EORTC QLQ-C30 general population normative data for Italy by sex, age and health condition: an analysis of 1,036 individuals

Over recent decades, the importance of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has steadily increased in oncology research and practice [1]. While there is comprehensive evidence for the validity and reliability of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures to assess HRQoL, the meaningful and consistent interpretation of such data in clinical trials or in daily clinical practice remains one of the main challenges [2]. Minimal important differences [3, 4], thresholds for clinical importance [5], and normative values [6] are the most important approaches that aid score interpretation. This may be especially true for general population normative values [7], as they can help to identify health issues and support the definition of treatment aims for physicians [8, 9].

Among the standardised PRO measures used to conduct HRQoL assessments, the EORTC QLQ-C30 is the most widely used PRO measure in oncology [10‐12]. Acknowledging the variability of normative data that results from cultural and language differences, several sets of country-specific general population normative values of the EORTC QLQ-C30 have been published, mainly investigating the population of central and northern European countries, such as Denmark [8], Germany [13], Norway [14], Slovenia [15], Sweden [16] and The Netherlands [17], leaving most southern European countries, with the exception of Croatia [18], disregarded.

Recently, a large representative online survey was conducted in order to generate general population normative values for 11 European countries, as well as Canada, Russia, Turkey and the US [6]. This study used a uniform sampling and data collection strategy across these countries that provides important advantages for inter-country comparisons. However, although the data provided by this publication supports interpretation of data from multinational projects, the level of detail is not sufficient for informative comparisons of patients against general population data in individual countries.

While sex and age are known to have an impact on HRQoL domains [19], and normative data for these reasons are commonly reported separately for these groups, health conditions frequently found in the general population as well as in cancer populations and cancer survivors have been shown to impact HRQoL to a much larger degree [20‐22]. Therefore, a meaningful comparison of specific cancer populations against general population normative data should also account for comorbid health conditions in cancer patients [7].

Given the lack of normative data for the EORTC QLQ-C30 in southern Europe and the need for detailed information on the impact of age, sex and health condition on HRQoL scores, we aimed to provide general population normative values for the EORTC QLQ-C30 for Italy, further stratified by sex, age group, and health condition. This effort supports the meaningful interpretation of PRO scores in clinical research and practice by providing normative data for specific patient groups and, thus, also contributes to setting realistic treatment goals.

For our analyses, we drew on data collected recently within an EORTC project in 11 European countries, as well as Canada, Russia, Turkey and the US [6]. The panel research company GfK SE was contracted to recruit a representative online sample of 1,000 participants from Italy. Data were collected in March and April 2017. Quota samples were introduced for sex and age groups (18‍‍–‍39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and ≥ 70 years) to obtain at least 100 participants per subgroup. Participants were asked to fill out an online survey containing the EORTC QLQ-C30 and additional information on their sociodemographic characteristics and on current health conditions diagnosed by a medical doctor. GfK SE typically attains response rates between 75 and 90%.

Sample characteristics are given for unweighted data and data weighted to match UN population distribution statistics[27] for the age and sex distribution of the general population in Italy.

General population normative values are given as means and standard deviations (SD) based on the weighted data for groups defined by sex, by age (18–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and ≥ 70 years), and by health condition (none versus one or more). The percentages of participants obtaining the lowest or highest possible score, i.e. floor and ceiling effects, were calculated for each EORTC QLQ-C30 scale.

In addition, we calculated a multivariable linear regression model to estimate the effects of sex (coding: 0 for female, 1 for male), age (years above 18, linear and quadratic term), and health condition (coding: 0 for none; 1 for one or more health condition(s)); and of the sex-by-age interaction on each EORTC QLQ-C30 scale. This exercise was carried out to allow for a more precise estimation of HRQoL scores than provided in the normative tables. IBM SPSS Version 25 was used for the statistical analysis.

As part of this study, we established normative data for the EORTC QLQ-C30 for the general Italian population, separately for groups defined by sex, age and health condition, to facilitate interpretation of EORTC QLQ-C30 data in clinical research and practice. A detailed depiction of various general population subgroups was provided, thus allowing healthcare professionals and researchers to utilise the most accurate approximation when interpreting HRQoL results of Italian cancer patients. Additionally, we provided regression equations, facilitating the calculation of normative values for specific subgroups.

When scrutinising these normative values, three main findings were observed. First, the elderly Italian population tended to experience higher HRQoL, shown for example by the summary score, compared to the younger age groups. This is in line with the results of a previous study completed in Australia [28] but in contrast to other European normative data [13, 16, 18]. Second, men reported higher levels of functioning and lower symptom burden than women, for all scales but one. Such sex differences have been reported repeatedly in studies collecting general population normative data [29] and in the literature concerning cancer patients [19, 30]. While in our data sex differences favouring men were observed for nearly all scales, there is substantial variation across countries, with, for example, a Danish study observing such differences only for one-third of the EORTC QLQ-C30 scales [8] and a recent German study reporting such for about two-thirds of the scales [31].

However, age and sex differences were rather small compared to those between participants with and without health conditions. The large impact of health conditions on EORTC QLQ-C30 scores is in line with previous literature [8, 29] and highlights the importance of adjusting normative scores for cancer populations for the presence of other health conditions (comorbidities) when interpreting scores. In our analysis, we covered a range of common health conditions likely to have an impact on EORTC QLQ-C30 scores with the additional possibility for patients to report any other condition that was diagnosed by a doctor. Unlike other studies [32‐34], we did not rely on the Charlson Comorbidity Index [35], as its selection of included conditions was made to predict survival, and as a result it covers very severe health conditions, with mostly low prevalence rates. In contrast, our assessment of health conditions covered less life-threatening diseases, with higher prevalence but a presumably strong impact on HRQoL, including chronic pain, depression, anxiety disorders and obesity, among others. Given the large impact on HRQoL observed in our study, we encourage future assessments of health conditions to take a wider perspective than the set of conditions included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index, if the interest is in patients’ HRQoL rather than survival.

In clinical practice, this general population normative data may provide clinicians with realistic treatment goals in cancer patients with good prognosis undergoing curative treatment, and in patients during cancer rehabilitation. In cancer survivors it may allow the identification of HRQoL domains that continue to be impaired after successful treatment. The choice of the most appropriate comparator group for an individual patient or patient group is crucial for meaningful interpretation of scores. For example, thyroid cancer patients experience compromised HRQoL prior to [36], during [37] and after treatment [38]. After treatment completion normative data from the general population may be the most appropriate comparator, as it can be expected that a large proportion of patients return to pre-disease HRQoL levels. However, during treatment, reference values from patients with the same disease and treatment, or thresholds for clinical importance [5], may be more relevant for score interpretation.

Furthermore, pre-treatment data, i.e. data collected between diagnosis and start of treatment, is frequently missing, and even if collected will not reflect pre-disease levels since the distress of the diagnosis itself and early disease symptoms possibly preceding diagnosis will lower HRQoL. We argue that general population data may be considered to reflect pre-disease levels and may serve as a kind of baseline for interpreting trajectories of disease and treatment burden.

Strengths of this study include the detailed comparisons between population subgroups and an analytical procedure that is in accordance with previous studies [6, 39]. One of the limitations of this study is the online data collection from the general Italian population. This may lead to a selection bias, as people who are computer illiterate or do not have access to the internet are a priori excluded from this study. This effect may be especially relevant for the elderly and/or financially disadvantaged population. Additionally, we were not able to provide further analyses concerning elderly people, as ≥ 70 years was the highest age group recorded. For the Italian population, with an average life expectancy of 83.4 years – amongst the highest in the world [40] – a more differentiated perspective concerning this group is desirable in future studies. Lastly, the binary coding of existing health conditions might be a limitation of this study. While we simplified the coding and therefore enhanced the applicability of the normative scores in clinical practice and research, information on the increasing negative impact of accumulating health conditions is lost. This issue should be addressed in future research.

In conclusion, our data will facilitate the interpretation of the EORTC QLQ-C30 in Italian cancer patients at both the individual patient and the group level. It may also lead to more valid conclusions when comparing Italian cancer patients against patients from other countries. Given the major impact of health conditions on HRQoL, comorbidities should be considered when evaluating EORTC QLQ-C30 scores from cancer patients.