Background
Methods
Source population
Cohort assembly
Follow-up and definition of fast progression of CKD
Baseline covariates
Statistical approach
Characteristic | Not Fast CKD Progression | Fast CKD Progression | D-Valuea |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 29,646) | (N = 6549) | ||
Age, yr | |||
Mean (SD) | 73.0 (10.0) | 73.3 (10.8) | 0.03 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.00 | ||
Women | 16,306 (55.0) | 3598 (54.9) | |
Men | 13,340 (45.0) | 2951 (45.1) | |
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
White/European | 21,651 (73.0) | 4605 (70.3) | 0.05 |
Black/African American | 3185 (10.7) | 790 (12.1) | 0.05 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 3442 (11.6) | 810 (12.4) | 0.05 |
Native American | 90 (0.3) | 28 (0.4) | 0.05 |
Other | 135 (0.5) | 45 (0.7) | 0.05 |
Unknown | 1143 (3.9) | 271 (4.1) | 0.05 |
Known Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 2816 (9.5) | 754 (11.5) | 0.07 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.08 | ||
Current or former smoker | 13,382 (45.1) | 3215 (49.1) | |
Non-smoker | 16,264 (54.9) | 3334 (50.9) | |
Cardiovascular history, n (%) | |||
Acute myocardial infarction | 664 (2.2) | 222 (3.4) | 0.26 |
Heart failure | 2675 (9.0) | 1001 (15.3) | 0.36 |
Hospitalized ischemic stroke | 344 (1.2) | 105 (1.6) | 0.20 |
Transient ischemic attack | 483 (1.6) | 128 (2.0) | 0.11 |
Peripheral artery disease | 333 (1.1) | 103 (1.6) | 0.21 |
Mitral and/or aortic valvular disease | 1973 (6.7) | 479 (7.3) | 0.06 |
Atrial fibrillation and/or flutter | 3086 (10.4) | 830 (12.7) | 0.13 |
Cardiac procedure history, n (%) | |||
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery | 422 (1.4) | 112 (1.7) | 0.11 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 820 (2.8) | 233 (3.6) | 0.16 |
Pacemaker | 310 (1.0) | 106 (1.6) | 0.27 |
Medical history, n (%) | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 10,139 (34.2) | 3035 (46.3) | 0.31 |
Proteinuria | 3032 (10.2) | 1458 (22.3) | 0.56 |
Hypertension | 24,838 (83.8) | 5772 (88.1) | 0.22 |
Diagnosed dementia | 685 (2.3) | 187 (2.9) | 0.13 |
Diagnosed depression | 3899 (13.2) | 903 (13.8) | 0.03 |
Dyslipidemia | 22,157 (74.7) | 5111 (78.0) | 0.11 |
Chronic liver disease | 580 (2.0) | 156 (2.4) | 0.12 |
Chronic lung disease | 6299 (21.2) | 1546 (23.6) | 0.08 |
Hyperthyroidism | 865 (2.9) | 185 (2.8) | 0.02 |
Hypothyroidism | 5555 (18.7) | 1216 (18.6) | 0.01 |
Systemic cancer | 2042 (6.9) | 451 (6.9) | 0.00 |
Extracranial hemorrhage | 553 (1.9) | 157 (2.4) | 0.16 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, n (%) | 0.03 | ||
< 18.5 | 247 (0.8) | 66 (1.0) | |
18.5–24.9 | 6664 (22.5) | 1418 (21.7) | |
25.0–29.9 | 10,290 (34.7) | 2180 (33.3) | |
30.0–39.9 | 9038 (30.5) | 2067 (31.6) | |
≥ 40.0 | 1497 (5.0) | 448 (6.8) | |
Unknown | 1910 (6.4) | 370 (5.6) | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||
Mean (SD) | 129.0 (16.5) | 132.9 (18.7) | 0.23 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||
Mean (SD) | 70.9 (10.4) | 71.1 (11.1) | 0.02 |
Baseline medication use, n (%) | |||
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 13,634 (46.0) | 3252 (49.7) | 0.09 |
Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 4335 (14.6) | 1216 (18.6) | 0.17 |
Diuretic | 17,136 (57.8) | 3997 (61.0) | 0.08 |
Loop | 4470 (15.1) | 1502 (22.9) | 0.31 |
Thiazide | 13,377 (45.1) | 2739 (41.8) | 0.08 |
β-blocker | 15,256 (51.5) | 3759 (57.4) | 0.15 |
Calcium channel blocker | 7607 (25.7) | 2110 (32.2) | 0.19 |
Alpha-blocker | 3927 (13.2) | 1023 (15.6) | 0.12 |
Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 691 (2.3) | 191 (2.9) | 0.14 |
Isosorbide dinitrate + hydralazine | 66 (0.2) | 48 (0.7) | 0.73 |
Hydralazine | 903 (3.0) | 374 (5.7) | 0.40 |
Antiarrhythmic | 704 (2.4) | 189 (2.9) | 0.12 |
Nitrate | 1478 (5.0) | 479 (7.3) | 0.25 |
Digoxin | 1072 (3.6) | 303 (4.6) | 0.16 |
Statin | 18,442 (62.2) | 4342 (66.3) | 0.11 |
Other lipid-lowering agent | 1880 (6.3) | 505 (7.7) | 0.13 |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 4028 (13.6) | 803 (12.3) | 0.07 |
Antiplatelet agent | 1535 (5.2) | 422 (6.4) | 0.14 |
Diabetic therapy | 7945 (26.8) | 2541 (38.8) | 0.33 |
Erythropoietin | 160 (0.5) | 81 (1.2) | 0.51 |
Baseline laboratory values | |||
CKD-EPI eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 0.07 | ||
45–59 | 20,263 (68.3) | 4675 (71.4) | |
30–44 | 9383 (31.7) | 1874 (28.6) | |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, n (%) | 0.08 | ||
≥ 13.0 | 15,328 (51.7) | 2706 (41.3) | |
12.0–12.9 | 5160 (17.4) | 1326 (20.2) | |
11.0–11.9 | 2656 (9.0) | 937 (14.3) | |
10.0–10.9 | 994 (3.4) | 383 (5.8) | |
9.0–9.9 | 315 (1.1) | 117 (1.8) | |
< 9.0 | 125 (0.4) | 42 (0.6) | |
Unknown | 5068 (17.1) | 1038 (15.8) | |
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
Mean (SD) | 97.4 (33.1) | 94.0 (33.6) | 0.10 |
Median (IQR) | 92.0 (75.0–116.0) | 88.0 (71.0–111.0) | |
Range | 12.0–531.0 | 19.0–339.0 | |
Missing, n (%) | 2997 (10.1) | 659 (10.1) | |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
Mean (SD) | 49.7 (14.2) | 48.3 (13.8) | 0.10 |
Median (IQR) | 47.0 (40.0–57.0) | 46.0 (39.0–55.0) | |
Range | 10.0–153.0 | 4.0–178.0 | |
Missing, n (%) | 3560 (12.0) | 807 (12.3) | |
Serum potassium, mmol/L | |||
Mean (SD) | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.03 |
Median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | |
Range | 2.1–6.7 | 2.6–7.3 | |
Missing, n (%) | 2761 (9.3) | 376.7) |
Results
Cohort assembly and baseline characteristics
Multivariable predictors of fast CKD progression by diabetes status
Characteristic | Adjusteda Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for Fast Progression in Adults with Stage 3 CKD and no Diabetes N = 23,021 | Adjustedb Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for Fast Progression in Adults with Stage 3 CKD and Diabetes N = 13,174 |
---|---|---|
Age group at study entry, yr | ||
18–49 | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) | 1.60 (1.22–2.10) |
50–59 | 0.72 (0.61–0.86) | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) |
60–69 | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) |
70–79 | Reference | Reference |
≥ 80 | 1.25 (1.14–1.36) | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) |
Male vs. female gender | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
Race | ||
White/European | Reference | Reference |
Black/African American | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) |
Native American | 1.57 (0.81–3.04) | 1.22 (0.67–2.20) |
Other | 1.26 (0.68–2.34) | 1.24 (0.81–1.92) |
Unknown | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 1.15 (0.94–1.42) |
Hispanic ethnicity | 1.05 (0.90–1.21) | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) |
Current/former smoking | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | – |
Medical history | ||
Heart failure | 1.77 (1.57–1.99) | 1.58 (1.40–1.79) |
Ischemic stroke | 1.50 (1.11–2.04) | – |
Pacemaker | 1.43 (1.06–1.92) | – |
Proteinuria | 1.86 (1.65–2.10) | 2.31 (2.10–2.55) |
Valvular heart disease | – | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||
≤ 120 | Reference | Reference |
121–129 | 1.17 (1.04–1.30) | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) |
130–139 | 1.28 (1.15–1.41) | 1.23 (1.08–1.39) |
140–159 | 1.44 (1.28–1.62) | 1.47 (1.29–1.68) |
160–179 | 2.07 (1.75–2.46) | 1.99 (1.64–2.42) |
≥ 180 | 2.42 (1.80–3.24) | 2.21 (1.59–3.08) |
Unknown | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) |
Laboratory values | ||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | ||
≥ 13.0 | Reference | Reference |
12.0–12.9 | 1.38 (1.25–1.53) | 1.39 (1.23–1.56) |
11.0–11.9 | 2.02 (1.78–2.29) | 1.63 (1.43–1.87) |
10.0–10.9 | 2.09 (1.73–2.54) | 1.76 (1.47–2.11) |
9.0–9.9 | 1.46 (1.02–2.10) | 2.09 (1.55–2.81) |
< 9.0 | 1.44 (0.85–2.43) | 2.15 (1.26–3.68) |
Unknown | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ||
≥ 60 | Reference | – |
50–59 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | – |
40–49 | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | – |
35–39 | 1.25 (1.08–1.45) | – |
< 35 | 1.27 (1.07–1.50) | – |
Unknown | 1.20 (1.07–1.36) | – |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ||
≥ 200 | – | Reference |
160–199 | – | 1.73 (1.06–2.84) |
130–159 | – | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) |
100–129 | – | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) |
70–99 | – | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) |
< 70 | – | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) |
Unknown | – | 1.07 (0.82–1.39) |