Background
Despite substantial progress in HIV prevention and treatment globally, men who have sex with men (MSM) continuously face an excessive burden of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) [
1‐
3]. According to the 2017 UNAIDS report, approximately 12% of global new HIV infections in 2015 were attributed to MSM, which was significantly higher than in other most-at-risk populations such as female sex workers (5%) and people who inject drugs (8%) [
4]. Causes of HIV transmission among MSM have been well documented, such as sexual risk behaviors including unprotected sexual intercourses and multiple sex partners, as well as a high frequency of substance use and abuse [
2,
5‐
10]. However, many MSM living with HIV do not acknowledge their HIV serostatus, ranging from 16% in the United States [
11], 21% in New Zealand [
12], 22% in Spain [
13] to 86% in China [
14] and 90.4% in Malawi [
15]. Consequently, they receive delayed care, which threatens their health and accelerates HIV progression [
16,
17]. Therefore, interventions to promote behavioral changes and HIV/STIs testing uptake in this population should be highly considered when planning HIV prevention strategies.
In Vietnam, MSM are identified as one of the most-at-risk and stigmatized population for the national HIV epidemic [
18]. In spite of efforts in offering prevention and treatment, the prevalence of HIV in Vietnamese MSM has been consistently increasing. The National HIV Sentinel Surveillance Survey (HSS) revealed that the overall HIV infection rate in the MSM population elevated from 5.2% in 2015 to 7.4% in 2016 [
19]. However, the rates of sexual risk behaviors in this population are significantly high. Data from HIV Sentinel Surveillance Survey Plus in 2016 reported that approximately two-third of MSM (61.1%) did not utilize condoms with a male partner at the last anal intercourse [
20]. Another survey indicated that 43.7% MSM in Hanoi and 70.4% MSM in Ho Chi Minh city had more than two concurrent male sex partners [
21], and 30.4% MSM had ever used amphetamine -type-stimulants [
22]. Nonetheless, the rate of HIV/STI testing services utilization in MSM in Vietnam was low across studies (19.2%–23.5%) [
23,
24]. Various face-to-face behavioral interventions have been developed among MSM to diminish the burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) [
25‐
28]. However, these interventions faced challenges in maintaining their sustainability such as scarcity of resources, the stigma around homosexuality practices, limited MSM-advocacy and community organizations and insufficient MSM-oriented health professionals [
29‐
31], requiring innovative solutions to address these issues.
The rapid expansion of Internet and mobile technology access raises a new approach so-called electronic health (eHealth) interventions, which can address the weaknesses of traditional interventions in HIV prevention, treatment, and care [
25,
32‐
35]. For example, it can facilitate interventions’ accessibility given that MSM can access the intervention from almost anywhere over the Internet, at any time convenient, with a high sense of confidentiality, which is particularly important for MSM in places where homosexuality are stigmatized and/or criminalized [
36,
37]. Moreover, MSM can easily connect with their community, MSM-friendly organizations or qualified health professionals by distance via chatrooms, social network applications or text messages [
38,
39]. Evidence in worldwide has shown positive effects of eHealth interventions on promoting HIV/STI knowledge, increasing rates of condom use and HIV/STIs testing, as well as enhancing antiretroviral treatment adherence [
40‐
42], which are comparable to the face-to-face approach [
25]. A systematic review from 2014 revealed that eHealth interventions could diminish sexual risk behaviors for HIV/STIs and promote uptake of testing among MSM [
37].
MSM in Vietnam have a high level of Internet and mobile devices access. Two national online surveys from 2008 to 2011 showed that 67–94% of MSM used the Internet regularly [
43,
44]. Another study in Ho Chi Minh city revealed that 73.4% of MSM sought male sex partners via the Internet and 76.1% of MSM accepted to find HIV/AIDS-related information on the Internet [
45]. The most recent evidence from 2016 indicated that 91.7% and 67.8% of MSM respectively had a smartphone and a computer/tablet, of whom 50.7% and 75.1% of MSM used mobile devices to find HIV/STIs testing clinics and HIV/STIs information, correspondingly [
46]. The high rates of Internet use and mobile phone ownership in Vietnamese MSM offer a great potential to deliver HIV/STIs-related eHealth interventions to this most-at-risk population.
To date, eHealth interventions to support HIV prevention among MSM in Vietnam have been not available yet. The optimal design of eHealth intervention requires an in-depth investigation of the preference of the target group for the interventions’ content, presentation and visualization method. Previous reviews indicated the advantages and disadvantages of different eHealth interventions on MSM, which highly depended on study settings [
37,
39]. In addition, understanding the patterns of electronic devices use, desired contents or functionality, as well as the unmet needs of the target population, is vital to develop successful interventions [
47]. Thus, we conducted a qualitative study to determine the preferences for eHealth interventions to prevent HIV and STIs among MSM in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Methods
Study population and sampling method
The qualitative data collection was conducted in January 2018 in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. Hanoi is one of the settings in the country with the highest number of MSM alongside Ho Chi Minh city [
44]. There is a global trend that MSM prefer to live in urban areas. A previous online survey in 2010 estimated that more than 30% of Vietnamese MSM lived in Hanoi [
44]. The inclusion criteria for the focus group discussions (FGDs) were: i) male; ii) 18 years and above; iii) had sexual contact with at least one other man during the last 12 months, and iv) lived in Vietnam during the last 12 months.
First, we contacted key informants (i.e. community leaders) of the Vietnamese Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Network and other civil business organizations (e.g. Vsmile company, iGirl group, Hai Dang club) to recruit participants for the FGDs. We asked them to search for potential candidates representing a diversity of demographic characteristics regarding age, sexual identity, education, and occupation. The leaders informed and asked members of their communities if they wanted to participate in the study, and then provided us with a list of possible participants who were willing to be contacted regarding participation in FGDs. These persons were invited by the research team, further informed about the study and asked if they were willing to participate. All study participants provided written informed consent.
Focus group discussions
An FGD guide was developed for this study (Additional file
1) to address the research questions including attitudes towards the feasibility and uptake of HIV/STI interventions via online modalities (e.g. websites or smartphone applications, social network sites or emails); preferences and concerns regarding an online HIV/STI intervention. Social marketing principles such as audience analysis, channel analysis and product development were applied in developing the FGD questions [
48]. Participants were divided into five FGDs sessions, that lasted between 90 and 120 min, with six to eight MSM in each session. We scheduled one FGD for young (18–22 years old) MSM (FGD1), one FGD for MSM living with HIV (FGD5) and three FGDs for all others (FGD 2–4). We continued data collection until data saturation was achieved. Adequate thematic saturation was determined when participants discussed consistently across the first three FGDs.
FGDs were held in a private room at the Hanoi Medical University to ensure the confidentiality and comfortability of participants. The FGDs were carried out in Vietnamese by LHN (a male Vietnamese public health practitioner) and HLTN (a female Vietnamese public health practitioner). Both facilitators are trained in qualitative study methodology and in conducting FGDs and have experiences from working with public health issues among MSM, youths, and persons living with HIV. First, LHN introduced briefly the purposes of this study and underlined the principles of FGDs to the participants, including mutual respect, privacy protection, that it was voluntary to share information and the option to withdraw at any point without consequences. After receiving written informed consents from participants, LHN led the FGDs and HLTN took participant observation notes and recorded the interview. The language used by the researcher was welcoming and gay-friendly to create a comfortable safe atmosphere. During FGDs, the participants freely expressed their thoughts and shared their experiences. Finally, they were asked to provide their information about socio-economic, HIV/STIs testing uptake, and HIV/STIs status using a short question sheet. Participants could at any time choose to end their participation without any consequences. Participants were served coffee and mineral water and given compensation for travel of a value of US$ 5.
Analysis
The content of the FGDs was audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English by two members of the research team (LHN & LHTN). Directed content analysis was used to determine themes [
49]. This approach started with the pre-identified questions that were utilized to develop the guideline of FDGs [
49]. Two researchers (LHN, LHTN) initially read the FGDs thoroughly and then coded the transcripts keeping the preconceived research questions in mind, as well as identifying emerging themes. After coding each transcript, they were organized into three themes: 1) Experiences of current online resources for sexual health and HIV/STIs testing information; 2) Preferences for contents and features of eHealth interventions; and 3) Concerns for eHealth interventions use. There was high consistency in coding between the two researchers (LHN & LHTN). Differences in coding were resolved by discussion with a third researcher, also with experience in qualitative research among MSM and eHealth interventions (SS). Coded quotes were then organized according to the themes and a selection of quotes to include in the manuscript was made by the research team.
Ethical approval
The study protocol, including the participant consent procedure, was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hanoi Medical University (Number 0618/HDDDDHYHN). Participants were not required to state any individual identifying information and outmost measures were taken to protect participants’ confidentiality.
Discussion
The current qualitative study describes the perspectives and expectations of MSM in Vietnam, which can be used to enable the development of eHealth interventions for this population. Our findings illustrated that currently available online information about HIV/STIs did not meet the needs described by participants, particularly regarding credibility and practicality. For design and implementation of future eHealth interventions MSM’s preferences for content, delivery methods and privacy concerns should be taken into account, which are important to optimize the effectiveness of such interventions.
Our study highlighted participants’ perceptions of the diversity of quality and practicality of information across online sources. Specifically, our participants reported being overwhelmed by HIV/STIs information on the Internet and therefore used strategies to look for information from senior peers who they believed in or perceived “official” sources, including websites of prestigious and locally well-known organizations such as Hanoi Medical University clinic and the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Our finding was consistent with a study in China, which has reported that MSM could feel overwhelmed about the amount of online HIV/STI information and find it hard to navigate [
50]. This is particularly important for those acquiring HIV/AIDS given that they were afraid of being disclosed their private information, which might lead them to be stigmatized. Therefore, the credibility of the information should be prioritized when developing eHealth interventions, which, as per our participants’ recommendations, could build the trustworthiness of these interventions among MSM.
Regarding the contents of eHealth interventions to attract MSM, participants recommended that the intervention should be interactive and informative with various topics rather than focusing only on HIV/STIs. For example, the majority of the participants emphasized a preference for interactive online platforms with real-time counseling and direct support from respectable medical experts, who could provide reliable information and help them to overcome barriers promptly in HIV/STIs prevention and care. This is consistent with a study among young MSM in Thailand [
51]. Moreover, participants preferred information about testing services (location, price, and procedure), and reviews from previous clients, which supported them to make the decision to test. This finding aligns with a previous study in China, which suggested that offering tools to locate HIV/STIs testing clinics, setting appointments, and notifying testing results online could facilitate HIV/STIs testing among MSM [
50]. Topics that would also captivate MSM included ways to improve sexual health and well-being or prevent substance misuse, violence, and discrimination. Participants were also interested in tools to evaluate their own risk of HIV/STIs to inform their decisions around safe sex and testing.
EHealth interventions would benefit from entertaining features to captivate MSM’s attention, combining texts, clips, pictures, and infographics compatibly for website contents. Straightforward messages were preferred, however, there were caution around sensitive language around sex and HIV/STIs. These statements were somewhat contradicting between participants and it seems that there was diversity in preferences around language. However, the information in the messages or websites provided to them should be accurate, practical, short, concise and easy to understand, which have been seen in another study among Black MSM in the United States [
47]. Therefore, careful piloting of eHealth interventions will be of importance to ensure comfortability with the content. It is of uttermost importance to avoid messages causing fear or discomfort [
52,
53].
The diversity of channels to deliver messages and eHealth interventions are also important to consider. Indeed, with a variety of devices used, several Internet-based approaches might be considered to provide interventions such as websites, social network sites namely Facebook, or even SMS messages. Regarding messages, the majority of the participants showed interest in receiving information via private groups on Facebook, gay forums or dating applications (e.g. Jack’d or Blued which were mentioned as the most popular apps). A few participants preferred to receive messages via email because then they could save and read it later, other participants reported they did not use email frequently and therefore would not see such messages. Previous trials in China found that interventions delivered through email did not reach a sufficient efficacy to change the behaviors, which might be due to a lack of interactive activities and individualized messages for participants’ engagement [
54,
55].
In terms of devices used, some participants preferred to access websites by using laptops or personal computers because they could process greater volumes of information on a larger screen, especially among MSM with high age. Since the prevalence of smartphone owners in MSM in Vietnam is high, particularly in urban areas (91.5% [
46]), optimizing designs in different platforms (i.e. mobile phone-based and traditional web-based) should be taken into consideration when developing the intervention. A web design approach such as Responsive Web Design could be a potential strategy as a website can change its interface to be optimized according to the users’ devices [
56]. Smartphone applications were also one preferred platform to enable flexible usage at any time. In literature, this approach has been supposed to encourage behavioral changes in a previous study among Black MSM in the United States [
47]. Providing HIV/STIs information in these ways could offer the option for MSM to access either simple tools (e.g. seeking testing site locations) or more extensive information (e.g. about how to improve sexual relationships, dealing with violence or substance abuse, or HIV/STIs treatment) [
47,
50,
51].
It should be noted that despite a wide acceptance in receiving eHealth interventions, MSM reported privacy concerns when accessing health information on the Internet and more so when receiving information through their mobile phones. Specifically, they worried that their friends, colleagues or families might accidentally look at their mobile phones or computers and see HIV/STI-related messages. The advantage of the Internet is to increase the accessibility of interventions among MSM in highly stigmatized settings [
36,
37]. Thus, it is cautious to avoid any sensitive texts when delivering intervention messages. Possible solutions suggested to address these issues include using code-phrases or neutral contents, which could be complemented by links to further information that could be accessed in a private environment. This finding highlighted the importance of piloting sensitive messages carefully as well as the security features of the interventions to protect participants’ confidentiality [
47,
50].
Limitations and strengths
There are several limitations in this study. We recruited participants with a diversity of socioeconomic backgrounds, however, we might not have reached all types of MSM rather only openly gay men and a large group that tested themselves already. In addition, participants lived in Hanoi, a metropolitan in Vietnam. Significant differences in preferences might be observed in MSM living in rural areas, where the stigmatization towards homosexuality may be higher. It should be cautious when applying the results of this study in other settings. Moreover, the interventions which were developed based on the finding of this study should take into account the disparity in different settings of Vietnam. Lastly, the nature of a qualitative study limits the generalizability of the results. However, measures were taken to ensure the validity of the findings by creating a safe and friendly atmosphere in confidential environments to encourage participants to share their consensus as well as dissonance within FGDs. In addition, the participants actively discussed sensitive topics on sexual behavior and HIV/STI testing experiences, suggesting that they felt sufficiently comfortable to share their stories. Finally, the redundancy of contents in all FGDs indicates the saturation of information on this topic.
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