Introduction
Materials and methods
Multiple indicator cluster survey
Unmet need for contraception
Study design and participants
Outcome variable
Operational definition of independent variables
Statistical analysis
Ethical approval and consent
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of Kyrgyz women
2006 (N = 3287) n (%) | 2014 (N = 3095) n (%) | 2018 (N = 2847) n (%) | Total (N = 9229) n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women’s age (years old) | ||||
15–24 | 748 (22.8) | 736 (23.8) | 576 (20.2) | 2060 (22.3) |
25–34 | 1416 (43.1) | 1366 (44.1) | 1306 (45.9) | 4088 (44.3) |
35–44 | 948 (28.8) | 836 (27.0) | 801 (28.1) | 2585 (20.0) |
45–49 | 175 (5.3) | 157 (5.1) | 164 (5.8) | 496 (5.4) |
Women’s education | ||||
Lower secondary school or lower | 236 (7.2) | 318 (10.3) | 299 (10.5) | 853 (9.2) |
High school | 2273 (69.2) | 1372 (44.3) | 1083 (38.1) | 4728 (51.2) |
Higher education or higher | 778 (23.7) | 1405 (45.4) | 1464 (51.4) | 3647 (39.5) |
Area of residence | ||||
Urban | 1324 (40.3) | 1009 (32.6) | 1023 (35.9) | 3356 (36.4) |
Rural | 1963 (59.7) | 2086 (67.4) | 1823 (64.1) | 5872 (63.6) |
Region | ||||
North | 1697 (51.6) | 1509 (48.8) | 1418 (49.8) | 4624 (50.1) |
South | 1590 (48.4) | 1585 (51.2) | 1428 (50.2) | 4603 (49.9) |
Mother tongue of household head | ||||
Kyrgyz | 2015 (61.3) | 2240 (72.4) | 2099 (73.8) | 6354 (68.8) |
Russian | 385 (11.7) | 255 (8.2) | 159 (5.6) | 799 (8.7) |
Uzbek | 672 (20.4) | 475 (15.3) | 463 (16.3) | 1610 (17.4) |
Others | 216 (6.6) | 125 (4.0) | 125 (4.4) | 466 (5.0) |
Wealth index quintiles | ||||
Poorest | 634 (19.3) | 614 (19.8) | 585 (20.5) | 1833 (19.9) |
Second | 595 (18.1) | 627 (20.3) | 570 (20.0) | 1792 (19.4) |
Middle | 652 (19.8) | 597 (19.3) | 560 (19.7) | 1809 (19.6) |
Fourth | 671 (20.4) | 610 (19.7) | 595 (20.9) | 1876 (20.3) |
Richest | 735 (22.4) | 648 (20.9) | 537 (18.9) | 1920 (20.8) |
Reproductive health and attitudes toward DV
2006 (N = 3287) n (%) | 2014 (N = 3095) n (%) | 2018 (N = 2847) n (%) | Total (N = 9229) n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age of husband/partner (years old) | ||||
15–24 | 275 (8.4) | 234 (7.6) | 158 (5.6) | 667 (7.2) |
25–34 | 1430 (43.5) | 1401 (45.3) | 1271 (44.7) | 4102 (44.5) |
35–44 | 1131 (34.4) | 1043 (33.7) | 976 (34.3) | 3150 (34.1) |
≥ 45 | 452 (13.7) | 417 (13.5) | 440 (15.5) | 1309 (14.2) |
Number of children ever born | ||||
0 | 244 (7.4) | 263 (8.5) | 205 (7.2) | 712 (7.7) |
1 | 684 (20.8) | 525 (17.0) | 407 (14.3) | 1616 (17.5) |
2 | 809 (24.6) | 793 (25.6) | 709 (24.9) | 2311 (25.0) |
≥ 3 | 1550 (47.2) | 1514 (48.9) | 1526 (53.6) | 4590 (49.7) |
Need for contraception | ||||
Met need | 2634 (80.1) | 2466 (79.7) | 2207 (77.5) | 7307 (79.2) |
Unmet need for spacing | 394 (12.0) | 472 (15.3) | 469 (16.5) | 1335 (14.5) |
Unmet need for limiting | 259 (7.9) | 157 (5.1) | 171 (6.0) | 587 (6.4) |
Type of contraception used among non-pregnant and non-postpartum amenorrhea women (N = 8271)a | ||||
Modern contraception | 1862 (62.1) | 1512 (55.9) | 1405 (54.7) | 4779 (57.8) |
Traditional contraception | 110 (3.7) | 109 (4.0) | 73 (2.8) | 292 (3.5) |
No methods | 1027 (34.2) | 1083 (40.1) | 1090 (42.4) | 3200 (38.7) |
Beating wife is justified if she goes without telling | ||||
No | 2425 (73.8) | 2471 (79.8) | 2321 (81.5) | 7217 (78.2) |
Yes | 862 (26.2) | 624 (20.2) | 526 (18.5) | 2012 (21.8) |
Beating wife is justified if she neglects children | ||||
No | 2390 (72.7) | 2232 (72.1) | 2096 (73.6) | 6718 (72.8) |
Yes | 897 (27.3) | 863 (27.9) | 750 (26.4) | 2510 (27.2) |
Beating wife is justified if she argues with husband | ||||
No | 2219 (67.5) | 2567 (83.0) | 2307 (81.0) | 7093 (76.9) |
Yes | 1068 (32.5) | 527 (17.0) | 540 (19.0) | 2135 (23.1) |
Beating wife is justified if she refuses sex | ||||
No | 2881 (87.6) | 2835 (91.6) | 2560 (89.9) | 8276 (89.7) |
Yes | 406 (12.4) | 260 (8.4) | 287 (10.1) | 953 (10.3) |
Beating wife is justified if she burns food | ||||
No | 2839 (86.4) | 2859 (92.4) | 2659 (93.4) | 8357 (90.6) |
Yes | 448 (13.6) | 236 (7.6) | 187 (6.6) | 871 (9.4) |
Attitude toward DV | ||||
DV completely unacceptable | 1778 (54.1) | 1950 (63.0) | 1937 (68.1) | 5665 (61.4) |
DV somehow acceptable | 1371 (41.7) | 1073 (34.7) | 806 (28.3) | 3250 (35.2) |
DV completely acceptable | 138 (4.2) | 71 (2.3) | 103 (3.6) | 312 (3.4) |
Characteristics of contraception usage
Factors associated with unmet need for contraception
Variables | MICS 2006 | MICS 2014 | MICS 2018 | MICS 2006–2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Women’s age (years old) | ||||
15–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
25–34 | 0.62 (0.47–0.81)*** | 0.59 (0.44–0.78)*** | 0.58 (0.42–0.78)*** | 0.60 (0.51–0.71)*** |
35–44 | 0.40 (0.27–0.60)*** | 0.26 (0.17–0.40)*** | 0.44 (0.29–0.68)*** | 0.36 (0.28–0.46)*** |
45–49 | 0.35 (0.18–0.69)** | 0.16 (0.08–0.33)*** | 0.18 (0.08–0.39)*** | 0.22 (0.15–0.33)*** |
Women’s education | ||||
Lower secondary school or lower | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High school | 0.67 (0.48–0.94)* | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) |
Higher education or higher | 0.64 (0.43–0.93)* | 1.31 (0.91–1.88) | 0.85 (0.61–1.20) | 0.88 (0.71–1.07) |
Area of residence | ||||
Urban | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Rural | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.71 (0.55–0.91)** | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94)** |
Region | ||||
North | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
South | 1.75 (1.39–2.20)*** | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 1.12 (0.99–1.28) |
Mother tongue of household head | ||||
Kyrgyz | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Russian | 0.65 (0.46–0.92)* | 0.62 (0.39–0.97)* | 0.53 (0.30–0.92)* | 0.62 (0.49–0.79)*** |
Uzbek | 0.57 (0.44–0.74)*** | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 0.72 (0.53–0.98)* | 0.70 (0.59–0.82)*** |
Others | 0.77 (0.53–1.13) | 0.98 (0.60–1.62) | 0.79 (0.50–1.26) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) |
Wealth index quintiles | ||||
Poorest | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Second | 1.35 (1.01–1.79)* | 1.21 (0.92–1.61) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 1.23 (1.04–1.44)* |
Middle | 1.08 (0.81–1.45) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) |
Fourth | 1.21 (0.88–1.67) | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) |
Richest | 1.30 (0.89–1.88) | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) |
Age of husband/partner (years old) | ||||
15–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
25–34 | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | 0.78 (0.53–1.15) | 0.78 (0.50–1.23) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) |
35–44 | 0.70 (0.46–1.08) | 0.60 (0.38–0.97)* | 0.66 (0.39–1.12) | 0.67 (0.51–0.87)** |
≥ 45 | 0.74 (0.42–1.29) | 0.71 (0.39–1.29) | 0.51 (0.27–0.96)* | 0.66 (0.47–0.92)* |
Number of children ever born | ||||
0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
1 | 2.44 (1.63–3.65)*** | 8.58 (4.12–17.89)*** | 5.40 (2.77–10.55)*** | 3.87 (2.87–5.22)*** |
2 | 2.24 (1.46–3.44)*** | 14.77 (7.10–30.74)*** | 7.19 (3.68–14.02)*** | 4.84 (3.57–6.55)*** |
≥ 3 | 2.81 (1.80–4.39)*** | 23.45 (11.07–49.69)*** | 12.61 (6.37–24.96)*** | 7.43 (5.43–10.17)*** |
Attitude toward DV | ||||
DV completely unacceptable | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
DV somehow acceptable | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 0.87 (0.71–1.08) | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) |
DV completely acceptable | 1.29 (0.84–1.98) | 1.01 (0.55–1.85) | 1.30 (0.79–2.12) | 1.28 (0.97–1.68) |