Background
Methods
Ethics approval
Research group
Literature search strategy
Expert consultation questionnaire
Expert selection
Data collection
Statistical methods
Results
Literature search
Information of the experts
Item | n | Percentage (%) | Mean ± Standard deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 1 | 5.6 | |
Female | 17 | 94.4 | ||
Age | 39.50 ± 6.784 | |||
Professional title | Supervising nurse | 12 | 66.7 | |
Associate senior nurse | 3 | 16.7 | ||
Senior nurse | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Attending physician | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Associate chief physician | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Educational background | Bachelor’s degree | 10 | 55.6 | |
Master’s degree | 6 | 11.1 | ||
Doctoral degree | 2 | 33.3 | ||
Service length in healthcare | 17.28 ± 7.103 | |||
Service length in pediatric emergency department | 13.11 ± 5.167 | |||
Field | Nursing management | 10 | 55.6 | |
Clinical nursing | 6 | 33.3 | ||
Other | 2 | 11.1 |
Expert reliability
Expert enthusiasm
Expert authority
Agreement among expert opinions
Triage | Round 1 expert consultation | Round 2 expert consultation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kendall’s | χ2 | p | Kendall’s | χ2 | p | |
Level 1 | 0.300 | 54.011 | 0.000 | 0.149 | 26.750 | 0.003 |
Level 2 | 0.247 | 39.959 | 0.000 | 0.193 | 55.548 | 0.000 |
Level 3 | 0.100 | 14.343 | 0.073 | 0.102 | 22.021 | 0.037 |
Level 4 | 0.152 | 19.150 | 0.008 | 0.266 | 9.579 | 0.008 |
Vital signs | Kendall’s | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|
Round 1 expert consultation | 0.267 | 105.638 | 0.000 |
Round 2 expert consultation | 0.156 | 61.585 | 0.000 |
Degree of concentration of expert opinions
Maximum waiting time for treatment
Triage | Maximum waiting time for treatment (min) | Degree of expert agreement |
---|---|---|
Level 1 | 0 | 100% |
Level 2 | 5 | 11.1% |
10 | 66.7% | |
15 | 22.2% | |
Level 3 | 20 | 16.7% |
30 | 55.5% | |
60 | 27.8% | |
Level 4 | 90 | 22.2% |
150 | 27.8% | |
240 | 50% |
Establishment of pediatric emergency triage criteria
Triage | Indicators | Description | Value | Maximum waiting time for treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | Conditions/symptoms (critical) | Sudden cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest; Airway obstruction or asphyxia; Emergency endotracheal intubation/tracheotomy is required; Signs of shock; Sudden loss of consciousness; Signs of cerebral hernia; Life-threatening acute poisoning; Precipitously birth (umbilical cord was not cut or Apgar score ≤ 3); Complex or multiple trauma; Most severe or large burns; Ocular trauma with eyeball injury | Immediate | |
Vital signs | Temperature (℃) Oxygen saturation (SpO2) AVPU (alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive) scale | ≤ 35 or ≥ 41 < 90% U | ||
PEWS score | PEWS ≥ 5 | |||
Other | The triage nurse believed that the patients was encountering a life-threatening situation and requiring emergency care | |||
Level 2 | Conditions/symptoms (high risk) | Chest distress, chest pain, heart palpitations, stable vital signs, high risk or potential risk; Status epilepsy; Convulsion; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Acute asthma with stable blood pressure and pulse rate; Capillary refill time ≥ 3 s; Low reaction to mental state and high level of irritability; Hypersomnia (able to wake up; fall asleep without stimuli) with unstable vital signs; Newborns with temperature of > 38℃; Acute poisoning but does not meet level 1 criteria; Sudden change in consciousness; Incomplete airway obstruction; Esophageal foreign body; Severe anemia (no active bleeding) 30-60 g/L; Abdominal pain (suspected strangulated intestinal obstruction, incarcerated hernia, intussusception, gastrointestinal perforation, or urinary tract calculi) with the pain score > 6; Osteofascial compartment syndrome; Active bleeding (epistaxis, hematuria, hematochezia, hemoptysis, or hematemesis) with unstable vital signs | < 10 min | |
Vital signs | Pulse rate (beats/min) | P > 180 (y < 3 months old); P > 160 (3 months old ≤ y < 3 years old); P > 140 (3 years old ≤ y < 8 years old); P > 100 (y ≥ 8 years old) | ||
Respiration rate (breaths/min) | R > 50 (y < 3 months old); R > 40 (3 months old ≤ y < 3 years old); R > 30 (3 years old ≤ y < 8 years old); R > 20 (y ≥ 8 years old) | |||
SpO2 | 90% ~ 92% | |||
Systolic blood pressure | > 130 mmHg (≥ 5 years old) or < 75 mmHg (≥ 5 years old) | |||
PEWS score | PEWS = 3 ~ 4 | |||
Other | The triage nurse believed that the patients was at a high-risk situation or potential risk but required no emergency care | |||
Level 3 | Conditions/symptoms | Intermittent epileptic seizures; With a history of hyperpyretic convulsion; Foreign body aspiration but no breathing difficulty; Dysphagia but no breathing difficulty; Mental and behavior disorder; Severe vomiting; Symptoms of allergic reaction (obvious rashes on the skin and mucous membranes, extensive facial swelling, etc.); Hypersomnia (able to wake up; fall asleep without stimuli) with stable vital signs; Moderate to severe pain with any cause (score: 4–6); Stable newborns; Active bleeding (epistaxis, hematuria, hematochezia, hemoptysis, or hematemesis) with stable vital signs; Unexplained abdominal distension with mental malaise; Mucocutaneous hemorrhage/platelet ≤ 20 × 10^9/L | < 30 min | |
Vital signs | Pulse rate (beats/min) | 88 < P < 180 (y < 3 months old); 80 < P < 160 (3 months old ≤ y < 3 years old); 64 < P < 140 (3 years old ≤ y < 8 years old); 56 < P < 120 (y ≥ 8 years old) | ||
Respiration rate (breaths/min) | 24 < R < 50 (y < 3 months old); 20 < R < 40 (3 months old ≤ y < 3 years old); 16 < R < 30 (3 years old ≤ y < 8 years old); 14 < R < 24 (y ≥ 8 years old) | |||
PEWS score | PEWS = 1 ~ 2 | |||
Other | The pediatric patient had acute symptoms and emergency issues | |||
Level 4 | Conditions/symptoms | Vomiting or diarrhea without dehydration; Mild pain | < 240 min | |
PEWS score | PEWS = 0 | |||
Other | Mild or non-urgent condition |