Introduction
Methodology
Protocol and registration
Eligibility criteria
Information sources
Search strategy
Identified Keywords | Synonyms / MeSH |
---|---|
Child | Infants, Baby, Toddler, Newborn, Neonate, Paediatric |
Coexisting forms | Double burden, overlapping, different form |
Malnutrition | Malnourish, Undernutrition, Overnutrition, Stunting, Wasting, Underweight, Overweight, Obese |
Study selection, data items and data extraction process
Summary measures and data synthesis
Quality assessment of selected studies
Results
Study characteristics
Publication year | Country | Data | Study design | Study year | Sample size | Sampling method | Study measures | Study population | Data analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult age | Indicator | Children age | Indicator | |||||||||
Florencio, et al., (2001) | Brazil | P | CS | 1999 | 1247 | Home to home survey | Prevalence, Determinants | 10 to 18 years, Adults over 18 years | BMI | < 10 years | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ | Paired t-test, Multiple regression, variance analysis |
Fernald & Neufeld (2007) | Mexico | S | CS | 2003 | 7555 | Nil | Prevalence, Determinants | 31 ± 9 years | BMI | 24 to 72 months | HAZ, BMI* | Multi-nominal logistic analysis |
Severi & Moratorio, (2014) | Uruguay | S | CS, LS | 2004 to 2011, 2012 | 4254 children, 3524 women. | Random sampling. Nil | Determinants | 13 to 15 years | BMI, Hb-test | 6 years and 11 years | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, BAZ, Hb-level. | Chi-square test. |
Kinyoki, et al., (2016) | Somalia | S | CS | 2007 to 2010 | 73,778 | Two-stage cluster sampling | Prevalence, | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ | Multivariate spatial technique, Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) |
Rachmi, et al., (2016) | Indonesia | S | CS | 1993, 1997, 2000, 2007 | 4101 | Stratified random sampling | Determinants, Trend. | – | – | 24 to 59 months | HAZ, BAZ | Multi-variate analysis model |
Zhang, et al., (2016) | China | S | CS | 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009 | 5017 | Multistage random-clustered sampling | Prevalence, Determinants, Trend. | – | – | 0 to 18 years | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, BAZ | Multi-nomial logit model |
Saaka & Galaa, (2016) | Ghana | S | CS | 2014 | 2720 | Stratified cluster sampling | Prevalence, Determinants. | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WHZ | Moderated hierarchical multiple regression analysis |
Mgongo, et al., (2017) | Tanzania | P | CS | 2010 to 2011 | 1870 | Multistage sampling | Prevalence | – | – | 0 to 24 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, Hb-test | Multivariate logistic regression |
Zhang, et al., (2018) | China | S | CS | 2016 | 6570 | Multistage sampling | Prevalence | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, BAZ | Chi-square, Logistic regression |
Global Nutrition Report (2018) | Global | S | DDB | Nil | Nil | Nil | Prevalence | Adolescent and Adult | BMI, Hb-test, BP, DM-test, Na-intake | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WHZ | Descriptive |
Minh Do, et al., (2018) | Vietnam | P | LS | 2013 to 2016 | 2602 | Strategic selection | Trend | – | – | 3 to 6 years | HAZ, WHZ | Chi-square |
Fongar et al., (2019) | Kenya | S | CS | 2016 | 1058 | Two-stage random sampling | Types, Prevalence, Determinants | Adults | BMI | 6 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, MN-testing | t-test |
Garenne, et al., (2019) | Senegal | S | LS | 1983 to 1984 | 12,638 | Nil | Prevalence, Determinants | – | – | 6 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, HC, MUAC, Skinfolds | Multivariate analysis (linear models & logit-linear model) |
Global Nutrition Report (2019) | Global | S | DDB | Nil | Nil | Nil | Prevalence | Adolescent and Adult | BMI, Hb-test, BP, DM-test, Na-intake | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WHZ | Descriptive |
Islam & Biswas, (2019) | Bangladesh | S | CS | 2014 | 6965 | Two-stage stratified sampling | Types, Prevalence, Determinants | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ | Multivariable logistic regression |
Varghese & Stein (2019) | India | S | CS | 2015 to 2016 | 145,653 | Stratified, two-stage probability sampling | Types, Prevalence | Women (15 to 49 years) | BMI, Hb-level | 6 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, Hb-level | Chi-square, correlation, and linear regression |
Yasmin, et al., (2019) | Indonesia | S | CS | 2010 | 8599 | Two-stage sampling | Prevalence, Determinants | – | – | 6 to 12 years | HAZ, BAZ | Chi-square test, Multivariate logistic regression |
Ferreira, (2020) | Brazil | S | CS | 1992 and 2015 | 1229 and 987 | Multistage Probability sampling | Types, Determinants, Trend | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, | Chi-square test, |
Benedict, et al., (2020) | Thailand | S | CS | 2015 to 2016 | 12,313 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | Prevalence, Determinants | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WHZ, BAZ | Chi-square test, Multiple Poisson regression |
Global Nutrition Report (2021) | Global | S | DDB | Nil | Nil | Nil | Prevalence | Adolescent and Adult | BMI, Hb-test, BP, DM-test, Na-intake | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WHZ | Descriptive |
Farah, et al., (2021) | Ethiopia | S | CS | 2015 | 8714 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | Prevalence, Determinants | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, BAZ | Hierarchical logistic regression |
Zhang, et al., (2021) | China | P | CS | 2016 | 110,491 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | Prevalenc | – | – | 1 to 83 months | HAZ WAZ BAZ | Chi-square, one sampled Wilcoxon-sign ranked test, Multivariate logistic regression |
Roba, et al., (2021) | Ethiopia | S | CS | 2019 | 1200 | Simple random sampling | Prevalence, Determinants | ND | BMI | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, MUAC | Multivariate binary logistic regression |
Khaliq, et al., (2021) | Pakistan | S | CS | 2012–2013, 2017–2018 | 6168 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | Prevalence, Trends, Determinants | – | – | 0 to 59 months | HAZ, WAZ, WHZ | Multivariate logistic regression |
Definitions and terminologies for representing coexisting forms of malnutrition
Prevalence of coexisting forms of malnutrition
Author name (Year) | Country | The burden of various types of coexisting forms of malnutrition in neonates, infants, and children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coexistence of undernutrition | Contrasting forms of malnutrition | Coexistence with MRM | |||||
CWS (n = 9) | CUS (n = 7) | CUW (n = 5) | CUWS (n = 3) | CSO (n = 14) | COM (n = 2) | ||
Global Prevalence of CFM (n = 3) | |||||||
Global Nutrition Report (2018) | Global | 5%AS 2.9%AF 0.2%E | 0.8% USA 2.5% E + AF | – | |||
Global Nutrition Report (2019) | Global | 3.6% | – | – | – | 1.9% | – |
Global Nutrition Report (2021) | Global | Figure-5 | Figure-5 | ||||
CFM prevalence in Asia (n = 9) | |||||||
Zhang, et al., (2016) | China | – | – | – | – | 5% | – |
Mgongo, et al., (2017) | Tanzania | 12% | 33% | 21% | 12% | – | – |
Zhang, et al., (2018) | China | – | – | – | – | 18% | – |
Islam & Biswas, (2019) | Bangladesh | – | 18% | 5.5% | 5.7% | – | – |
Varghese & Stein (2019) | India | – | 3.3% (IQR: 2.1 to 5.4) α | 0.7% (IQR: 0.4 to 1.2) α | A + OW =0.8% (IQR: 0.5 to 1.3) α A+ UW = 11.3% (IQR: 8.5 to 13.8) α A + S = 15.9% (IQR: 12.9 to 20.2) α | ||
Yasmin, et al., (2019) | Indonesia | – | – | – | – | 7.5% | – |
Benedict, et al., (2020) | Thailand | – | – | – | – | 1.6% | |
Zhang, et al., (2021) | China | 0.2% | 1.7% | 2.3% | – | 0.4% | – |
Khaliq, et al., (2021) | Pakistan | – | 17.2% ¥ 14.3%¥¥ | 2.9% ¥ 3.1%¥¥ | 4.4% ¥ 2.7%¥¥ | 6.1% ¥ 1.4%¥¥ | – |
CFM prevalence in Africa (n = 6) | |||||||
Kinyoki, et al., (2016) | Somalia | 9% | 29% | 20% | |||
Saaka & Galaa (2016) | Ghana | 1.4% | |||||
Fongar et al., (2019) | Kenya | – | – | – | – | 1% | 19%** |
Garanne, et al., (2019) | Senegal | 6.% | – | – | – | – | – |
Farah, et al., (2021) | Ethiopia | – | – | – | – | 2% (95% CI: 1.6 to 2.5) | – |
Roba, et al., (2021) | Ethiopia | 5.8% | – | – | – | – | – |
CFM prevalence in South and Central America (n = 2) | |||||||
Florencio, et al., (2001) | Brazil | – | 8.7% 2.7%* | – | – | 0% 30%* | – |
Fernald & Neufeld (2007) | Mexico | – | – | – | – | 5 to 10% | – |
Trends in coexisting forms of malnutrition
Contributing factors of coexisting forms of malnutrition
Author name (Year) | Country | Malnutrition type | Contributing factors for coexisting forms of malnutrition | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Sex | Birth size & birthweight | Birth interval and birth order | Food and diet | Health and disease status | Health insurance | Antenatal consultations | Parent’s education | Maternal occupation | Parental obesity & short stature | Maternal age | Socioeconomic stratus | Family size | Water, sanitation, and toilet | Region | |||
Florencio, et al., (2001) | Brazil | CUW | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
Fernald & Neufeld (2007) | Mexico | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
Severi & Moratorio, (2014) | Uruguay | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Rachmi, et al., (2016) | Indonesia | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Saaka & Galaa (2016) | Ghana | CWS | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
Zhang, et al., (2016) | China | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Garenne, et al., (2018) | Senegal | CWS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
Fongar, et al., (2019) | Kenya | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Islam & Biswas, (2019) | Bangladesh | CFUa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Yasmin, et al., (2019) | Indonesia | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Ferreira, (2020) | Brazil | CWS | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
Benedict, et al., (2020) | Thailand | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Farah, et al., (2021) | Ethiopia | CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Roba, et al., (2021) | Ethiopia | CWS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Khaliq, et al., (2021) | Pakistan | CUW CUS CUWS CSO | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Birth size and birthweight
Birth interval and birth order
Food accessibility and diet
Health insurance
Antenatal consultation visit
Maternal occupation
Parental obesity and short stature
Maternal age
Socioeconomic status
Quality assessment of included studies
National centre for health statistics (n = 3) | WHO Child growth standard, 2006 (n = 17) | Chinese growth reference (n = 1) | Others (n = 3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Florencio, et al., (2001) | ✓ | |||
Fernald & Neufeld (2007) | ✓ | ✓ α | ||
Severi & Moratorio, (2014) | ✓ | |||
Kinyoki, et al., (2016) | ✓ | |||
Rachmi, et al., (2016) | ✓ | ✓ ∞ | ||
Saaka & Galaa, (2016) | ✓ | |||
Zhang, et al., (2016) | ✓ | |||
Mgongo, et al., (2017) | ✓ | |||
Minh Do, et al., (2018) | ✓ | |||
Zhang, et al., (2018) | ✓ | |||
Fongar et al., (2019) | ✓ | |||
Garanne, et al., (2019) | ✓ | |||
Islam & Biswas, (2019) | ✓ | |||
Varghese & Stein (2019) | ✓ | |||
Yasmin, et al., (2019) | ✓ | |||
Ferreira, (2020) | ✓ | |||
Benedict, et al., (2020) | ✓ | |||
Farah, et al. (2021) | ✓ | |||
Zhang, et al., (2021) | ✓ | ✓⁎ | ||
Roba, et al., (2021) | ✓ | |||
Khaliq, et al., (2021) | ✓ |