Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction
Analytic approach
Results
Description of included and excluded studies
no: | Location | Year | Author | Number & kind of sample | Method | Prevalence (%) | Comment | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tehran | 2001 | Badami | n = 375 cervical swab | Culture | Fertile women: MH = 18(7.2) & UU = 48(19.2) Infertile women: MH = 32(25.6) & UU = 41(32.8) | Fertile women = 250 Infertile women = 125 | [20] |
2 | Tehran | 2003 | Salari | n = 125 swab urethral | PCR | MG = 9(7.2) UU = 24(19.2) MH = 3(2.4) | Men with NGU | [21] |
3 | Tehran | 2005 | AleYasin | n = 312 cervical swab | Culture PCR | Culture: MH = 20(6.4) PCR:MH = 50(16) Culture &PCR = 16(5) | Infertile women | [22] |
4 | Tehran | 2005 | Najar Peerayeh | n = 312 cervical swab | Culture PCR | Culture: UU = 18(5.7) PCR: UU = 32(10.25) | Infertile women | [23] |
5 | Tehran | 2006 | Najar Peerayeh | n = 377 cervical swab | PCR | MH = 31(8.2) UU = 60(15.9) MH & UU = 25(6.6) | Infertile women | [18] |
6 | Tehran | 2007 | Golshani | n = 200 semen samples | Multiplex PCR | MH = 22(11) UU = 6(3) MH&UU = 2(1) | Infertile men | [24] |
7 | Tehran | 2007 | Zeighami | n = 200 semen samples | PCR | Fertile men: UU = 3(3) Infertile men: UU = 12(12) | Fertile men = 100 Infertile men = 100 | [19] |
8 | Tehran | 2007 | soleimani rahbar | n = 100 semen samples | PCR | MH = 3(3) UU = 17(17) | Infertile men | [25] |
9 | Tehran | 2007 | Najar Peerayeh | n = 377 cervical swab | PCR | UU = 85(22.5) | Infertile women | [26] |
10 | Tehran | 2008 | NajarPeerayeh | n = 312 cervical swab | Culture PCR | Culture: MH = 12(4) & UU = 39(12) PCR: MH = 28(9) & UU = 54(17) | Infertile women | [27] |
11 | Tehran | 2008 | Ghazisaidi | n = 75 urethral secretion samples after prostatic massage & First void urine | PCR | urethral secretion: MH = 11(15) & UU = 19(25) First void urine: MH = 9 (12)& UU = 17(23) | Men suffering from nongonococcal urethritis and non-specific urethritis | [28] |
12 | Tehran | 2008 | Najar Peerayeh | n = 246 semen samples | PCR | Fertile men: UU = 3(3) Infertile men: UU = 23(15.7) | Fertile men = 100 Infertile men = 146 | [29] |
13 | Tehran | 2009 | Amirmozafari | n = 210 cervical swab | Culture PCR | Culture: UU = 69(32.8) PCR: UU = 67(31.9) | Women with urogenital infection | [30] |
14 | Tehran | 2010 | Ahmadi | n = 220 semen sample | PCR | MH = 34 (15) UU = 89(40) MH&UU = 25(11) | Infertile men | [31] |
15 | Tehran | 2011 | Mirnejad | n = 210 genital samples | PCR | UU = 89(42.4) MG = 7(3.3) | Women with urogenital infection | [32] |
16 | Sabzevar | 2011 | Haghighi Hasanabad | n = 196 urine | PCR | MG = 2(1) | Pregnant women | [33] |
17 | Ahwaz | 2011 | Moosavian | n = 265 urine = 110 cervical swab = 155 | Culture Multiplex PCR | Culture: MH = 5 (1.8)& UU = 0 Multiplex PCR: MH = 11(4)&UU = 13(5) | Women with urogenital infection | [34] |
18 | Kerman | 2013 | Vosooghi | n = 58 semen sample | PCR | MH = 13(22) | Infertile men | [35] |
19 | Tehran | 2013 | irajian | n = 200 paraffin blocks | PCR | MG = 4(2) | Men with prostatitis | [36] |
20 | Ahvaz | 2013 | Maleki | n = 265 urine = 110 cervical swab = 155 | Multiplex PCR | Urine: MH = 11(10) & UU = 13(12) cervical swab: MH = 7 (4)& UU = 15(10) | Women with urogenital infection | [37] |
21 | Tehran | 2013 | Yeganeh | n = 200 urine | PCR | MG = 14(7) | Men refer to urology clinic | [38] |
22 | Tehran | 2013 | Sadrpour | n = 120 semen samples | PCR | MG = 12(10) | Infertile men | [39] |
23 | Mazandaran | 2013 | mohseni | n = 44 genital samples | PCR | MG = 10(22.7) | Pregnant women | [40] |
24 | Tehran | 2014 | Seifoleslami | n = 350 cervical swab | PCR | Infertile women: MH = 8(5.3) & UU = 10(6.6) MH&UU = 4(2.6) Fertile women: MH = 3(1.5) & UU = 5(2.5) MH&UU = 1 | Infertile women = 150 Fertile women = 200 | [17] |
25 | Kurdistan | 2014 | Ahmadi | n = 218 cervical swab | PCR | Pregnant women: UU = 8(7.3) Spontaneous abortion: UU = 18(16.5) | Pregnant women = 109 Spontaneous abortion = 109 | [41] |
26 | Sanandaj | 2014 | Mousavi | n = 104 cervical swab | Multiplex PCR | MH = 3(3) MG = 3(3) UU = 39(37) MH&UU = 1(1) MH&MG = 1(1) MG&UU = 1(1) MG&UU&MH = 1(1) | Infertile women | [42] |
27 | Kerman | 2014 | JamalizadehBahaabadi | n = 200 semen sample = 100 cervical swab = 100 | PCR | Semen sample: MH = 15(7) cervical swab: MH = 18(18) | Infertile men & Infertile women | [43] |
28 | Kerman | 2014 | Mohseni Moghadam | n = 200 semen samples = 100 cervical swab = 100 | PCR | Semen samples: MG = 13(13) cervical swab: MG = 10(10) | Infertile men Infertile women | [11] |
29 | Tehran | 2014 | Sobouti | n = 330 cervical swab their baby after delivery | Multiplex PCR | Pregnant women: MH = 25(15.1) & UU = 25(15.1) their baby after delivery: MH = 15(9) & UU = 18(10.9) | Pregnant women = 165 their baby after delivery = 165 | [44] |
30 | Tehran | 2015 | Dadashi | n = 124 sample from ovarian cancer | PCR | MG = 9(7.2) | Ovarian Cancer = 62 Benign Ovarian Cancer =62 | [45] |
31 | Tehran | 2015 | Eslami | n = 124 paraffin blocks | PCR | MG = 0 UU = 1(0.8) | From men who undergo prostatectomy | [46] |
32 | Tehran | 2015 | Safavifar | n = 45 semen samples | PCR | Infertile men: MG = 6(40) Fertile men: MG = 11(37) | Infertile men = 15 Fertile men = 30 | [47] |
33 | Kerman | 2015 | EftekhariMoghadam | n = 50 urine | PCR | MH = 3(6) | UTI patients | [14] |
34 | Kashan | 2015 | Safari | n = 864 urine | PCR | MH = 1(0.1) | UTI patients | [48] |
35 | Sanandaj | 2016 | Ramazanzadeh | n = 218 genital swab | PCR | Normal pregnant: MG = 4(3.6) Spontaneous abortion: MG = 2(1.8) | Normal pregnant = 109 Spontaneous abortion = 109 | [49] |
36 | Tehran | 2016 | Ahmadi | n = 330 semen samples | Real-time PCR | Infertile men = MH = 24(14) Fertile men: MH = 6(4) | Infertile men = 165 Fertile men = 165 | [50] |
37 | Qazvin | 2016 | Bahrami | n = 232 cervical swab | culture | UU = 87(37.5) | married females(20–50 years) | [51] |
38 | Qom | 2016 | Asgari | n = 187 semen samples | PCR | MH = 71(39) | Infertile men | [52] |
39 | Tehran | 2016 | Irajian | n = 200 prostatitis tissues with paraffin | PCR | UU = 7(3.5) | men suffering from prostatitis | [53] |
40 | Tehran | 2017 | sameni | n = 65 cervical swab | PCR | MG = 11(16.9) | Infertile women | [54] |
41 | Tehran | 2017 | Javadinia | n = 194 urine | PCR | UU = 22(11.3) MG = 11(5.6) UU&MG = 5(2.6) | Pregnant women | [55] |
42 | Mashhad | 2017 | Makari golkhatmi | n = 200 vaginal swab | PCR-ELISA | Infertile women: MG = 21(21) Fertile women: MG = 3(3) | Infertile women = 100 Fertile women = 100 | [56] |
43 | Hamedan | 2018 | Moradi | n = 234 cervical swab | Culture PCR | Culture: MH = 14(5.9) PCR: MH = 30(12.8) | married females(20–50 years) | [57] |
44 | Mashhad | 2018 | Moridi | n = 100 semen samples | Culture PCR | Culture: MH = 7(7) PCR: MH = 8(8) Culture: MG = 0(0) PCR: MG = 0(0) | Infertile men | a |
Prevalence of M. genitalium
Study Population | studies | sample | prevalence, 95% CI | Model |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 8 | 1114 | 16.60, 12.01–21.18 | Random |
Fertile | 1 | 30 | 37.00, 36.83–37.17 | Random |
Infertile | 4 | 435 | 21.00, 13.18–28.82 | Random |
Symptomatic1 | 4 | 649 | 5.40, 1.55–9.25 | Random |
Women | 11 | 1455 | 8.26, 6.33–10.19 | Random |
Fertile | 1 | 100 | 3.00, 2.97–3.03 | Random |
Infertile | 4 | 369 | 12.73, 4.44–21.01 | Random |
Symptomatic2 | 7 | 986 | 6.46, 4.62–8.29 | Random |
Women and men | 18 | 2569 | 11.33, 9.58–13.08 | Random |
Prevalence of M. hominis
Study Population | studies | sample | prevalence, 95% CI | Model |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 12 | 2344 | 10.73, 6.77–14.69 | Random |
Fertile | 1 | 165 | 4.00, 3.97–4.03 | Random |
Infertile | 7 | 1130 | 14.00, 7.45–20.55 | Random |
Symptomatic1 | 4 | 1049 | 5.88, 2.18–9.57 | Random |
Women | 12 | 3670 | 8.83, 6.67–10.98 | Random |
Fertile | 2 | 450 | 4.35, −1.24 - 9.94 | Random |
Infertile | 7 | 1480 | 10.81, 7.18–14.45 | Random |
Symptomatic2 | 3 | 1740 | 7.67, 4.34–10.99 | Random |
Women and men | 22 | 6014 | 9.68, 7.75–11.61 | Random |
Prevalence of U. urealyticum
Study Population | studies | sample | prevalence, 95% CI | Model |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 8 | 1290 | 13.92, 7.58–20.26 | Random |
Fertile | 2 | 200 | 3.00, 2.98–3.02 | Random |
Infertile | 4 | 766 | 21.18, 8.61–33.74 | Random |
Symptomatic1 | 4 | 324 | 12.13, 3.23–21.02 | Random |
Women | 14 | 4441 | 19.43, 11.56–27.30 | Random |
Fertile | 2 | 450 | 10.85, −5.52 - 27.22 | Random |
Infertile | 7 | 1757 | 19.58, 13.59–25.57 | Random |
Symptomatic2 | 5 | 2234 | 21.04, 8.95–33.13 | Random |
Women and men | 24 | 5731 | 17.53, 11.40–23.66 | Random |
Geographical distribution of M. hominis, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum in Iran
Study Location | M. genitalium | M. hominis | U. urealyticum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
provinces (studies) | prevalence, 95% CI | provinces (studies) | prevalence, 95% CI | provinces (studies) | prevalence, 95% CI | |
Eastern provinces1 | 2 (4) | 9.60, 4.01–15.19 | 2 (5) | 9.73, 4.49–14.96 | 0 | – |
Middle provinces2 | 2 (12) | 13.39, 11.14–15.64 | 2 (11) | 11.17, 8.10–14.24 | 2 (17) | 17.94, 11.08–24.80 |
Western provinces3 | 1 (2) | 3.30, 2.71–3.89 | 3 (4) | 5.65, 3.09–8.22 | 2 (4) | 14.98, 6.83–23.12 |