Background
Methods
Study population
Measurements
Main outcome
Demographic characteristics
Mental health characteristics
Physical health characteristics
Social characteristics
Substance use
Sexual behavior
Statistical analyses
Results
General characteristics
Women (N = 7702) | Men (N = 5367) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planned (N = 5442) | Unplanned (N = 2260) | OR (95% CI) for Unplanned pregnancy | Planned (N = 4087) | Unplanned (N = 1280) | OR (95% CI) for Unplanned pregnancy | |
Demographic information | ||||||
Age | ||||||
< 20 years | 105 (2.0%) | 250 (11.3%) | 9.15 (7.16–11.69) | 13 (0.4%) | 46 (4.4%) | 13.04 (7.10–23.97) |
20–25 years | 705 (13.1%) | 582 (26.2%) | 3.20 (2.78–3.70) | 168 (4.6%) | 181 (17.3%) | 4.98 (3.93–6.33) |
25–30 years | 1555 (29.0%) | 550 (24.8%) | 1.38 (1.21–1.58) | 797 (21.8%) | 275 (26.3%) | 1.81 (1.50–2.18) |
30–35 years | 2211 (41.2%) | 569 (25.6%) | 1.00 | 1562 (42.6%) | 282 (26.9%) | 1.00 |
> 35 years | 794 (14.8%) | 269 (12.1%) | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) | 1123 (30.7%) | 263 (25.1%) | 1.26 (1.04–1.51) |
N missing | 72 | 40 | NA | 424 | 233 | NA |
Migration background | ||||||
Dutch | 3094 (57.4%) | 735 (33.0%) | 1.00 | 2611 (67.5%) | 507 (44.9%) | 1.00 |
Indonesian | 170 (3.2%) | 65 (2.9%) | 1.60 (1.19–2.16) | 129 (3.3%) | 45 (4.0%) | 1.80 (1.27–2.57) |
Cape Verdian | 122 (2.3%) | 181 (8.1%) | 6.16 (4.83–7.86) | 72 (1.9%) | 57 (5.0%) | 4.43 (3.14–6.26) |
Moroccan | 342 (6.3%) | 145 (6.5%) | 1.78 (1.45–2.20) | 154 (4.0%) | 57 (5.0%) | 1.88 (1.38–2.56) |
Dutch Antilles | 96 (1.8%) | 170 (7.6%) | 7.36 (5.67–9.57) | 72 (1.9%) | 71 (6.3%) | 5.03 (3.61–7.00) |
Surinamese | 343 (6.4%) | 335 (15.0%) | 4.09 (3.45–4.85) | 212 (5.5%) | 134 (11.9%) | 3.24 (2.57–4.08) |
Turkish | 440 (8.2%) | 228 (10.2%) | 2.17 (1.81–2.59) | 230 (5.9%) | 103 (9.1%) | 2.43 (1.92–3.07) |
European | 470 (8.7%) | 149 (6.7%) | 1.33 (1.09–1.62) | 233 (6.0%) | 69 (6.1%) | 1.55 (1.17–2.05) |
Asian | 154 (2.9%) | 76 (3.4%) | 2.08 (1.56–2.77) | 77 (2.0%) | 40 (3.5%) | 2.59 (1.76–3.83) |
Other | 163 (3.0%) | 143 (6.4%) | 3.66 (2.89–4.65) | 78 (2.0%) | 47 (4.2%) | 3.14 (2.17–4.55) |
N missing | 48 | 33 | NA | 219 | 150 | NA |
Educational level | ||||||
Low | 1159 (22.0%) | 841 (39.3%) | 4.49 (3.81–5.30) | 709 (20.3%) | 331 (34.0%) | 3.34 (2.75–4.07) |
Mid-low | 1546 (29.4%) | 781 (36.5%) | 3.13 (2.66–3.69) | 894 (25.6%) | 326 (33.5%) | 2.50 (2.05–3.04) |
Mid-high | 1125 (21.4%) | 293 (13.7%) | 1.63 (1.35–1.97) | 706 (20.2%) | 146 (15.0%) | 1.46 (1.15–1.85) |
High | 1436 (27.3%) | 227 (10.6%) | 1.00 | 1189 (34.0%) | 171 (17.6%) | 1.00 |
N missing | 176 | 118 | NA | 589 | 306 | NA |
Paid job; no | 1004 (21.0%) | 662 (44.2%) | 3.02 (2.70–3.38) | 219 (6.6%) | 130 (14.5%) | 2.46 (1.99–3.05) |
N missing | 1131 | 763 | NA | 778 | 386 | NA |
Household income | ||||||
< €1200/month | 513 (12.5%) | 590 (40.4%) | 6.05 (5.30–6.91) | |||
€1200–€2000/month | 703 (17.1%) | 355 (24.3%) | 2.73 (2.35–3.19) | |||
> €2000/month | 2892 (70.4%) | 516 (35.3%) | 1.00 | |||
N missing | 1334 | 799 | NA | |||
Financial difficulties | ||||||
No | 3457 (84.2%) | 914 (63.2%) | 1.00 | |||
Some | 547 (13.3%) | 416 (28.7%) | 2.75 (2.40–3.16) | |||
Great | 100 (2.4%) | 117 (8.1%) | 4.16 (3.28–5.28) | |||
N missing | 1338 | 813 | NA | |||
Religion | ||||||
Not religious | 2869 (63.7%) | 891 (56.2%) | 1.00 | |||
Christian | 843 (18.7%) | 333 (21.0%) | 1.29 (1.13–1.48) | |||
Hindustan | 90 (2.0%) | 45 (2.8%) | 1.51 (1.07–2.11) | |||
Islamic | 596 (13.2%) | 262 (16.5%) | 1.36 (1.19–1.57) | |||
Other religion | 104 (2.3%) | 55 (3.5%) | 1.73 (1.24–2.41) | |||
N missing | 940 | 674 | NA | |||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 2927 (54.9%) | 723 (33.1%) | 1.00 | |||
Cohabiting | 2058 (38.6%) | 711 (32.5%) | 1.41 (1.25–1.59) | |||
Single | 350 (6.6%) | 753 (34.4%) | 8.61 (7.42–10.01) | |||
N missing | 107 | 73 | NA | |||
Parity | ||||||
0 | 3255 (61.3%) | 1310 (60.1%) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | |||
1 | 1543 (29.0%) | 502 (23.0%) | 1.00 | |||
2 | 413 (7.8%) | 274 (12.6%) | 2.06 (1.71–2.47) | |||
≥ 3 | 102 (1.9%) | 92 (4.2%) | 2.98 (2.22–3.99) | |||
N missing | 129 | 82 | NA | |||
Mental health | ||||||
Childhood trauma; score (SD) | −0.10 (0.90) | 0.28 (1.19) | 1.38 (1.31–1.47) | |||
N missing | 1383 | 781 | NA | |||
Perceived parental rearing | ||||||
Emotional warmth; score (SD) | 0.03 (1.00) | −0.08 (1.00) | 0.84 (0.74–0.97) | |||
N missing | 2734 | 1277 | NA | |||
Overprotection; score (SD) | −0.04 (0.98) | 0.13 (1.05) | 1.19 (1.11–1.26) | |||
N missing | 1489 | 849 | NA | |||
Rejection; score (SD) | −0.08 (0.91) | 0.22 (1.20) | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) | |||
N missing | 1525 | 884 | NA | |||
History of depression; yes | 1059 (25.7%) | 564 (36.5%) | 1.73 (1.45–2.07) | 524 (15.5%) | 178 (19.0%) | 1.40 (1.12–1.75) |
N missing | 1316 | 714 | NA | 702 | 341 | NA |
History of anxiety; yes | 598 (14.4%) | 308 (19.6%) | 1.53 (1.27–1.84) | 275 (8.1%) | 93 (9.8%) | 1.34 (1.02–1.77) |
N missing | 1284 | 686 | NA | 692 | 333 | NA |
History of eating disorder; yes | 364 (8.9%) | 175 (11.5%) | 1.42 (1.14–1.76) | |||
N missing | 1347 | 742 | NA | |||
Self-esteem; score (SD) | 0.08 (0.94) | −0.24 (1.12) | 0.73 (0.68–0.77) | −0.08 (0.91) | 0.30 (1.22) | |
N missing | 1526 | 877 | NA | 667 | 325 | |
Cognition (IQ) | ||||||
< 70 | 151 (4.0%) | 95 (7.1%) | 2.16 (1.69–2.76) | |||
70–85 | 659 (17.4%) | 381 (28.6%) | 1.91 (1.68–2.17) | |||
≥ 85 | 2974 (78.6%) | 858 (64.3%) | 1.00 | |||
N missing | 1658 | 926 | NA | |||
Physical health | ||||||
Chronic somatic disease; yes | 397 (7.6%) | 155 (7.1%) | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) | 269 (7.7%) | 76 (7.8%) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) |
N missing | 188 | 79 | NA | 615 | 303 | NA |
BMI prior to pregnancy | ||||||
< 20 | 684 (14.7%) | 381 (19.5%) | 1.39 (1.20–1.61) | 151 (3.7%) | 66 (5.2%) | 1.55 (1.14–2.10) |
20–25 | 2672 (57.5%) | 1011 (51.7%) | 1.00 | 1896 (46.5%) | 607 (47.9%) | 1.14 (0.99–1.30) |
25–30 | 907 (19.5%) | 354 (18.1%) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 1687 (41.4%) | 477 (37.7%) | 1.00 |
≥ 30 | 383 (8.2%) | 208 (10.6%) | 1.41 (1.17–1.70) | 343 (8.4%) | 116 (9.2%) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) |
N missing | 796 | 306 | NA | 10 | 14 | NA |
Social factors | ||||||
Relational difficulties; score (SD) | −0.15 (0.87) | 0.39 (1.21) | 1.62 (1.53–1.71) | −0.08 (0.91) | 0.30 (1.22) | 1.41 (1.32–1.50) |
N missing | 892 | 572 | NA | 667 | 325 | NA |
History of delinquency | ||||||
No crimes | 2554 (61.1%) | 796 (50.7%) | 1.00 | 1266 (40.6%) | 309 (35.4%) | 1.00 |
Petty crimes | 702 (16.8%) | 321 (20.4%) | 1.36 (1.17–1.58) | 355 (11.4%) | 98 (11.2%) | 1.10 (0.86–1.42) |
More serious crimes | 927 (22.2%) | 454 (28.9%) | 1.50 (1.31–1.70) | 1497 (48.0%) | 467 (53.4%) | 1.28 (1.10–1.50) |
N missing | 1259 | 689 | NA | 969 | 406 | NA |
≤ 1 close friend; yes | 151 (5.0%) | 107 (8.6%) | 1.90 (1.48–2.44) | |||
N missing | 2401 | 1018 | NA | |||
Substance use | ||||||
Alcohol intake prior to pregnancy | ||||||
< 1 glass/week | 2950 (62.6%) | 1078 (53.5%) | 1.00 | 662 (20.9%) | 252 (28.4%) | 1.00 |
1–6 glasses/week | 613 (13.0%) | 277 (13.7%) | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 1702 (53.8%) | 415 (46.7%) | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) |
≥ 1 glass/day | 1148 (24.4%) | 661 (32.8%) | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 798 (25.2%) | 221 (24.9%) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) |
N missing | 2157 | 1025 | NA | 925 | 392 | NA |
Smoking prior to pregnancy | ||||||
No | 2950 (62.6%) | 1078 (53.5%) | 1.00 | 2274 (58.3%) | 577 (47.5%) | 1.00 |
< 5 cigarettes/day | 613 (13.0%) | 277 (13.7%) | 1.21 (1.03–1.41) | 614 (15.8%) | 191 (15.7%) | 1.23 (1.02–1.48) |
≥ 5 cigarettes/day | 1148 (24.4%) | 661 (32.8%) | 1.53 (1.36–1.72) | 1010 (25.9%) | 447 (36.8%) | 1.74 (1.51–2.01) |
N missing | 731 | 244 | NA | 189 | 65 | NA |
Drug use prior to pregnancy; yes | 297 (5.7%) | 278 (12.8%) | 2.42 (2.04–2.87) | 347 (8.9%) | 232 (19.2%) | 2.40 (2.00–2.87) |
N missing | 211 | 88 | NA | 170 | 70 | NA |
Sexual behavior | ||||||
> 1 sexual partner in the year prior to pregnancy; yes | 265 (5.5%) | 276 (14.0%) | 2.62 (2.16–3.17) | 173 (4.5%) | 156 (13.9%) | 3.38 (2.70–4.24) |
N missing | 656 | 285 | NA | 256 | 157 | NA |
History of treatment for STD; yes | 485 (10.2%) | 303 (15.4%) | 1.63 (1.38–1.92) | 235 (6.2%) | 108 (9.5%) | 1.63 (1.28–2.07) |
N missing | 674 | 297 | NA | 318 | 147 | NA |
Age of first sexual contact | ||||||
< 16 years | 575 (12.7%) | 395 (21.7%) | 2.23 (1.86–2.67) | |||
16–20 years | 3066 (67.7%) | 1156 (63.4%) | 1.24 (1.07–1.44) | |||
≥ 21 years | 885 (19.6%) | 271 (14.9%) | 1.00 | |||
N missing | 916 | 438 | NA | |||
History of abortion; yes | 565 (19.8%) | 464 (35.7%) | 2.21 (1.91–2.56) | |||
N missing | 2589 | 962 | NA |
Non-response analysis
Predictors for unplanned pregnancy
Predictors for ambivalent feelings towards the unplanned pregnancy
Initially ambivalent feelings OR (95% CI) (N = 827) | Prolonged ambivalent feelings OR (95% CI) (N = 108) | |
---|---|---|
Demographic predictors | ||
Age | ||
< 20 years | 1.60 (1.24–2.06) | 0.93 (0.53–1.64) |
20–25 years | 1.48 (1.17–1.87) | 0.87 (0.52–1.46) |
25–30 years | 1.19 (0.98–1.46) | 1.39 (0.87–2.23) |
30–35 years | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥ 35 years | 1.21 (1.01–1.46) | 1.91 (1.27–2.86) |
Ethnic background | ||
Dutch | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Indonesian | 0.89 (0.49–1.60) | 0.82 (0.19–3.60) |
Cape Verdean | 2.38 (1.68–3.38) | 1.94 (0.87–4.30) |
Moroccan | 1.40 (0.95–2.07) | 2.37 (1.12–4.98) |
Dutch Antilles | 1.24 (0.87–1.77) | 0.97 (0.39–2.42) |
Surinamese | 1.49 (1.13–1.97) | 0.98 (0.47–2.02) |
Turkish | 1.90 (1.37–2.64) | 4.13 (2.29–7.45) |
European | 1.14 (0.77–1.67) | 0.76 (0.26–2.23) |
Asian | 1.17 (0.68–1.99) | 2.49 (0.97–6.39) |
Other | 1.26 (0.85–1.87) | 1.28 (0.51–3.20) |
Religion | ||
No religion | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Christian | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 0.65 (0.30–1.37) |
Hindustan | 1.11 (0.64–1.92) | 0.75 (0.15–3.79) |
Islamic | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | 2.38 (1.49–3.80) |
Other | 1.06 (0.59–1.90) | 1.10 (0.33–3.66) |
Educational level | ||
Low | 1.83 (1.44–2.32) | 0.71 (0.47–1.10) |
Mid-low | 1.46 (1.15–1.83) | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) |
Mid-high | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.54 (0.34–0.87) |
High | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Having no paid job | 1.44 (0.18–1.76) | 1.75 (1.11–2.75) |
Household income | ||
< €1200/month | 2.22 (1.87–2.63) | 2.43 (1.62–3.64) |
€1200–2000/month | 1.69 (1.37–2.08) | 1.97 (1.27–3.07) |
≥ €2000/month | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Financial difficulties | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some | 1.59 (1.26–2.01) | 1.89 (1.16–3.06) |
Great | 1.74 (1.20–2.51) | 2.42 (1.20–4.88) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cohabiting | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | 0.40 (0.23–0.70) |
Single | 1.48 (1.19–1.85) | 1.07 (0.68–1.67) |
Parity | ||
0 | 1.19 (0.95–1.50) | 0.58 (0.36–0.92) |
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 2.19 (1.65–2.90) | 1.38 (0.77–2.50) |
≥ 3 | 2.23 (1.39–3.57) | 2.54 (1.18–5.47) |
Mental health | ||
Childhood trauma score | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 1.29 (1.11–1.50) |
Perceived parental rearing | ||
Emotional warmth score | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.66 (0.38–1.13) |
Overprotection score | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 1.20 (0.97–1.50) |
Rejection score | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 1.17 (1.00–1.38) |
History of depression, yes | 1.35 (1.08–1.67) | 2.27 (1.44–3.57) |
History of anxiety, yes | 1.54 (1.20–1.97) | 2.07 (1.22–3.51) |
History of eating disorder, yes | 1.23 (0.89–1.69) | 1.74 (0.94–3.22) |
Self-esteem score | 0.82 (0.75–0.91) | 0.62 (0.52–0.75) |
Cognition, IQ score | ||
< 70 | 1.64 (1.20–2.25) | 1.55 (0.76–3.18) |
70–85 | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | 1.34 (0.85–2.10) |
≥ 85 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Physical health | ||
Chronic somatic disease | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 1.04 (0.47–2.33) |
BMI prior to pregnancy | ||
< 20 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 1.23 (0.68–2.23) |
20–25 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–30 | 1.29 (1.04–1.62) | 1.60 (0.96–2.67) |
≥ 30 | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 0.77 (0.48–1.24) |
Social predictors | ||
Relational difficulties, score | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) | 1.48 (1.27–1.72) |
History of delinquency | ||
No crimes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Petty crimes | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.79 (0.50–1.24) |
Serious crimes | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 1.04 (0.65–1.67) |
≤1 Close friend, yes | 0.94 (0.63–1.40) | 1.40 (0.68–2.88) |
Substance use | ||
Alcohol use prior to pregnancy | ||
< 1 glass/week | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–6 glasses/week | 0.82 (0.62–1.08) | 0.86 (0.47–1.55) |
≥ 1 glass/day | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 1.20 (0.71–2.03) |
Smoking prior to pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 5 cigarettes/day | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 1.18 (0.85–1.65) |
≥ 5 cigarettes/day | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) |
Drug use prior to pregnancy, yes | 1.56 (1.11–1.91) | 1.17 (0.63–2.14) |
Sexual risk behavior | ||
> 1 sexual partner | 1.26 (0.97–1.64) | 1.33 (0.76–2.32) |
History of treatment for STD | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) | 0.78 (0.41–1.48) |
Age of first time sexual contact | ||
< 16 years | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.34 (0.19–0.61) |
16–20 years | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) |
≥ 21 years | 1.00 | 1.00 |
History of induced abortion | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) |