Background
Methods
Study design
Data collection
Variable | Description | Domain | Data_Year | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
D_Age_15_64y_2018 | Total population between the ages 15 to 64 as a percentage of the total population in 2018. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. | Demographic | 2018 | |
D_Pop_over65_2018 | Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population in 2018. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. | Demographic | 2018 | |
D_Popden2018 | Population density in 2018. Calculated from total population and land area | Demographic | 2018 | Calculated from total population and land area |
E_Employ_agri_%totemp_2018 | Employment in agriculture, male (% total male employment), based on International Labour Organization (ILO) estimate | Economic | 2018 | |
E_Employ_ind_%totemp_2018 | Employment in agriculture, male (% total male employment), based on International Labour Organization (ILO) estimate | Economic | 2018 | |
E_Employ_serv_%totemp_2018 | Employment in agriculture, male (% total male employment), based on International Labour Organization (ILO) estimate | Economic | 2018 | |
E_Total_visitors2018 | Number of total registered visitors in 2018. International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. | Economic | 2018 | |
E_Urban_pct2018 | Percentage of urban living population. Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division. | Economic | 2018 | |
G_Land_area_sqkm | Land area in square kilometers. Land area is a country’s total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes. | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Rain_mm_Apr2016 | Average rainfall in millimeters in April 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Rain_mm_Dec2016 | Average rainfall in millimeters in December 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Rain_mm_Feb2016 | Average rainfall in millimeters in February 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Rain_mm_Jan2016 | Average rainfall in millimeters in January 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Rain_mm_Mar2016 | Average rainfall in millimeters in March 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Temp_C_Apr2016 | Average temperature in degrees Celsius in April 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Temp_C_Feb2016 | Average temperature in degrees Celsius in February 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Temp_C_Jan2016 | Average temperature in degrees Celsius in January 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
G_Temp_C_Mar2016 | Average temperature in degrees Celsius in March 2016 | Meterological | 2016 | |
H_covid_duration_9Apr | A calculated estimate between April 9, 2020 and the first day of reported COVID-19 case(s) in a country | Health | 2020 | calculated |
H_DALY_CVD_70yrs | One Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is the equivalent of losing one year in good health because of either premature death or disease or disability. DALY estimates calculated per country by cardiovascular disease incidence for people aged 70 yrs. or more | Health | 2016 | |
H_DALY_CVD_all | One Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is the equivalent of losing one year in good health because of either premature death or disease or disability. DALY estimates calculated per country by cardiovascular disease incidence across all age groups | Health | 2016 | |
H_DALY_resp_70yrs | One Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is the equivalent of losing one year in good health because of either premature death or disease or disability. DALY estimates calculated per country by respiratory symptoms for people aged 70 yrs. or more | Health | 2016 | |
H_DALY_resp_all | One Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is the equivalent of losing one year in good health because of either premature death or disease or disability. DALY estimates calculated per country by respiratory symptoms for all age groups | Health | 2016 | |
H_Diabetes2019 | Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20–79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. | Health | 2019 | |
H_Total_COVID_cases | Number of total reported COVID-19 cases per day per country | Health | Daily |
Statistical analysis
Analysis of longitudinal trends in COVID-19 incidence per country
Effect of lockdown on COVID-19 incidence per country
Regression analysis of global COVID-19 incidence
Results
Longitudinal trends in COVID-19 associations by country
Association of individual variables to COVID-19 cases
Variable | coefficient(+SE) | Adjusted r-squared | p-value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description | Apr 2020 | May 2020 | Jun 2020 | Apr 2020 | May 2020 | Jun 2020 | Apr 2020 | May 2020 | Jun 2020 | |
D_Age_15_64y_2018 | % total population aged 15–64 yrs. in 2018 | 0.094 (0.010) | 0.076 (0.009) | 0.064 (0.009) | 0.325 | 0.278 | 0.236 | 8.99E-17 | 3.51E-14 | 4.69E-12 |
D_Pop_over65_2018 | % total population over 65 yrs. in 2018 | 0.116 (0.009) | 0.085 (0.009) | 0.059 (0.009) | 0.496 | 0.349 | 0.201 | 6.47E-28 | 3.47E-18 | 2.74E-10 |
D_Popden2018 | Population density in 2018 | 0.380 (0.124) | 0.368 (0.109) | 0.255 (0.100) | 0.043 | 0.053 | 0.029 | 0.002542 | 0.000919 | 0.011711 |
E_Employ2018 agri_pct_tot_emp | % total male employment in agriculture in 2018 | −0.037 (0.002) | − 0.029 (0.002) | − 0.023 (0.002) | 0.613 | 0.486 | 0.360 | 4.55E-37 | 1.39E-26 | 1.99E-18 |
E_Employ2018 ind_pct_tot_emp | % total male employment in industry in 2018 | 0.064 (0.009) | 0.052 (0.008) | 0.041 (0.007) | 0.234 | 0.195 | 0.149 | 1.09E-11 | 7.69E-10 | 1.02E-07 |
E_Employ2018 serv_pct_tot_emp | % total male employment in service in 2018 | 0.044 (0.003) | 0.035 (0.003) | 0.027 (0.003) | 0.566 | 0.442 | 0.324 | 6.86E-33 | 1.53E-23 | 2.2E-16 |
E_Urban_pct2018 | % total population in urban areas in 2018 | 0.029 (0.003) | 0.024 (0.002) | 0.021 (0.002) | 0.372 | 0.355 | 0.343 | 3.66E-21 | 4.73E-20 | 2.74E-19 |
G_Land_area_sqkm | land area in square kilometers | −0.358 (0.049) | −0.255 (0.044) | −0.166 (0.041) | 0.207 | 0.139 | 0.071 | 6.12E-12 | 2.68E-08 | 7.8E-05 |
G_Rain_mm_Apr2016 | avg. rainfall in mm in April 2016 | 0.128 (0.161) | 0.036 (0.142) | −0.075 (0.128) | −0.002 | − 0.005 | −0.004 | 0.427862 | 0.801857 | 0.554773 |
G_Rain_mm_Feb2016 | avg. rainfall in mm in Feb 2016 | 0.608 (0.120) | 0.372 (0.109) | 0.225 (0.100) | 0.125 | 0.057 | 0.023 | 9.73E-07 | 0.000823 | 0.025551 |
G_Rain_mm_Jan2016 | avg. rainfall in mm in Jan 2016 | 0.519 (0.120) | 0.227 (0.110) | 0.047 (0.100) | 0.092 | 0.019 | −0.005 | 2.56E-05 | 0.039809 | 0.640364 |
G_Rain_mm_Mar2016 | avg. rainfall in mm in Mar 2016 | 0.343 (0.155) | 0.143 (0.137) | 0.008 (0.124) | 0.022 | 0.000 | −0.006 | 0.027904 | 0.300263 | 0.950179 |
G_Temp_C_Apr2016 | avg. temp in oC in April 2016 | −0.064 (0.007) | −0.048 (0.006) | − 0.038 (0.006) | 0.315 | 0.235 | 0.174 | 1.73E-16 | 3.71E-12 | 3.58E-09 |
G_Temp_C_Feb2016 | avg. temp in oC in Feb 2016 | −0.047 (0.006) | −0.036 (0.005) | − 0.029 (0.005) | 0.263 | 0.211 | 0.163 | 1.25E-13 | 6.03E-11 | 1.31E-08 |
G_Temp_C_Jan2016 | avg. temp in oC in Jan 2016 | −0.040 (0.005) | −0.031 (0.005) | − 0.025 (0.004) | 0.236 | 0.195 | 0.150 | 3.48E-12 | 3.79E-10 | 4.98E-08 |
G_Temp_C_Mar2016 | avg. temp in oC in Mar 2016 | −0.054 (0.006) | −0.041 (0.005) | − 0.033 (0.005) | 0.316 | 0.242 | 0.181 | 1.58E-16 | 1.55E-12 | 1.76E-09 |
H_covid_duration | duration (days) of COVID-19 from first reported date | 1.707 (0.367) | 2.574 (0.591) | 2.964 (0.765) | 0.093 | 0.082 | 0.065 | 6E-06 | 2.13E-05 | 0.000145 |
H_DALY_CVD_70yrs | DALY estimates by cardiovascular disease for > 70 yrs | −0.004 (0.101) | 0.051 (0.090) | 0.071 (0.082) | −0.006 | −0.004 | − 0.001 | 0.966794 | 0.570639 | 0.38638 |
H_DALY_CVD_all | DALY estimates by cardiovascular disease for all ages | −0.183 (0.102) | −0.078 (0.091) | − 0.018 (0.083) | 0.013 | − 0.002 | −0.006 | 0.073734 | 0.389982 | 0.833299 |
H_DALY_resp_70yrs | DALY estimates by respiratory disease for > 70 yrs | −0.014 (0.103) | 0.032 (0.091) | 0.049 (0.083) | −0.006 | −0.005 | − 0.004 | 0.890447 | 0.727317 | 0.554885 |
H_DALY_resp_all | DALY estimates by respiratory disease for all ages | −0.241 (0.101) | − 0.134 (0.091) | − 0.068 (0.083) | 0.027 | 0.007 | −0.002 | 0.018512 | 0.139592 | 0.411349 |
H_Diabetes2019 | % population between 20 and 79 yrs. with Type 1/Type 2 diabetes in 2019 | 0.028 (0.019) | 0.016 (0.016) | 0.013 (0.015) | 0.007 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.135637 | 0.330341 | 0.364124 |
E_TotVisitor2018 permillion | Total registered visitors per million population in 2018 | 0.911 (0.074) | 0.693 (0.073) | 0.527 (0.075) | 0.489 | 0.363 | 0.237 | 1.42E-24 | 4.13E-17 | 6.06E-11 |
Multivariable regression modeling of COVID-19 association
Variable | Estimate | Std.Error | t | value | Pr(>|t|) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 1.25828 | 0.665479 | 1.891 | 0.06097 | . |
G_Temp_C_Mar2016 | −0.02075 | 0.004482 | −4.63 | 9.04E-06 | *** |
E_Urban_pct2018 | 0.009165 | 0.002912 | 3.148 | 0.00206 | ** |
E_Employ2018_agri_pct_tot_emp | −0.021051 | 0.003676 | −5.726 | 7.22E-08 | *** |
log_D_Popden2018 | 0.175727 | 0.087111 | 2.017 | 0.04581 | * |
D_Age_15_64y_2018 | 0.014129 | 0.009234 | 1.53 | 0.12854 |