Background
Demographic and Health Indicators | 1992-93 | 2015-16 |
---|---|---|
Sex ratio (female/1000 male) | 956a | 1062c |
% population aged 6+ that is literate | 44.6a | 66.9c |
% female population aged 6+ that is literate | 28.6a | 57.0c |
Child (0-6 years) sex ratio | 944a | 939c |
Infant mortality rate | 89.2a | 48.2c |
Total fertility rate | 3.25a | 3.40c |
% mothers who had at least 3 ANC for last birth | 30.7a | 14.4c |
% skilled attendance at delivery | 19.0a | 70.0c |
% institutional delivery | 13.0a | 63.8c |
Head count poverty ratio | 61%b | 34%b |
Singulate Mean age at marriage | 18.0a | 19.5d |
Materials and methods
Data and variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Bihar | NFHS 1 | NFHS 2 | NFHS 3 | NFHS 4 | Absolute increase btw NFHS 1 and NFHS 2 | Absolute increase btw NFHS 2 and NFHS 3 | Absolute increase btw NFHS 3 and NFHS 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | −4.92 | − 4.89 | − 4.03 | −3.74 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.29 |
25 | −3.85 | −3.75 | −2.95 | − 2.81 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.14 |
50 | −2.49 | − 2.46 | −1.93 | − 1.80 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.13 |
75 | − 1.09 | − 1.08 | −0.84 | −0.61 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.23 |
90 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.24 | −0.17 | 0.46 |
Overall | −2.36 | −2.28 | −1.89 | −1.63 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 0.26 |
India | NFHS 1 | NFHS 2 | NFHS 3 | NFHS 4 | Absolute increase btw NFHS 1 and NFHS 2 | Absolute increase btw NFHS 2 and NFHS 3 | Absolute increase btw NFHS 3 and NFHS 4 |
10 | −4.26 | −4.19 | −3.72 | −3.49 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.24 |
25 | −3.16 | − 3.10 | −2.70 | −2.48 | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.22 |
50 | −2.00 | −1.96 | −1.63 | −1.43 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.20 |
75 | −0.85 | −0.82 | −0.51 | −0.27 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.24 |
90 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.33 | 0.35 |
Overall | −1.94 | −1.91 | −1.55 | −1.30 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.25 |
NFHS 1 | N | NFHS 2 | N | NFHS 3 | N | NFHS 4 | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child HAZ [mean (SD)] | −2.36 (0.05) | 1821 | −2.29 (0.05) | 1627 | −1.89 (0.05) | 1188 | −1.63 (0.04) | 2184 |
Age of Child in Month [mean (SD)] | 16.3(9.6) | 1821 | 16.4(10.6) | 1627 | 17.5(10.1) | 1188 | 17.7(10.1) | 2184 |
Age2 [mean (SD)] | 357.2(342.7) | 1821 | 378.5(376.0) | 1627 | 405.5(367) | 1188 | 414.7(373.7) | 2184 |
Child Sex | ||||||||
Male | 49.5 | 902 | 52.1 | 847 | 53.5 | 635 | 51.8 | 1131 |
Female | 50.5 | 919 | 47.9 | 779 | 46.6 | 553 | 48.2 | 1053 |
Birth Size | ||||||||
Normal | 71.9 | 1309 | 69.5 | 1130 | 47.2 | 561 | 69.34 | 1514 |
Average and above | 11.0 | 200 | 14.5 | 236 | 31.5 | 374 | 17.42 | 380 |
Small | 17.1 | 312 | 16.1 | 261 | 21.3 | 253 | 13.24 | 289 |
Early Breastfeeding | ||||||||
No | 98.2 | 1766 | 95.6 | 1406 | 97.4 | 1146 | 63.4 | 1151 |
Yes | 1.8 | 30 | 4.4 | 65 | 2.6 | 31 | 36.6 | 665 |
No. of Siblings [mean (SD)] | 1.88(1.7) | 1821 | 1.96(1.8) | 1627 | 2.06(1.9) | 1188 | 1.62(1.4) | 2184 |
Benefitted ICDS services | ||||||||
No | – | – | 92.1 | 1094 | 39.0 | 853 | ||
Yes | – | – | 7.9 | 94 | 61.0 | 1331 | ||
Mother’s Characteristics | ||||||||
Institutional Delivery | ||||||||
No | 87.6 | 1594 | 84.9 | 1382 | 77.98 | 924 | 30.8 | 673 |
Yes | 12.4 | 227 | 15.1 | 245 | 22.02 | 262 | 69.2 | 1511 |
Age of mother at first birth [mean (SD)] | 18.55(2.9) | 1821 | 18.28(2.8) | 1627 | 18.51(3.0) | 1188 | 20.42(3.1) | 2184 |
BMI of mother [mean (SD)] | – | 19.34(2.5) | 1627 | 19.30(2.6) | 1188 | 20.06(3.2) | 2184 | |
Mother’s anaemia | ||||||||
No | – | 71.1 | 1156 | 73.1 | 849 | 65.84 | 1438 | |
Yes | – | 28.9 | 470 | 26.9 | 313 | 34.16 | 746 | |
Mother’s height in cm [mean (SD)] | – | 149.6(5.4) | 1627 | 150.0(5.4) | 1188 | 149.5(5.8) | 2184 | |
Mother’s Education (mean) | 2.02(4.0) | 1821 | 2.01(3.8) | 1627 | 2.93(4.5) | 1188 | 3.98(4.9) | 2184 |
Working mother | ||||||||
No | 78.1 | 1422 | 80.6 | 1306 | 79.9 | 950 | 89.2 | 1964 |
Yes | 21.9 | 399 | 19.7 | 321 | 20.1 | 238 | 10.2 | 220 |
Media exposure (range) | 0.47 (0-3) | 1821 | 0.43 (0-3) | 1627 | 0.60 (0-3) | 1627 | 1.31(0-3) | 2184 |
Religion | ||||||||
Hindu | 78.2 | 1424 | 82.4 | 1340 | 81.6 | 969 | 79.2 | 1731 |
Muslim/Others | 21.8 | 397 | 17.6 | 287 | 18.4 | 219 | 20.8 | 453 |
Caste | ||||||||
SC | 9.3 | 169 | 23.7 | 386 | 19.6 | 233 | 19.9 | 433 |
ST | 8.5 | 156 | 1.3 | 21 | 0.9 | 10 | 3.7 | 81 |
Others | 82.2 | 1496 | 75.0 | 1220 | 79.6 | 945 | 76.4 | 1670 |
Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 20.5 | 373 | 18.2 | 369 | 31.7 | 376 | 55.5 | 1217 |
Poorer | 25.9 | 471 | 20.4 | 414 | 33.3 | 396 | 24.8 | 539 |
Middle | 16.9 | 308 | 23.3 | 472 | 16.6 | 197 | 11.6 | 251 |
Richer | 13.8 | 252 | 23.2 | 471 | 12.5 | 149 | 6.3 | 137 |
Richest | 22.9 | 417 | 14.9 | 303 | 5.8 | 69 | 1.8 | 39 |
Place of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 13.1 | 238 | 6.2 | 101 | 11.1 | 132 | 10.8 | 236 |
Rural | 86.9 | 1583 | 93.8 | 1526 | 88.9 | 1056 | 89.2 | 1948 |
Total | 100.0 | 1821 | 100.0 | 1627 | 100.0 | 1188 | 100.0 | 2184 |
Unconditional RIF quantile regression results
NFHS 1 | NFHS 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | |
Age of Child | −0.073*** (0.006) | −0.103*** (0.0078) | − 0.171*** (0.006) | − 0.173*** (0.007) | − 0.086*** (0.012) | 0.025 (0.062) | − 0.104* (0.055) | − 0.237*** (0.060) | − 0.303*** (0.085) | − 0.419** (0.195) |
Age2 | 0.001*** (0.0002) | 0.001*** (0.0002) | 0.003*** (0.0002) | 0.003*** (0.0002) | 0.001*** (0.0003) | −0.003 (0.002) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.004** (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.002) | 0.010* (0.005) |
Female | 0.234*** (0.035) | 0.306*** (0.040) | 0.344*** (0.032) | 0.367*** (0.034) | 0.578*** (0.054) | 0.442 (0.289) | 0.625** (0.305) | 1.089*** (0.348) | 0.412 (0.422) | 0.480 (0.842) |
Birth Size | ||||||||||
Normal | ||||||||||
Average and above | 0.054 (0.054) | −0.102 (0.065) | 0.077 (0.050) | 0.485*** (0.060) | 0.332*** (0.095) | 0.218 (0.404) | 0.580 (0.500) | 0.833* (0.451) | 0.944 (0.652) | 2.332 (1.472) |
Small | −0.185*** (0.049) | − 0.003 (0.054) | 0.066 (0.044) | 0.002 (0.047) | 0.088 0.074) | −0.505 (0.518) | 0.416 (0.404) | 0.476 (0.465) | 1.127* (0.642) | −0.291 (1.111) |
Early Breastfeeding (Yes) | 0.820*** (0.035) | 1.063*** (0.095) | 0.447*** (0.127) | 0.422*** (0.142) | −0.242 (0.192) | −1.281 (0.927) | −1.137 (0.787) | −0.117 (0.783) | − 0.064 (1.228) | −2.467** (1.091) |
No. of Siblings | −0.003 (0.010) | 0.007 (0.012) | −0.017* (0.009) | − 0.013 (0.010) | 0.036** (0.016) | − 0.089 (0.126) | − 0.014 (0.095) | 0.109 (0.100) | 0.146 (0.116) | 0.158 (0.211) |
Mother’s Characteristics | ||||||||||
Institutional Delivery (yes) | 0.398*** (0.054) | 0.888*** (0.066) | 0.398*** (0.061) | 0.135** (0.065) | −0.192** (0.094) | 0.472 (0.579) | 1.680*** (0.611) | 2.231** (0.956) | 1.943 (1.298) | 4.823 (3.050) |
Age of mother at first birth | −0.021*** (0.005) | 0.005 (0.007) | −0.004 (0.006) | 0.020*** (0.007) | 0.051*** (0.011) | 0.061 (0.063) | 0.018 (0.063) | 0.045 (0.063) | 0.000 (0.072) | −0.006 (0.159) |
BMI of mother | 0.000 (0.0004) | 0.000 (0.0004) | 0.001*** (0.0003) | 0.001 (0.0008) | 0.003 (0.002) | |||||
Mother’s anaemia | ||||||||||
Yes | – | – | – | – | – | 0.258 (0.368) | −0.274 (0.373) | − 0.998*** (0.384) | −1.256*** (0.469) | −2.049** (0.903) |
Mother’s height | 0.006** (0.003) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.005* (0.003) | 0.006* (0.004) | −0.003 (0.008) | |||||
Mother’s Education | 0.019*** (0.005) | 0.003 (0.007) | 0.025*** (0.006) | 0.030*** (0.007) | 0.025** (0.010) | −0.003 (0.084) | −0.047 (0.097) | − 0.100 (0.089) | −0.187** (0.075) | − 0.213 (0.201) |
Working mother | −0.228*** (0.048) | − 0.551*** (0.054) | − 0.371*** (0.040) | − 0.240*** (0.041) | −0.357*** (0.062) | − 1.16** (0.568) | − 1.52*** (0.553) | − 0.868 (1.089) | −0.331 (1.132) | 0.354 (3.189) |
Empowerment | −0.096 (0.141) | 0.019 (0.128) | −0.252** (0.103) | −0.193 (0.129) | − 0.316 (0.239) | |||||
Media exposure | −0.016 (0.030) | 0.011 (0.033) | 0.157*** (0.028) | 0.172*** (0.034) | 0.241*** (0.053) | 0.020 (0.281) | −0.247 (0.484) | −0.341 (0.440) | − 0.394 (0.458) | −1.629* (0.927) |
Religion | ||||||||||
Hindu | ||||||||||
Muslim/Others | −0.115*** (0.045) | −0.141*** (0.052) | − 0.073* (0.042) | −0.115*** (0.043) | 0.075 (0.068) | −0.468 (0.585) | 0.481 (0.501) | 0.912 (0.619) | 0.802 (0.765) | 2.375 (1.774) |
Caste | ||||||||||
SC | ||||||||||
ST | 0.480*** (0.085) | 1.018*** (0.098) | 0.360*** (0.077) | 0.179** (0.082) | −0.435*** (0.138) | 0.126 (1.215) | −1.027 (0.831) | −0.097 (0.830) | 0.325 (1.132) | 0.369 (2.086) |
Others | 0.355*** (0.070) | 0.765*** (0.077) | 0.168*** (0.057) | −0.095 (0.063) | −0.533*** (0.138) | 0.030 (0.361) | −0.637* (0.353) | − 0.100 (0.371) | −0.249 (0.447) | 0.407 (0.871) |
Wealth index | −0.004 (0.018) | 0.137*** (0.020) | 0.086*** (0.017) | 0.053*** (0.018) | 0.193*** (0.030) | −0.028 (0.210) | −0.192 (0.199) | − 0.053 (0.189) | −0.008 (0.241) | − 0.086 (0.475) |
Place of residence | ||||||||||
Urban | ||||||||||
Rural | 0.241*** (0.061) | 0.523*** (0.068) | 0.027 (0.055) | −0.282*** (0.065) | −0.131 (0.099) | −1.262* (0.723) | 0.304 0.984) | 1.695* (0.923) | 0.144 (1.139) | −1.302 (2.430) |
Constant | −4.321*** (0.145) | −3.87*** (0.166) | −1.037*** (0.138) | 0.336** (0.162) | 0.426 (0.278) | −11.677*** (4.289) | −6.495 (4.362) | −12.044*** (4.633) | − 10.286* (5.978) | 2.286 (12.925) |
R square | 0.0423 | 0.0938 | 0.1361 | 0.1318 | 0.0456 | 0.211 | 0.247 | 0.3207 | 0.2267 | 0.174 |
Adj. R square | 0.0414 | 0.0929 | 0.1352 | 0.131 | 0.0446 | 0.127 | 0.167 | 0.2482 | 0.1443 | 0.0859 |
NFHS 3 | NFHS 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | |
Age of Child | −0.021 (0.038) | − 0.100*** (0.024) | − 0.148*** (0.022) | − 0.153*** (0.032) | − 0.215*** (0.040) | −0.095*** (0.025) | − 0.106*** (0.020) | − 0.171*** (0.020) | − 0.197*** (.030) | − 0.124*** (0.037) |
Age2 | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.001* (0.0007) | 0.002*** (0.0006) | 0.002** (.0008) | 0.004*** (0.001) | 0.002*** (0.0007) | 0.002*** (0.0006) | 0.003*** (0.0005) | 0.004*** (0.0008) | 0.002** (0.0009) |
Female | 0.172 (0.183) | −0.02 (0.126) | 0.024 (0.114) | 0.139 (0.150) | 0.177 (0.172) | 0.355*** (0.127) | 0.237** (0.103) | 0.167* (0.100) | 0.065 (0.140) | 0.193 (0.174) |
Birth Size | ||||||||||
Normal | ||||||||||
Average and above | 0.064 (0.209) | 0.037 (0.147) | 0.089 (0.132) | 0.276 (0.175) | −0.007 (0.193) | 0.109 (0.150) | 0.142 (0.163) | 0.189 (0.135) | 0.237 (0.201) | 0.226 (0.259) |
Small | −0.227 (0.248) | −0.102 (0.166) | − 0.187 (0.149) | − 0.109 (0.195) | − 0.106 (0.222) | − 0.256 (0.218) | − 0.245 (0.106) | −0.203 (0.149) | 0.166 (0.215) | 0.432 (0.307) |
Early Breastfeeding (yes) | 0.538 (0.484) | 0.715** (0.336) | 0.326 (0.371) | 0.449 (.434) | 0.102 (0.484) | 0.105 (0.127) | −0.017 (0.041) | 0.049 (0.104) | 0.038 (0.147) | 0.047 (0.186) |
No. of Siblings | −0.112** (0.055) | −0.075** (0.035) | − 0.052* (0.031) | −0.013 (.041) | 0.012 (0.047) | −0.117** (0.054) | − 0.039 (0.106) | 0.025 (0.038) | − 0.018 (0.051) | −0.036 (0.071) |
Benefitted ICDS services (yes) | −0.187 (0.388) | − 0.150 (0.251) | 0.156 (0.205) | 0.158 (.275) | 0.362 (0.362) | −0.069 (0.128) | −0.245** (0.106) | − 0.259** (0.107) | − 0.183 (0.150) | − 0.619*** (0.199) |
Mother’s Characteristics | ||||||||||
Institutional Delivery | − 0.206 (0.261) | −0.224 (0.171) | − 0.085 (.1490) | − 0.016 (.204) | − 0.235 (0.230) | 0.090 (0.148) | 0.224* (0.122) | −0.098 (0.114) | − 0.235 (0.168) | − 0.041 (0.210) |
Age of mother at first birth | − 0.022 (0.035) | − 0.009 (0.024) | 0.009 (0.021) | − 0.017 (.029) | 0.004 (0.035) | 0.000 (0.019) | 0.000 (0.017) | 0.005 (0.016) | 0.009 (0.021) | 0.066** (0.028) |
BMI of mother | 0.001* (0.0004) | 0.001*** (0.0002) | 0.001*** (0.0002) | 0.001*** (.0003) | 0.001*** (0.0003) | 0.001*** (0.0002) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.0001) | 0.000 (0.0002) | 0.000 (0.0003) |
Mother’s anaemia | ||||||||||
Yes | −0.275 (0.205) | −0.292** (0.143) | − 0.120 (0.130) | − 0.171 (.170) | −0.088 (0.196) | − 0.200 (0.130) | 0.007 (0.109) | 0.118 (0.106) | −0.047 (0.146) | − 0.027 (0.178) |
Mother’s height | 0.004** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.005*** (0.001) | 0.005*** (.001) | 0.008*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.004*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.005*** (0.001) |
Mother’s Education | 0.017 (0.028) | 0.019 (0.019) | 0.025 (0.019) | 0.045 (.028) | 0.014 (0.033) | 0.025 (0.015) | 0.014 (0.013) | 0.015 (0.013) | −0.033* (0.018) | 0.001 (0.024) |
Working mother | 0.283 (0.281) | 0.199 (0.183) | −0.125 (0.152) | − 0.084 (.196) | 0.38* (0.206) | −0.241 (0.198) | − 0.316* (0.162) | − 0.051 (0.159) | − 0.210 (0.233) | 0.231 (0.253) |
Empowerment | − 0.097 (0.067) | − 0.073 (0.048) | 0.011 (0.046) | 0.059 (.061) | 0.011 (0.070) | 0.003 (0.047) | 0.007 (0.109) | 0.036 (0.037) | 0.037 (0.053) | 0.081 (0.064) |
media exposure | 0.090 (0.215) | 0.148 (0.147) | 0.131 (0.131) | −0.037 (.167) | −0.162 (0.176) | − 0.033 (0.043) | −0.019 (0.034) | − 0.005 (0.033) | 0.034 (0.046) | 0.001 (0.060) |
Religion | ||||||||||
Hindu | ||||||||||
Muslim/Others | 0.187 (0.245) | −0.015 (0.170) | 0.108 (0.157) | 0.286 (.216) | −0.290 (0.209) | 0.035 (0.162) | −0.099 (0.145) | −0.118 (0.141) | − 0.407** (0.193) | −0.409 (0.253) |
Caste | ||||||||||
SC | ||||||||||
ST | 1.489*** (0.494) | 0.427 (0.898) | 0.149 (0.707) | −0.094 (1.048) | −0.429 (0.411) | 0.249 (0.170) | 0.023 (0.130) | 0.087 (0.120) | −0.065 (0.174) | −0.029 (0.221) |
Others | 0.069 (0.275) | 0.259 (0.186) | 0.319** (0.160) | 0.529*** (.179) | 0.309* (0.181) | 0.305 (0.212) | 0.146 (0.183) | 0.369** (0.182) | 0.160 (0.258) | −0.041 (0.329) |
Wealth index | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) |
Place of residence | ||||||||||
Urban | ||||||||||
Rural | 0.207 (0.197) | 0.023 (0.136) | 0.006 (0.138) | 0.265 (.1940) | 0.085 (0.224) | −0.177 (0.194) | − 0.089 (0.170) | − 0.132 (0.170) | − 0.173 (0.250) | 0.101 (0.297) |
Constant | −9.868*** (3.174) | −12.311*** (1.948) | −9.598*** (1.762) | −9.526*** (2.390) | −11.783*** (2.836) | − 12.537*** (2.092) | −8.243*** (1.664) | − 9.426*** (1.656) | −7.241*** (1.983) | −6.973*** (2.338) |
R square | 0.090 | 0.171 | 0.209 | 0.176 | 0.124 | 0.061 | 0.094 | 0.177 | 0.115 | 0.062 |
Adj. R square | 0.072 | 0.155 | 0.193 | 0.159 | 0.107 | 0.049 | 0.083 | 0.167 | 0.104 | 0.050 |
Quantile regression Oaxaca Blinder counterfactual decomposition (QR-CD)
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NFHS 1 HAZ score | −4.935*** | −3.870*** | −2.511*** | −1.160*** | 0.098 | |||||
NFHS 2 HAZ score | −4.812*** | −3.659*** | −2.339*** | −0.930*** | 0.455*** | |||||
Observed Raw gap in HAZ scores | −0.124 | −0.211*** | −0.172** | −0.230** | −0.358*** | |||||
Covariate effect | −0.059* | −0.050 | −0.108** | −0.114*** | −0.106 | |||||
(% contribution) | 47.7 | 23.7 | 62.9 | 49.6 | 29.7 | |||||
Coefficient Effect | −0.065 | −0.161 | −0.064 | −0.116 | −0.251* | |||||
(%contribution) | 52.3 | 76.3 | 37.1 | 50.4 | 70.3 | |||||
Covariate effect | Coefficient effect | |||||||||
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | |
Aggregate effect | −0.059* | − 0.050 | − 0.108** | − 0.114*** | − 0.106 | −0.065 | − 0.161* | −0.064 | − 0.116 | −0.251* |
Child Characteristics | −0.193*** | −0.260*** | − 0.261*** | −0.255*** | − 0.088 | 0.389 | 0.195 | 0.134 | −0.818** | 0.342 |
(%) | 142.1 | 270.8 | 112.7 | 95.6 | 36.5 | − 949.8 | −263.9 | −192.1 | 534.7 | − 559.9 |
Mother’s Characteristics | − 0.032** | − 0.037** | − 0.033* | − 0.010 | 0.021 | − 0.204 | −0.240 | − 0.116 | 0.117 | − 0.067 |
(%) | 23.6 | 38.4 | 14.1 | 3.6 | −8.8 | 498.0 | 324.5 | 166.3 | −76.4 | 110.1 |
Household’s Characteristics | 0.105* | 0.235*** | 0.064 | −0.021 | −0.186 | − 0.102 | − 0.059 | − 0.162 | − 0.021 | 0.126 |
(%) | − 77.5 | −244.6 | − 27.4 | 7.8 | 77.2 | 247.9 | 79.6 | 231.6 | 13.6 | −206.4 |
Spatial Characteristics | −0.016 | − 0.034** | − 0.002 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.419 | −0.110 | − 0.184 | − 0.081 | −0.631 |
(%) | 11.9 | 35.8 | 0.9 | −7.1 | −4.8 | − 1022.3 | 148.0 | 262.3 | 52.9 | 1033.8 |
Constant | −0.543 | 0.139 | 0.258 | 0.649 | 0.169 | |||||
Residuals | 0.077 | 0.047 | 0.124 | 0.153 | 0.135 | −0.024 | −0.087 | 0.006 | 0.037 | −0.19 |
Total | −0.136 | −0.096 | − 0.232** | −0.267*** | − 0.241 | −0.041 | − 0.074 | −0.07 | − 0.153 | −0.061 |
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NFHS 2 HAZ score | −5.036*** | −4.043*** | −2.908*** | −1.294*** | 0.474 | |||||
NFHS 3 HAZ score | −4.064*** | −3.027*** | −1.983*** | −0.854*** | 0.153 | |||||
Observed Raw gap in HAZ scores | −0.972*** | −1.016*** | −0.925*** | −0.440* | 0.321 | |||||
Covariate effect | −0.384 | −0.112 | 0.393 | 0.68 | 0.991 | |||||
(% contribution) | 39.5 | 11 | −42.5 | −154.5 | 309.3 | |||||
Coefficient Effect | −0.588 | −0.905** | −1.317*** | −1.121** | −0.671 | |||||
(%contribution) | 60.5 | 89 | 142.5 | 254.5 | −209.3 | |||||
Covariate effect | Coefficient effect | |||||||||
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | |
Aggregate effect | −0.384 | −0.112 | 0.393 | 0.680 | 0.991 | −0.588 | −0.905** | −1.317*** | −1.121** | − 0.671 |
Child Characteristics | 0.034 | −0.032 | −0.207 | − 0.415 | −1.136** | − 1.702*** | − 1.667*** | − 0.775*** | − 0.897*** | −1.777*** |
(%) | − 2.2 | 2.2 | 90.1 | − 418.8 | 397.3 | −136.4 | −150.9 | 181.0 | − 1008.0 | − 265.7 |
Mother’s Characteristics | − 1.941* | − 1.409 | − 0.349 | 0.630 | 1.811 | 9.36*** | 22.151*** | 6.782*** | 6.046*** | 13.241*** |
(%) | 123.4 | 98.8 | 151.9 | 636.3 | −633.4 | 750.1 | 2004.7 | − 1584.5 | 6792.7 | 1979.2 |
Household’s Characteristics | 0.114 | −0.300 | − 0.151 | − 0.058 | − 0.352 | − 0.102 | −1.856*** | −0.184 | − 0.373** | 0.020 |
(%) | −7.2 | 21.0 | 65.8 | −58.1 | 123.0 | −8.1 | −167.9 | 43.0 | −419.0 | 2.9 |
Spatial Characteristics | 0.220 | 0.314 | 0.478 | −0.058 | − 0.610 | 0.214 | 0.163 | 0.192 | 0.284 | 0.232 |
(%) | −14.0 | −22.0 | −207.8 | −59.1 | 213.1 | 17.2 | 14.8 | −44.9 | 318.8 | 34.7 |
Constant | −6.524* | −17.687*** | −6.443*** | −4.971*** | − 11.046*** | |||||
Residuals | 1.189 | 1.315 | 0.623 | 0.581 | 1.278 | −1.836 | −2.009 | −0.889 | −1.209 | − 1.34 |
Total | −1.573 | − 1.427 | − 0.23 | 0.099 | − 0.286 | 1.248*** | 1.105*** | −0.428*** | 0.089 | 0.669*** |
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NFHS 2 HAZ score | −4.041*** | −3.016*** | −1.975*** | −0.843*** | 0.166** | |||||
NFHS 3 HAZ score | − 3.593*** | −2.654*** | −1.664*** | −0.463 | 0.699*** | |||||
Observed Raw gap in HAZ scores | −0.448*** | −0.361*** | −0.311*** | −0.380*** | −0.533*** | |||||
Covariate effect | −0.206 | 0.061 | 0.168 | 0.261 | 0.026 | |||||
(% contribution) | 45.9 | −17.0 | −53.9 | −68.7*** | −4.9 | |||||
Coefficient Effect | −0.243 | −0.423** | −0.479*** | −0.642 | −0.559** | |||||
(%contribution) | 54.1 | 117.0 | 153.9 | 168.7 | 104.9 | |||||
Covariate effect | Coefficient effect | |||||||||
10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | |
Aggregate effect | −0.206 | 0.061 | 0.168 | 0.266 | 0.029 | −0.243 | − 0.423** | − 0.479*** | − 0.646*** | −0.562 |
Child Characteristics | 0.424 | 0.220 | −0.412 | 1.088*** | 0.940** | 0.429* | 0.849*** | 3.344*** | 0.650** | 1.349*** |
(%) | 140.5 | −21.2 | 16.1 | 25.4 | 107.5 | 2873.0 | 256.0 | 247.2 | −52.1 | −449.1 |
Mother’s Characteristics | 0.456* | −0.463 | −1.319 | 1.041*** | −0.160 | 6.123*** | −2.277 | −18.339*** | 10.574*** | 2.242 |
(%) | 151.2 | 44.6 | 51.5 | 24.3 | −18.3 | 41,039.2 | −687.0 | − 1355.7 | − 847.8 | − 746.3 |
Household’s Characteristics | −0.582 | − 0.789 | − 0.849 | 2.145*** | − 0.200 | − 0.935*** | −0.958** | −1.711* | 0.733* | −0.016 |
(%) | −192.9 | 76.1 | 33.2 | 50.1 | −22.9 | − 6268.0 | − 289.0 | −126.5 | −58.7 | 5.3 |
Spatial Characteristics | 0.004 | −0.005 | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.076 | −0.246 | 0.906** | 0.163 | 0.816*** |
(%) | 1.2 | 0.5 | −0.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 510.8 | −74.3 | 66.9 | −13.1 | −271.5 |
Constant | −5.678** | 2.965 | 17.154** | −13.367*** | −4.692 | |||||
Residuals | −0.507 | 1.099 | 2.728 | −4.015 | −0.846 | − 0.258 | −0.754 | −1.831 | 0.601 | −0.262 |
Total | 0.302 | −1.037 | −2.560 | 4.281*** | 0.874 | 0.015 | 0.332 | 1.353 | −1.247*** | −0.300 |