Background
Methods
Design
Process of the study
Interventions
MBSR
LSR
The waiting list group
Outcomes
Self-reported measures
The perceived stress scale (PSS)
The Hopkins symptom check List-5 (SCL-5)
The WHO-5-wellbeing scale (WHO-5)
The brief resilience scale (BRS)
The Amsterdam resting state questionnaire (ARSQ)
The self-compassion scale (SCS) - short form
The five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ-15)
The experiences questionnaire (EQ) - decentering sub scale
Clinical measures
Blood pressure
Weight
Waist circumference
Data analysis
Results
MBSR (n = 24) | LSR (n = 23) | Waiting list (n = 24) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, female (%) | 11 (46) | 16 (70) | 15 (63) |
Age, median (q1,q3) | 46 (36, 51) | 41 (29, 49) | 45 (41, 52) |
Education (%) | |||
≤ 11 years | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 0 |
> 11 < 16 years | 6 (25) | 10 (43) | 10 (42) |
≥ 16 years | 16 (67) | 12 (52) | 14 (58) |
Living alone (%) | 5 (21) | 4 (17) | 5 (21) |
Living with parents (%) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 |
Living with a partner, no children (%) | 9 (38) | 7 (30) | 9 (38) |
Living with a partner and children/adolescents (%) | 6 (25) | 3 (13) | 6 (25) |
Living with children/adolescents, no partner (%) | 2 (8) | 4 (17) | 2 (8) |
Living with other adults (%) | 2 (8) | 4 (17) | 2 (8) |
Employment status | |||
Employed (%) | 17 (71) (9 (53%) sick leave) | 15 (65) (8(53%) sick leave) | 16 (67) (13 (81%) sick leave) |
Unemployed (%) | 3 (13) | 5 (22) | 5 (21) |
Sick leave > 3 months (%) | 2 (8) | 2 (9) | 2 (8) |
Other | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) |
Disease, present/earlier (%) | |||
Asthma | 0 / 3 (13) | 3 (13) / 1(4) | 1 (1) / 1(1) |
Diabetes | 0 / 0 | 1 (4) / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Hypertension | 3 (13) / 1 (4) | 3 (13) /3 (13) | 3 (13) / 3 (13) |
Myocardial infarction | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Angina pectoris | 0 / 2 (8) | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Stroke | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
COLD | 0 / 1 (4) | 1 (5) / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Osteoarthritis | 5 (21) / 0 | 2 (9) / 0 | 1 (4) / 1 (4) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2 / (8) / 0 | 1 (4) / 0 | 0 / 1 (4) |
Osteoporosis | 3 (13) / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Prolapse | 5 (21) / 1 (4) | 1 (5) / 2 (9) | 1 (4) / 2 (8) |
Cancer | 0 / 1 (4) | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Migraine | 7 (29) / 2 (8) | 4 (17) / 8 (35) | 6 (25) / 4 (17) |
Mental disorder ≤6 months | 5 (21) / 3 (13) | 2 (9) / 1 (4) | 2 (9) /1 (4) |
Mental disorder > 6 months | 4 (17) / 1 (4) | 4 (18) / 0 | 2 (8) /4 (17) |
Self-reported mental health | |||
Perceived Stress Scale, mean (SD) | 24.6 (5.6) | 24.9 (5.6) | 26.6 (4.6) |
Symptom Check List_5, mean (SD) | 2.8 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.5) |
Well-being, WHO-5, mean (SD) | 37.2 (19.1) | 32.7 (16.2) | 30.8 (15.2) |
Brief Resilience Scale, mean (SD) | 3.2 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.6) |
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire_15, mean (SD) | 45.7 (9.4) | 44.5 (7.3) | 45.3 (10.6) |
Self-compassion Scale, mean (SD) | 31.4 (8.8) | 30.6 (7.4) | 33.2 (9.2) |
Decentering EQ, mean (SD) | 30.8 (7.5) | 30.5 (6.5) | 30.7 (7.2) |
Clinical measurements | |||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 127.1 (15.1) | 125.7 (18.9) | 123.4 (17.0) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 82.6 (9.9) | 80.7 (13.1) | 81.6 (11.6) |
Weight, Kg, median (q1, q3) | 79.0 (70.0, 92.0) | 75.0 (64.0, 92.0) | 68.5 (63.5, 84.0) |
BMI, kg/m2 ≥ 25, (%) | 18 (75) | 14 (61) | 9 (39) |
Waist circumference, cm, median (q1, q3) | 95.5 (90.5, 106.5) | 94.0 (87.0, 105.0) | 92.0 (80.5, 99.0) |
Attendance to the interventions
Other stress reduction interventions
Loss to follow-up
Outcome measures
Questionnaire scale | MBSR (n = 19) n; % (95%CI) | LSR (n = 18) n; % (95%CI) | Waiting-list (n = 20) n; % (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|
PSS | 18; 95 (74 to 100) | 15; 83 (59 to 96) | 20; 100 (83 to 100) |
SCL-5 | 19; 100 (82 to 100) | 16; 89 (65 to 99) | 20; 100 (83 to 100) |
WHO-5 | 19; 100 (82 to 100) | 16; 89 (65 to 99) | 19; 95 (75 to 100) |
BRS | 19; 100 (82 to 100) | 16; 89 (65 to 99) | 18; 90 (68 to 99) |
ARSQ | 18; 95 (74 to 100) | 17; 94 (73 to 100) | 19; 95 (75 to 100) |
FFMQ | 18; 95 (74 to 100) | 14; 78 (52 to 94) | 20; 100 (83 to 100) |
SCS | 17; 89 (67 to 99) | 15; 83 (59 to 96) | 19; 95 (75 to 100) |
EQ | 18; 95 (74 to 100) | 15; 83 (59 to 96) | 20; 100 (83 to 100) |
Proposed effect sizes in a future RCT
Change 12 weeks from baseline, mean (95% CI) | Difference compared with waiting list control group, mean (95%CI) | Adjusteda difference compared with waiting list control group, mean (95%CI) |
---|---|---|
Self-reported outcomes (score-points) | ||
Perceived Stress (PSS) | ||
MBSR: −8.3 (−11.1 to −5.5) | −2.8 (−6.3 to 0.7) | − 2.9 (− 6.7 to 0.8)b |
WAITING LIST: − 5.5 (− 7.8 to − 3.2) | ||
LSR: − 6.3 (− 9.4 to − 3.1) | − 0.8 (− 4.4 to 2.9) | − 0.8 (− 5.3 to 3.6)b |
Symptoms anxiety and depression (SCL_5) | ||
MBSR: − 0.8 (− 1.1 to − 0.5) | −0.2 (− 0.6 to 0.2) | −0.3 (− 0.7 to 0.1)b |
WAITING LIST: − 0.6 (− 0.8 to − 0.3) | ||
LSR: − 0.6 (− 1.0 to − 0.2) | −0.01 (− 0.4 to 0.4) | 0.06 (− 0.5 to 0.4)b |
Well-being (WHO-5) | ||
MBSR: 22.1 (12.3 to 31.9) | 13.3 (−0.1 to 26.6) | 12.9 (1.2 to 25.6)b |
WAITING LIST: 8.8 (−0.9 to 18.6) | ||
LSR: 20.0 (10.5 to 29.5) | 11.2 (− 2.1 to 24.4) | 6.3 (−6.4 to 18.9)b |
Resilience (BRS) | ||
MBSR: 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | 0.4 (−0.1 to 0.9) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9)b |
WAITING LIST: 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) | ||
LSR: 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 0.1 (− 0.5 to 0.6)b |
Clinical outcomes | ||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||
MBSR: − 3.6 (− 7.7 to 0.5) | 1.3 (−4.0 to 6.6) | 1.5 (− 4.3 to 7.3)c |
WAITING LIST: − 4.9 (− 8.6 to − 1.2) | ||
LSR: − 4.3 (− 9.7 to 1.0) | 0.6 (− 5.5 to 6.7) | 4.9 (− 0.2 to 10.1)c |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||
MBSR: − 2.2 (− 5.5 to 2.0) | 1.8 (− 2.0 to 5.7) | 0.7 (− 3.4 to 5.2)c |
WAITING LIST: − 4.1 (− 6.5 to − 1.6) | ||
LSR: − 4.5 (− 7.7 to − 1.4) | − 0.5 (− 4.2 to 3.3) | 1.4 (− 2.6 to 5.4)c |
Waist circumference, cm | ||
MBSR: 1.3 (− 0.8 to 3.4) | 5.8 (2.1 to 9.5) | 4.6 (0.8 to 8.5)d |
WAITING LIST: − 4.5 (− 7.6 to − 1.4) | ||
LSR: − 0.3 (− 3.2 to 2.7) | 4.3 (0.1 to 8.5) | 5.0 (0.8 to 9.2)d |
Weight, Kg | ||
MBSR: − 0.3 (− 1.5 to 0.9) | 0.4 (− 0.9 to 1.8) | 0.8 (− 0.5 to 2.2)d |
WAITING LIST: − 0.7 (− 1.4 to 0.0) | ||
LSR: 0.2 (− 1.1 to 1.5) | 0.9 (− 0.5 to 2.2) | 1.0 (− 0.5 to 2.6)d |
Change 12 weeks from baseline, mean (95%CI) | Difference, mean (95%CI) | Adjusteda difference, mean (95%CI) |
---|---|---|
Self-reported outcomes (score-points) | ||
Perceived Stress (PSS) | ||
MBSR: −8.3 (− 11.1 to − 5.5) | − 2.0 (− 6.0 to 2.0) | − 2.2 (− 7.0 to 2.5)b |
LSR: − 6.3 (− 9.4 to − 3.2) | ||
Symptoms anxiety and depression (SCL_5) | ||
MBSR: − 0.8 (− 1.1 to − 0.5) | −0.2 (− 0.7 to 0.2) | −0.2 (− 0.6 to 0.2)b |
LSR: − 0.6 (− 1.0 to − 0.2) | ||
Well-being (WHO-5) | ||
MBSR: 22.1 (12.3 to 31.9) | 2.1 (− 11.2 to 15.4) | 4.9 (− 7.3 to 17.2)b |
LSR: 20.2 (10.5 to 29.5) | ||
Resilience (BRS) | ||
MBSR: 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 0.9) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.8)b |
LSR: 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) | ||
Clinical outcomes | ||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||
MBSR: −3.6 (− 7.7 to 0.5) | 0.7 (−5.7 to 7.1) | −0.2 (− 6.3 to 5.9)c |
LSR: −4.3 (− 9.7 to 1.0) | ||
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||
MBSR: −2.2 (−5.5 to 2.0) | 2.3 (− 2.0 to 6.7) | 3.0 (− 2.0 to 7.9)c |
LSR: −4.5 (− 7.7 to − 1.4) | ||
Waist circumference, cm | ||
MBSR: 1.3 (−0.8 to 3.4) | 1.6 (−1.8 to 4.9) | 0.9 (− 3.3 to 5.1)d |
LSR: −0.3 (− 3.2 to 2.7) | ||
Weight, Kg | ||
MBSR: −0.3 (−1.5 to 0.9) | − 0.5 (−2.2 to 1.2) | −0.7 (− 2.3 to 1.0)d |
LSR: 0.2 (− 1.1 to 1.5) |