Background
Methods
Study design, setting and population
Ethics approval
Data collection
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Total (n = 106) | Non-survivors (n = 34) | Survivors (n = 72) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 55.6 ± 13.2 | 61.3 ± 12.0 | 52.9 ± 13.0 | 0.002 |
> 65 years | 26 (24.5) | 15 (44.1) | 11 (15.3) | 0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Females | 21(19.8) | 6 (17.6) | 15 (20.8) | 0.701 |
Males | 85(80.2) | 28 (82.4) | 57 (79.2) | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 62 (58.5) | 21 (61.8) | 41 (56.9) | 0.638 |
Diabetes melitus | 35(33.0) | 14 (41.2) | 21 (29.2) | 0.220 |
CKD | 5 (4.7) | 2 (5.9) | 3 (4.2) | 0.697 |
SBP, mm Hg | 139.8 ± 17.5 | 145.5 ± 17.4 | 137.0 ± 17.0 | 0.036 |
DBP, mm Hg | 84.9 ± 13.9 | 87.0 ± 17.6 | 83.8 ± 11.7 | 0.327 |
HR, bpm | 92.1 ± 15.1 | 93.6 ± 17.5 | 91.3 ± 14.0 | 0.513 |
RR, cycle/min | 22.0 (20.0–29.0) | 27.5 (22.0–35.0) | 20.0 (20.0–26.0) | 0.002 |
RR > 24 cycles/min | 26 (36.6) | 14 (58.3) | 12 (25.5) | 0.007 |
T, °C | 37.1 (36.6–38.3) | 37.5 (36.6–38.5) | 37.0 (36.6–38.0) | 0.178 |
Fever | 69 (65.1) | 22 (64.7) | 47 (65.3) | 0.954 |
Cough | 59 (55.7) | 22 (64.7) | 37 (51.4) | 0.198 |
Dyspnea | 42 (39.6) | 14 (41.2) | 28 (38.9) | 0.822 |
Asthenia | 42 (39.6) | 11 (32.4) | 31 (43.1) | 0.293 |
Symptoms, days | 7.0 (5.8–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.5) | 0.682 |
Variable | Total (n = 106) | Non-survivors (n = 34) | Survivors (n = 72) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycemia, mg/dl | 124.0 (103.0–176.0) | 136.5 (100.5–180.8) | 119.0 (103.5–171.0) | 0.614 |
WBC count, × 103/l | 6.2 (4.8–8.7) | 7.0 (5.3–9.96) | 5.9 (4.5–8.1) | 0.056 |
< 4.0 | 10 (11.0) | 2 (7.4) | 8 (12.5) | 0.617 |
4.0–10.0 | 80 (87.9) | 25 (92.6) | 55 (85.9) | |
> 10.0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | |
Neutrophils count, × 103/l | 4.3 (2.92–6.38) | 5.12 (3.75–7.82) | 3.56 (2.63–5.91) | 0.021 |
Lymphocytes count, × 103/l | 1.4 (1.01–1.65) | 1.22 (0.88–1.63) | 1.38 (1.07–1.69) | 0.193 |
< 800 | 13/103 (12.6) | 7/33 (21.2) | 6/70 (8.6) | 0.071 |
Missing | 3 | 1 | 2 | – |
Hb, g/dl | 13.2 ± 2.1 | 12.9 ± 2.2 | 13.3 ± 2.0 | 0.372 |
ASAT, UI/l | 52.0 (28.8–90.3) | 68.0 (39.5–95.0) | 50.5 (26.3–86.0) | 0.124 |
ALAT, UI/l | 35.5 (24.8–68.3) | 32.5 (24.8–62.8) | 39.5 (23.5–73.0) | 0.712 |
ALAT > 40 UI | 48 (45.3) | 13 (38.2) | 35 (48.6) | 0.316 |
Total Bilirubin, µmol/l | 8.0 (6.2–12.0) | 10.4 (6.2–14.2) | 7.7 (5.9–10.7) | 0.123 |
Direct Bilirubin, µmol/l | 4.3 (3.0–6.1) | 5.7 (3.2–7.7) | 3.8 (2.9–5.8) | 0.059 |
Pro BNP, pg/ml | 119.5 (45.0–633.8) | 279.5 (47.3–1355.3) | 98.0 (38.3–378.3) | 0.028 |
Ferritin, ng/ml | 1200.0 (565.4–1200.0) | 1200.0 (842.5–1200.0) | 1200.0 (527.1–1200.0) | 0.377 |
Na+, mmol/l | 137.9 ± 4.4 | 137.6 ± 5.8 | 138.1 ± 3.7 | 0.593 |
K+, mmol/l | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 0.934 |
HbA1c, % | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 0.737 |
Creatinin, µmol/l | 89.5 (74.0–110.3) | 100.5 (74.8–125.5) | 85.5 (74.0–105.3) | 0.164 |
LDH, UI/l | 410.0 (232.0–656.3) | 604.0 (244.0–874.8) | 362.5 (228.3–551.8) | 0.026 |
> 245 | 68/98 (69.4) | 23/30 (76.7) | 45/68(66.2) | 0.299 |
Missing | 8 | 3 | 5 | – |
CK, UI/l | 199.0 (96.0–398.0) | 274.0 (99.5–485.8) | 163.0 (93.0–354.0) | 0.214 |
> 185 | 46/91 (50.5) | 18/28 (64.3) | 28/63 (44.4) | 0.081 |
Missing | 15 | 5 | 10 | – |
TC, mmol/l | 4.2 (3.3–5.6) | 4.2 (3.3–5.7) | 4.3 (3.2–5.5) | 0.927 |
HDLc, mmol/l | 0.93 (0.67–1.24) | 1.19 (0.75–1.55) | 0.85 (0.66–1.08) | 0.047 |
Triglycerids, mmol/l | 1.40 (0.94–2.19) | 1.51 (0.79–2.15) | 1.36 (1.09–2.38) | 0.430 |
Troponin, ng/l | 9.9 (3.2–27.9) | 20.8 (10.3–90.5) | 4.9 (2.0–16.9) | < 0.0001 |
> 28 | 24 (24.5) | 14 (41.2) | 10 (15.6) | 0.005 |
PTr, % | 74.3 ± 16.6 | 75.4 ± 17.0 | 73.8 ± 16.6 | 0.674 |
< 70 | 35/93 (37.6) | 11/28 (39.3) | 24/65 (36.9) | 0.829 |
≥ 70 | 58/93 (62.4) | 17/28 (60.7) | 41/65 (63.1) | – |
Missing | 13 | 3 | 10 | – |
D-dimer, ng/ml | 1603.5 (795.3–4093.3) | 1694.2 (921.6–5482.1) | 1593.3 (744.5–3329.7) | 0.430 |
≤ 500 | 14/97 (14.4) | 5/31 (16.1) | 9/66 (13.6) | 0.305 |
> 500–≤ 1000 | 18/97 (18.6) | 3/31 (9.7) | 15/66 (22.7) | – |
> 1000 | 65/97 (67.0) | 23/31 (74.2) | 42/66 (63.6) | – |
Missing | 9 | 2 | 7 | – |
Fibrinogen, g/l | 7.3 (5.4–8.4) | 7.4 (6.3–9.1) | 7.2 (5.2–8.2) | 0.254 |
CRP, mg/l | 125.0 (53.0–218.0) | 209.5 (107.0–309.3) | 95.5 (29.5–187.8) | < 0.0001 |
PCT, ng/ml | 0.200 (0.095–0.620) | 0.360 (0.185–2.503) | 0.140 (0.060–0.440) | < 0.0001 |
< 0.1 | 26 (24.8) | 1 (2.9) | 25 (35.2) | 0.002 |
0.1–< 0.25 | 30 (28.6) | 11 (32.4) | 19 (26.8) | |
0.25–< 0.5 | 18 (17.1) | 6 (17.6) | 12 (16.9) | |
≥ 0.5 | 31 (29.5) | 16 (47.1) | 15 (21.1) | |
PaO2/FiO2 | 100.2 (63.2–209.4) | 67.6 (57.9–96.5) | 145.5 (73.1–251.2) | 0.001 |
TDM Score | ||||
Normal | 3 /92(3.3) | 0/27(0.0) | 3/65 (4.6) | < 0.0001 |
Score 1 | 11/92 (12.0) | 0/27(0.0) | 11/65(16.9) | |
Score 2 | 17/92 (18.5) | 3/27 (11.1) | 14 /65(21.5) | |
Score 3 | 27/92 (29.3) | 4/27 (14.8) | 23/65 (35.4) | |
Score 4 | 22/92 (23.9) | 11/27 (40.7) | 11 /65(16.9) | |
Score 5 | 12/92 (13.0) | 9/27 (33.3) | 3/65 (4.6) | |
Missing | 14 | 5 | 9 |
Variable | Total (n = 106) | Non-survivors (n = 34) | Survivors (n = 72) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxygen therapy at admission | ||||
Ambient air | 10 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 10 (14.1) | < 0.0001 |
Nasal cannula oxygenotherapy | 18 (17.1) | 2 (5.9) | 16 (22.5) | |
High concentration oxgen masks | 68 (64.8) | 24 (70.6) | 44 (62.0) | |
Non invasive ventilation | 9 (8.6) | 8 (23.5) | 1 (1.4) | |
ARDS severity | ||||
No ARDS | 7/66 (10.6) | 0/24 (0.0) | 7/42 (16.7) | 0.003 |
Mild ARDS | 11/66 (16.7) | 2/24 (8.3) | 9/42 (21.4) | |
Moderate ARDS | 15/66 (22.7) | 3/24 (12.5) | 12/42 (28.6) | |
Severe ARDS | 33/66 (50.0) | 19/24 (79.2) | 14/42 (33.3) | |
Missing | 40 | 16 | 24 | |
AKI | 15/74 (20.3) | 12/30 (40.0) | 3/44 (6.8) | < 0.0001 |
Missing | 32 | 14 | 18 | |
Hemodialysis | 14 (13.2) | 13 (38.2) | 1 (1.4) | < 0.0001 |
ARDS | 59/66 (89.4) | 24/24 (100) | 35/42 (83.3) | 0.034 |
Missing | 40 | 16 | 24 | |
Mechanical ventilation | 28 (26.4) | 28 (82.3) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Vasopressors use | 9 (10) | 9 (32.1) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Delay from symptoms onset to | ||||
Corticosteroids start, day | 10.0 (7.0–15.0) | 11.0 (8.0–13.0) | 10.0 (6.0–15.0) | 0.495 |
NIV initiation, day | 12.0 (7.0–13.0) | 12.0 (7.0–13.0) | – | – |
Mechanical Ventilation initiation, day | 15.0 (9.0–22.0) | 15.0 (9.0–22.0) | – | – |
Death or discharge, day | 19.0 (15.0–26.0) | 22.0 (14.0–33.0) | 18.0 (15.0–22.0) | 0.113 |
Variable | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age* | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 0.005 | 1.38 (1.10–1.82) | 0.018 |
Proteinuria | ||||
Negative | 1 | 1 | ||
Positive | 3.72 (1.27–10.94) | 0.017 | 2.60 (1.40–6.42) | 0.009 |
RR* | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.008 | 1.42 (1.09–1.92) | 0.019 |
Troponin* | 1.03 (10.1–10.5) | 0.001 | 1.79 (0.35–9.10) | 0.481 |
CRP* | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.007 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.288 |
AKI | ||||
No AKI | 1 | 1 | ||
AKI 2 | 2.61 (0.86–7.97) | 0.091 | 0.91 (0.26–3.26) | 0.890 |
AKI 3 | 4.47 (1.59–12.58) | 0.005 | 2.51 (1.33–6.80) | 0.016 |
PCT* | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 0.002 |
ProBNP* | 1.09 (0.75–1.86) | 0.285 | 1.19 (0.20–1.36) | 0.288 |
LDH* | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 0.077 | 1.50 (0.35–1.68) | 0.633 |
PaO2/FiO2* | 1.43 (0.99–1.99) | 0.636 | 1.10 (0.98–1.98) | 0.284 |
SBP* | 1.03 (0.02–1.28) | 0.722 | 1.54 (0.39–1.69) | 0.101 |
Neutrophils* | 1.03 (0.20–1.43) | 0.070 | 1.00 (0.301.61) | 0.866 |