Background
Methods
Search strategy
Search | Search Terms |
---|---|
#1 | maternal OR antepartum OR prenatal OR pregnancy OR pregnant |
#2 | aerobic OR sport OR exercise OR fitness OR “physical exercise” OR “physical activity” OR “motor activity” OR “strength training” OR “strengthening program” OR “exercise training” OR “muscle strength” OR “strength exercise” |
#3 | “blood pressure” OR “BP” OR “systolic pressure” OR “diastolic pressure” OR “SBP” OR “DBP” |
#4 | #1 AND #2 AND #3 |
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction
Bias risk assessment of involved studies
Statistical analysis
Results
Study (Year) | Country | Subjects (T/C) | Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | Age (years) | Characteristics | Interventions | Frequency | Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barakat R (2012) [29] | Spain | 40/43 | T: 22.70 ± 2.80 C: 23.00 ± 2.90 | T: 32.00 ± 4.00 C: 31.00 ± 3.00 | Healthy pregnant women | Land/aquatic activities | 35–45 min session, 3 times a week | Weeks (6–9) to (38–39) |
Barakat R (2014) [23] | Spain | 107/93 | T: 23.78 ± 4.40 C: 24.09 ± 4.32 | T: 31.57 ± 3.87 C: 31.51 ± 3.92 | Healthy pregnant women | Physical conditioning program | 55–60 min, 3 days per week | Weeks (9–13) to (39–40) |
Fernandez-Buhigas I (2020) [24] | Spain | 41/51 | T: 22.81 ± 3.54 C: 23.80 ± 5.09 | T: 33.17 ± 3.19 C: 32.63 ± 4.66 | General pregnancy | Supervised physical conditioning program | 30 mins per day at least 3 times per week | Weeks (12+ 3–15+ 6 to (38+ 0–39+ 6) |
Fieril KP (2015) [25] | Sweden | 38/34 | T: 22.60 ± 2.50 C: 23.00 ± 2.60 | T: 30.80 ± 3.60 C: 30.60 ± 3.40 | General pregnancy | High-repetition, resistance training | 2 times a week | Weeks 14 to 25 |
Garnæs KK (2016) [26] | Norway | 38/36 | T: 33.90 ± 3.80 C: 35.10 ± 4.60 | T: 31.30 ± 3.80 C: 31.40 ± 4.70 | Obese pregnant women | Hospital/home exercise; muscle exercises | 3 times weekly; 50 mins at least once | Weeks (12–18) to delivery |
Guelfi KJ (2016) [30] | Australia | 84/85 | <25 (85) 25 ~ 29.90 (57) ≥30 (38) | T: 33.60 ± 4.10 C: 33.80 ± 3.90 | Women with history of GDM | Supervised home-based exercise program | 20–30 min to a maximum of 60 mins, 3 times a week | Started weeks (12–14), lasted for 14 weeks |
Haakstad LA (2016) [19] | Norway | 35/26 | T: 22.90 ± 3.20 C: 23.00 ± 3.10 | T: 31.50 ± 3.10 C: 29.40 ± 3.80 | Healthy pregnant women | Aerobic exercise | 60 mins 2/week | Started weeks (12–24) |
Halse RE (2015) [31] | Australia | 20/20 | T: 25.20 ± 6.70 C: 26.40 ± 7.10 | T: 34.00 ± 5.00 C: 32.00 ± 3.00 | Pregnancy with GDM | Supervised home-based exercise program | 4 supervised exercise sessions each week, 2 unsupervised exercise sessions | Weeks (28.8 ± 0.9) to (34.6 ± 0.3) |
Khoram S (2019) [16] | Iran | 36/36 | T: 27.36 ± 3.64 C: 34.97 ± 4.37 | T: 31.91 ± 4.62 C: 31.00 ± 5.29 | Pregnant women susceptible to GH | Walking program | 20–30 min,4 times a week | Weeks 14 to 34 |
Kim YJ (2018) [27] | Korea | 23/22 | Not mentioned | T: 32.22 ± 2.58 C: 31.50 ± 4.48 | High risk pregnant women | Structured bed exercise | 4 times in total from the 3th day hospitalization once per day for 4 days, for 30 mins per time | Not mentioned |
Nascimento SL (2011) [28] | Brazil | 39/41 | T: 29.70 ± 6.80 C: 30.90 ± 5.90 | T: 34.80 ± 6.60 C: 36.40 ± 6.90 | Overweight/ obese pregnant women | Supervised exercise; home exercise | 40 mins weekly | Lasted for mean of 12.3 weeks |
Perales M (2020) [10] | Spain | 688/660 | T: 23.50 ± 3.90 C: 23.60 ± 4.00 | T: 32.00 ± 4.00 C: 31.00 ± 4.00 | General pregnancy | Moderate intensity exercise program | 50 to 55 mins sessions | Weeks 9 to 38/39 |
Sá JC (2016) [18] | Brazil | 15/15 | T: 2.10 ± 4.00 C: 32.30 ± 5.80 | 25.80 ± 4.80 | Overweight/ obese sedentary PCOS women | Walking / jogging | 3 times per week | Lasted for 16 weeks |
Seneviratne SN (2016) [32] | New Zealand | 37/37 | ≥25.00 | 18.00–40.00 | Overweight and obese pregnant women | Moderate intensity stationary cycling programme | Between 15 and 30 mins per session, 3-5sessions per week | Lasted for 16 weeks |
Stutzman SS (2010) [22] | Canada | 11/11 | T: 26.20 ± 5.99 C: 26.76 ± 5.98 | T: 26.76 ± 5.98 C: 26.02 ± 4.40 | Normal and overweight pregnant women | Low-intensity walking program | 5 days per week | Lasted for or 16 weeks |
Huifen Z (2022) [34] | China | 46/43 | T: 23.03 ± 5.22 C: 21.98 ± 2.96 | T: 31.84 ± 5.19 C:31.35 ± 4.72 | GDM women | resistance exercise of upper and lower limb muscles | 3 times per week | at least 6 weeks |
Silva-Jose C (2021) [35] | Spain | 31/41 | T:22.61 ± 3.22 C:23.06 ± 7.80 | T:32.29 ± 6.36 C:33.93 ± 4.59 | singleton and uncomplicated pregnancy | virtual supervised exercise program | 3 weekly sessions of 55–60 min | 8–10 and 38– 39 weeks of pregnancy |
Vinter CA (2011) [33] | Denmark | 150/154 | T: 33.89 ± 3.59 C: 34.00 ± 3.89 | T: 29.35 ± 3.74 C: 28.65 ± 3.74 | Obese pregnant women | Not mentioned | Moderately physically active 30-60 mins daily | Lasted for 6 months |
Classic meta-analysis
Bayesian meta-analysis
Study | Systolic blood pressure | Diastolic blood pressure | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Dev. | Median | 95% CrI | Mean | Std. Dev. | Median | 95% CrI | |
Barakat R (2012) [29] | − 4.30 | 1.39 | − 4.26 | (− 6.99, − 1.53) | −2.29 | 1.25 | −2.25 | (− 4.76, 0.12) |
Barakat R (2014) [23] | 0.50 | 1.18 | 0.47 | (− 1.81, 2.85) | 0.08 | 1.01 | 0.08 | (− 1.83, 2.07) |
Fernandez-Buhigas I (2020) [24] | 0.21 | 1.43 | 0.20 | (− 2.59, 2.98) | 0.56 | 1.28 | 0.53 | (− 1.92, 3.12) |
Fieril KP (2015) [25] | − 0.61 | 1.34 | − 0.63 | (− 3.19, 2.05) | − 0.46 | 1.35 | − 0.47 | (− 3.03, 2.22) |
Garnæs KK (2016) [26] | − 5.38 | 1.68 | − 5.32 | (− 8.81, − 2.12) | − 0.86 | 1.33 | − 0.86 | (− 3.54, 1.73) |
Guelfi KJ (2016) [30] | − 0.47 | 1.29 | − 0.47 | (− 2.95, 2.05) | − 0.22 | 1.07 | − 0.24 | (− 2.31, 1.81) |
Haakstad LA (2016) [19] | −6.09 | 1.57 | −6.07 | (− 9.25, − 3.04) | − 4.40 | 1.37 | − 4.39 | (− 7.10, − 1.76) |
Halse RE (2015) [31] | −0.13 | 1.73 | −0.19 | (− 3.4, 3.37) | − 0.50 | 1.52 | − 0.52 | (− 3.51, 2.46) |
Huifen Z (2022) [34] | −7.77 | 0.77 | −7.77 | (− 9.26, − 6.25) | −3.97 | 1.32 | −3.95 | (− 6.53, − 1.4) |
Khoram S (2019) [16] | − 0.38 | 1.62 | − 0.40 | (−3.48, 2.87) | −7.78 | 0.65 | −7.79 | (− 9.05, − 6.57) |
Kim YJ (2018) [27] | − 5.88 | 1.44 | −5.88 | (− 8.74, − 3.08) | − 1.28 | 1.50 | −1.31 | (− 4.18, 1.70) |
Nascimento SL (2011) [28] | − 2.09 | 0.82 | −2.11 | (− 3.68, − 0.5) | − 8.20 | 0.93 | −8.22 | (− 10.03, − 6.40) |
Perales M (2020) [10] | − 6.28 | 1.60 | −6.26 | (− 9.44, − 3.2) | − 1.07 | 0.70 | −1.06 | (− 2.50, 0.27) |
Sá JC (2016) [18] | − 4.85 | 1.45 | − 4.82 | (− 7.68, − 1.99) | −5.40 | 1.51 | −5.39 | (− 8.37, − 2.46) |
Seneviratne SN (2016) [32] | −6.38 | 1.76 | −6.38 | (−9.99, − 3.02) | − 2.25 | 1.26 | − 2.26 | (− 4.66, 0.27) |
Silva-Jose C (2021) [35] | −1.73 | 1.03 | −1.73 | (− 3.74, 0.21) | 1.94 | 1.33 | 1.96 | (−0.68, 4.44) |
Stutzman SS (2010) [22] | − 7.13 | 1.73 | − 7.09 | (− 10.57, − 3.89) | − 2.21 | 1.63 | − 2.22 | (− 5.36, 0.94) |
Vinter CA (2011) [33] | −1.35 | 1.53 | −1.35 | (− 4.29, 1.62) | − 0.16 | 0.90 | −0.16 | (− 1.90, 1.60) |
d | −3.34 | 0.90 | −3.33 | (− 5.15, − 1.56) | − 2.14 | 0.83 | −2.14 | (− 3.79, − 0.50) |
σ2 | 11.87 | 5.58 | 10.72 | (4.68, 25.68) | 10.63 | 4.65 | 9.66 | (4.63, 22.65) |
Subgroup analysis
Subgroup | Studies | Conventional Meta-analysis | Bayesian Meta-analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WMD | 95% CI | I2% | Difference | 95% CrI | |||
SBP | General | 8 | −1.64 | (−2.64, −0.63) | 30.0 | −1.64 | (−3.82, 0.41) |
High risk | 11 | −4.39 | (− 7.08, −1.69) | 78.2 | − 4.56 | (− 7.10, −2.01) | |
DBP | General | 8 | −0.68 | (−1.49, 0.14) | 33.6 | − 0.42 | (−2.08, 1.35) |
High risk | 11 | −3.38 | (−6.12, −0.63) | 91.9 | − 3.36 | (−5.66, −1.01) |