Background
Rationale
Objectives
Methods
Protocol and registration
Eligibility criteria
Information sources
Search
Study selection
Domain criterion | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Score | Rating | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antonini et al. [35] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | − | + | + | 8 | High |
2 | August et al. [49] | + | + | − | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 8 | High |
3 | Barry et al. [32] | + | − | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 8 | High |
4 | Bauermeister et al. [31] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 9 | High |
5 | Benedetto-Nasho & Tannock [25] | + | + | + | − | n/a | n/a | + | – | + | + | + | 7 | High |
6 | Biederman et al. [44] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 8 | High |
7* | Biederman et al. [37] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | 10 | High |
8* | Biederman et al. [46] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | 10 | High |
9 | Biederman et al. [40] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | − | + | 8 | High |
10 | DuPaul et al. [5] | + | + | + | − | n/a | n/a | + | + | − | + | + | 7 | High |
11 | Efron et al. [41] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | − | + | + | 9 | High |
12* | Faraone et al. [18] | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | 7 | Medium |
13 | Faraone et al. [45] | + | + | – | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 7 | High |
14 | Frick et al. [26] | + | + | + | – | n/a | n/a | – | – | + | + | – | 5 | Medium |
15 | Gremillion & Martel [36] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 9 | High |
16 | Greven et al. [50] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | – | + | + | + | + | 8 | High |
17 | Hart et al. [19] | + | + | + | – | n/a | n/a | – | + | + | + | + | 7 | High |
18 | Kaufmann & Nuerk [20] | + | + | – | – | n/a | n/a | + | – | – | + | + | 5 | Medium |
19 | Kempton et al. [28] | + | + | + | – | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | – | + | 7 | High |
20 | Laasonen et al. [33] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | – | + | – | + | – | 6 | Medium |
21 | Lamminmäki et al. [39] | + | + | – | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 7 | High |
22 | Lewandowski et al. [21] | + | + | + | – | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 7 | High |
23* | Massetti et al. [38] | + | + | – | + | + | + | + | + | – | + | + | 9 | High |
24 | Mayes & Calhoun [42] | + | + | – | + | n/a | n/a | – | + | + | – | + | 6 | Medium |
25 | Mealer et al. [22] | + | + | – | – | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 6 | Medium |
26 | Papaioannou et al. [48] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 7 | High |
27 | Penny et al. [29] | + | + | – | – | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 6 | Medium |
28 | Roy-Byrne et al. [34] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 9 | High |
29 | Rucklidge & Tannock [23] | + | + | – | – | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 7 | High |
30 | Schachar & Tannock [30] | + | + | + | – | n/a | n/a | – | + | – | + | + | 6 | Medium |
31 | Seidman et al. [24] | + | – | + | – | n/a | n/a | + | + | – | + | + | 6 | Medium |
32 | Thorell [27] | + | + | + | – | n/a | n/a | – | – | + | + | + | 6 | Medium |
33 | Todd et al. [43] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 9 | High |
34 | Zentall et al. [47] | + | + | + | + | n/a | n/a | + | + | + | + | + | 9 | High |
Data collection process
Data items
Risk of bias in individual studies
Summary measures
Participants descriptive statistics by group | Mathematical test descriptive statistics | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Publication | Age range whole sample | N (mean age, SD age) | On medication during test | Test name | N (mean score, SD score) | P value | Quality rating | ||
ADHD group
|
Non-ADHD group
|
ADHD group
|
Non-ADHD group
| ||||||
Antonini et al. [35] | 7–11 | 49 (7.92, 1.11)C | 45 (8.29, 1.34) | No | WIAT-II | 97.06 (13.19)C | 112.84 (18.7) |
<0.0001
C
| High |
53 (8.36, 1.30)I | 97.89 (13.79)I |
<0.0001
I
| |||||||
August et al. [49] | 6–11 | 79 (8.90, 1.17) | 61 (8.70, 1.19) | NR | WRAT-R | 92.80 (16) | 93.5 (17) | >0.05 | High |
Barry et al. [32] | 8–14 | 30 (11.10, 1.30)C | 33 (11.24, 1.20) | No | MBA | 1.52 (12.38)a | 10.39 (12.77)a |
<0.05
| High |
3 (11.10, 1.30)I | |||||||||
Bauermeister et al. [31] | 6–11 | 140 [(32.1%)C; (17.1%)I; (2.8%)U] (8.31, 1.70) | NR (8.31, 1.70) | No | WPB-S | β = −0.33I |
<0.001
| High | |
Benedetto-Nasho et al. [25] | 7–11 | 14 (9.55, 1.01) | 15 (9.02, 1.14) | No | MCW | 21.66 (12.13)P | 47.32 (15.20)P |
<0.001
P
| High |
52.53 (35.79)A | 76.98 (18.04)A |
<0.05
A
| |||||||
11.31 (10.92)E | 36.79 (15.24)E |
<0.001
E
| |||||||
Biederman et al. [44] | Adults | 84 (38.90, 9) | 142 (NR) | Yes | WRAT-R | 101.8 (15.30) | 108.5 (14.70) |
<0.001
| High |
Biederman et al. [37] | 6–17 | 128 (10.60, 3.00)b | 109 (11.60, 3.70)b | Yes | WRAT-R | 96.8 (17.40)b | 111.30 (16.10)b |
<
0.05
b
| High |
128 (14.40, 3.10)f | 109 (15.2, 3.70)f | 93.4 (18.30)f | 109.50 (15.70)f |
<
0.05
f
| |||||
Biederman et al. [46] | 6–17 | 100 (9.0, NR)Y | 69 (8.90, NR)Y | NR | WRAT-R | 96.70 (16.50)Y,b | 111.70 (15.90)Y,b |
<0.001
| High |
93.30 (18.30)Y,f | 110.10 (16.20)Y,f | ||||||||
40 (14.40, NR)O | 51 (15.20, NR)O | 96.80 (19.00)O,b | 111.10 (17.10)O,b | ||||||
93.80 (18.20)O,f | 108.40 (14.80)O,f | ||||||||
Biederman et al. [40] | 6–18 | 140 (11.20, 3.40) | 122 (12.20, | Yes | WRAT | 95.50 (13.30) | 106.20 (15.40) |
<0.001
| High |
DuPaul et al. [5] | NR | 95 (8.50, 1.20)C | 53 (8.50, 1.10) | Yes | WJ-III | 94.50 (12.70) | 113.40 (10.30) |
<0.001
| High |
31 (8.50, 1.20)I | |||||||||
10 (8.50, 1.20)H | |||||||||
Efron et al. [41] | 6 – 8 | 93 (7.3, 0.4)C | 212 (7.3, 0.4) | Yes | WRAT | 90.2 (14.7) | 102.8 (13.4) |
<0.001
| High |
64 (7.3, 0.4)I | Subtypes = NS individually | ||||||||
22 (7.3, 0.4)H | β = –0.69 | ||||||||
Faraone et al. [18] | 6–17 | 93 (10.7, 3.10)b | 120 (11.6, 3.70)b | Yes | WRAT-R | 103.60 (14.40)b | 111.30 (16.10)b |
<0.05
b
| Medium |
83 (14.8, 3.20)f | 109 (15.5, 3.70)f | 98.80 (16.10)f | 109.50 (15.70)f |
<0.05
f
| |||||
Faraone et al. [45] | 6–17 | 485 (10.90, NR)Y | 78 (10.80, NR)Y | NR | WRAT-R | 92.70 (22.50)Y | 110 (15.20)Y |
<0.001
| High |
326 (10.90, NR)O | 54 (10.80, NR)O | 88 (25.00)O | 111.8 (15.7)O | ||||||
Frick et al. [26] | 7–12 | 92 (9.50, NR)C | 42 (10.60, NR) | No | BASIS | Underachievers: 14 % C, 7 % I | Underachievers:2% |
<0.05
C
| Medium |
13 (9.50, NR)I | >0.05I | ||||||||
Gremillion et al. [36] | 6–12 | 266 (9.72, 1.50) | 207 (9.79, 1.48) | No | WIAT-II | 40.12 (9.39) | 43.09 (9.22) |
<0.001
| |
r = −0.27C |
<0.001
| High | |||||||
r = −0.22I |
<0.001
| ||||||||
r = −0.28H |
<0.001
| ||||||||
Greven et al. [50] | NR | 2191 (12, NR)MZ | NR | UNT, NNPT,CKT | Genetic correlation: | High | |||
3930 (12, NR)DZ | ra = –0.41 (95 % CI: –0.47, –0.37)I |
Significant
| |||||||
rc = 0.12 (95 % CI: –0.12, 0.35)I |
NS
| ||||||||
re = –0.20 (95 % CI: –0.23, –0.16)I |
Significant
| ||||||||
ra = –0.22 (95 % CI: –0.28, –0.17)H |
Significant
| ||||||||
rc = –0.27 (95 % CI: –0.44, –0.04)H |
Significant
| ||||||||
re = 0.00 (95 % CI: –0.04, 0.04)H |
NS
| ||||||||
Phenotypic correlation: | |||||||||
r = –0.26 (95 % CI: –0.28, –0.24)I |
Significant
| ||||||||
r = –0.18 (95 % CI: –0.20, –0.16)H |
Significant
| ||||||||
Hart et al. [19] | NR | 271 (9.82, 0.99)MZ | NR | WJ-III | Genetic Covariance: |
<0.05
I
| High | ||
159 (9.82, 0.99)DZ | covar = 0.36 (95 % CI: 0.23, 0.50)I | ||||||||
covar = 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.27, 0.43)H | |||||||||
Shared environment: |
<0.05
H
| ||||||||
covar = 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.84, 0.92)I | |||||||||
covar = 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.89, 0.92)H | |||||||||
Kaufmann & Nuerk [20] | 8.8 –11.7 | 16 (10.20, 1.40) | 16 (10.40, 1.30) | NR | NV-CNR | 91.4 (10.16) | 97.27 (2.55) |
0.02
| Medium |
75 (24.15) | 81.25 (17.08) | ||||||||
V-CNR | 96.15 (4.58) | 98.44 (2.54) | 0.45 | ||||||
97.92 (3.02) | 95.83 (11.39) | ||||||||
99.06 (2.02) | 99.69 (1.25) | ||||||||
SMC | 94.8 (5.61) | 96.68 (3.12) | 0.65 | ||||||
CMC | 56.26 (20.20) | 68.36 (18.45) | 0.30 | ||||||
WMC | 70.84 (25.97) | 79.16 (17.87) | 0.50 | ||||||
Kempton et al. [28] | 6–12 | 15 (8.65, 1.53) | 15 (8.81, 1.48) | No | WRAT | 83.00 (10.92) | 88.6 (15.72) | >0.05 | High |
Laasonen et al. [33] | 18–55 | 30 (31.60, 8.17) | 40 (37.15, 11.70) | No | WAIS-III | 10.90 (3.17) | 12.18 (2.40) | >0.05 | Medium |
Lamminmäki et al. [39] | NR | 17 (8.67, 1.28)C | 22 (8.92, 1.4) | Yes | WJ-III | Z-score: | –0.53 (0.83) | 0.070 | High |
–1.33 (0.06)C | |||||||||
20 (9.78, 1.33)I | –0.88 (0.96)I | ||||||||
8 (8.60, 1.29)H | –0.50 (1.14)H | ||||||||
Lewandowski et al. [21] | 10–13 | 17 (11, NR)C | 27 (11, NR) | Yes | WJ-III | 92.59 (14.71) | 102.11 (13.42) |
<0.05
| High |
7 (11, NR)I | |||||||||
3 (11, NR)H | |||||||||
Massetti et al. [38] | 4–6b | 85 (5.20, 0.70)C | 130 (5.20, 0.08) | Yes | WJ-III | β = −2.55, z = −1.92C
(refers to longitudinal performance of children exhibiting ADHD-C symptoms across all waves of assessment) | 0.060C | High | |
14 (5.70, 0.50)I | β = −6.49, z = −3.34I
(refers to overall longitudinal performance) |
<0.001
I
| |||||||
12–14 f | 26 (5.10, 0.80)H | β = 0.40, z = 0.18H
(refers to overall longitudinal performance) | 0.360H | ||||||
β = −7.27, z = −3.61C,f
(overall performance using DSM-IV number of impairment settings to define subtypes) |
<0.001
C,f
| ||||||||
ADHD-I & ADHD-Hf = NS | >0.05 | ||||||||
Mayes & Calhoun [42] | 6–16 | 724 (9, 2) | 149 (9, 2) | Yes | WIAT, WIAT-II, WRAT-III | 9 %d | 4 %d |
<0.001
| Medium |
Mealer et al. [22] | 6–13 | 20 (8.90, 2.08) | 20 (8.50, 1.93) | No | WISC - III | 8.70 (3.52) | 10.60 (2.7) | 0.063 | Medium |
Papaioannou et al. [48] | 6–11 | 835 (103.90, 17.60) | NR | STAA | Z-score: | Z-score: |
0.003
C
| High | |
24 (109.30, 17.10)C | −0.80 (1.11)C | 08 (0.97) | |||||||
31 (103.90, 16.40)H | −0.25 (0.99)H | >0.5H | |||||||
33 (100.10, 16.40)I | −0.78 (1.07)I |
0.0001
I
| |||||||
Penny et al. [29] | 6–12 | 32 (8.65, 1.48)C | 19 (8.40, 1.40) | No | WRAT-III | 82.20 (17) | 89.80 (15) | >0.05 | Medium |
1I | |||||||||
Roy-Byrne et al. [34] | 18–64 | 46 (33.10, 9.70) | 46 (39.50, 11.20) | No | WRAT-R | 90.20 (19.90) | 100.60 (23.90) | >0.05 | High |
Rucklidge et al. [23] | 13–16 | 24 (14.68, 1.51)F | 28 (15.31, 1.04)F | No | WRAT-III | 96.33 (13.85)F | 112.78 (12.34)F |
<0.001
| High |
35 (14.80, 1.22) M | 20 (14.8, 1.22)M | 90.57 (15.697)M | 108.20 (10.11)M | NR | |||||
Schachar & Tannock [30] | 7–11 | 22 (9.20, 1.20) | 16 (9.0, 1.4) | NR | WRAT-R | 92.40 (9.00) | 97.60 (13.80) | >0.05 | Medium |
Seidman et al. [24] | 6–17 | 43 (NR, NR) | 36 (NR, NR) | Yes | WRAT-R | 95.70 (16.00) | 107.60 (14.30) |
<0.05
| Medium |
Thorell [27] | 6–7 | 21 (6.30, 0.49) | 124 (6.30, 0.49) | NR | NS | r = –0.28I |
<0.001
I
| Medium | |
r = –0.13H | >0.05H | ||||||||
Todd et al. [43] | 7–17 | 149 (13.70, 3.00)C | 731 (14.20, 3.10) | Yes | WRAT-III | 87.3 (13.60)C |
<0.001
C
| High | |
243 (14.30, 3.00)I | 89.40 (13.50)I | 96.60 (13.40) |
<0.001
I
| ||||||
31 (15.30, 3.10)H | 95.50 (11.20)H | >0.05H | |||||||
Zentall et al. [47] | 7–15 | 107 (NR, NR) | 121 (NR, NR) | NR | CAT | 55.64 (2.97) | 75.11 (3.00) |
<0.001
| High |
TAT | F(2,223) = 58.5 (addition) | 61.23 (NR) |
<0.001
| ||||||
F(2,223) = 27.95 (subtraction) | 32.60 (NR) | ||||||||
F(2,205) = 75.23 (multiplication) | 91.79 (NR) |