccination (n) | 474 | 583 | 466 | 512 | ||
BCG vaccine = Yes (%) | 419 (88.4) | 488 (84.1) | -4.30% | 395 (86.1) | 409 (81.3) | -4.80% |
DPT vaccine 3 or more = Yes (%) | 363 (76.6) | 372 (64.1) | -12.50% | 313 (68.8) | 292 (57.9) | -10.90% |
Polio vaccine 3 or more = Yes (%) | 333 (70.3) | 362 (62.4) | -7.90% | 291 (63.4) | 276 (54.7) | -8.70% |
Measles vaccine = Yes (%) | 369 (78.5) | 402 (69.6) | -8.90% | 328 (71.8) | 266 (52.7) | -19.10% |
Malaria prevention (n) | 1528 | 1406 | ||||
Family slept under the treated net last night = Yes (%) | - | 252 (16.5) | - | - | 276 (19.6) | - |
Mother slept under the mosquito net last night = Yes (%) | - | 274 (17.9) | - | - | 311 (22.1) | - |
Child slept under the mosquito net last night = Yes (%) | - | 204 (13.4) | - | - | 249 (18.0) | - |
Household damage | Regional damage | Short-term damage | Without birth within 10 months after the earthquake | Outcome as continuous variable | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | |
Family planning | 0.93 (0.75–1.17) | 0.549 | 0.62 (0.38–1.00) | 0.052 | - | - | -0.05 (-0.24–0.13) | 0.590 | ||
Antenatal care | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | 0.893 | 1.06 (0.72–1.55) | 0.762 | 0.80 (0.48–1.35) | 0.408 | 0.85 (0.58–1.25) | 0.413 | 0.14 (-0.19–0.46) | 0.408 |
Delivery care | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) | 0.616 | 1.35 (0.95–1.93) | 0.097 | 1.15 (0.69–1.90) | 0.601 | - | 0.15 (-0.06–0.37) | 0.161 | |
Vaccination | 0.88 (0.60–1.28) | 0.500 | 0.93 (0.63–1.36) | 0.697 | 0.82 (0.50–1.34) | 0.428 | - | -0.15 (-0.38–0.09) | 0.226 | |
Malaria prevention | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 0.125 | 1.25 (0.73–2.15) | 0.415 | - | - | -0.04 (-0.15–0.06) | 0.44 |