Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Population
Interventions
Outcomes
Study design
Exclusion criteria
Study selection
Data extraction
Strategy for data synthesis
Risk of bias assessment
Result
Study characteristics
Quality appraisal of included studies
Description of the included studies
Author (Year) and location | Duration/ study design | Sample size | Sample characteristics | Parental involvement | Intervention group | Comparison or control group | Outcomes: measurement tools |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Davis et al., (2021) USA [30] | 1 school year/cluster RCT | 16 schools (n = 3,135) | 8–11 years old | Low2 9 monthly parent lessons: 1 hour gardening, nutrition and cooking lessons – The parent curriculum also included the following topics; importance of family eating, healthy shopping, and increasing home available and access of healthy foods. | Garden Leadership Committee formation, student gardening, nutrition, and cooking lessons (either a garden taste-test (7 lessons) or a cooking activity), 9 monthly parent lessons (n = 1,412) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 1,723) | 1) F&V and sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption: 2015 School Physical Activity and Nutrition dietary screener 2) Food and meal choice behaviours, self-efficacy to cook and/or prepare F&V and gardening, willingness to try and preferences for F&V, cooking and gardening attitudes, nutrition and gardening knowledge, and child food security: questionnaire |
Barnard et al., (2020) USA [31] | 4 years/pre-post study | 4 schools (n = 4,300) | 2–19 years old | High1 Student and family cooking events | School Gardens and Classroom Lessons (n = 172 lessons), Student and Family Cooking Events, Carrot Camp (n = 206), Sprout Scouts (n = 52) | No control group (n = 0) | 1) Knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of the programme: teacher survey 2) Parent/caregiver knowledge and attitudes related to the programme and its potential impact on children: parent/caregiver survey 3) F&V consumption:parent/caregiver survey |
Kim et al., (2020) South Korea [32] | 12 weeks/pre-post-test experimental design | 2 schools (n = 202) | Average age: 11.6 (± 1.5) years old | – | Gardening, nutritional education, and cooking activities utilizing harvests (n = 202) | No control group (n = 0) | 1) Self-efficacy: dietary self-efficacy questionnaire 2) Outcome expectancies for V consumption: outcome expectation questionnaire 3) Food neophobia: 10-item food neophobia scale 4) V preference: list of representative vegetables from the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 5) Nutrition and gardening knowledge: questionnaire based on Korean elementary textbooks 6) V intake: dietary record sheet |
Schreinemachers et al., (2020) Nepal [33] | 1 year/cluster RCT | 30 schools (n = 779) | 8–12 years old | High1 Home gardening | Consisted of a physical garden for hands-on experience in vegetable growing and nutrition education following a booklet with 23 weekly learning modules; children’s caregivers additionally received support to improve their home gardens (Children: 438; parents 437) | Control: no intervention (child: 436; parents 436) | 1) V intake: 24-hour recall 2) Food and nutrition knowledge: 15 MCQ 3) Agricultural knowledge: 14 photos of common garden pests and beneficial insects 4) Liking for V: 15 photos of V and recording their liking 5) Snack choices, food practise: questionnaire |
Shrestha et al., (2020) Nepal [34] | 5 months/cluster RCT | 12 schools (n = 682) | 8–17 years old | – | School gardening programme (n = 172) | Compare: school gardening programme with complementary WASH, health and nutrition interventions (n = 197) Control: no intervention (n = 313) | 1) Dietary intake: FFQ and 24-hour recall questionnaire 2) Nutrition knowledge: questionnaire |
van den Berg et al., (2020) USA [35] | 6 months/ non-RCT | 28 low-income schools (n = 1,326) | 8–9 years old (42% Hispanic; 78% free/reduced lunch). | Low2 LEGE: gardens built with parents, took home recipe card and family stories. WAT! Program: family engagement pieces (bonus miles form), end-of-program celebration, weekly English and Spanish newsletters featuring both healthy physical and eating tips. | (Learn! Grow! Eat! Go! [LGEG]) – school garden & school curriculum (n = 347) | Compare 1: Physical activity (PA) intervention (Walk Across Texas [WAT!]) (n = 336) Compare 2: both gardening and PA intervention (combined) (n = 358) Control: delayed intervention (n = 285) | 1) V preference, nutrition knowledge, gardening with parents, previous day V consumption: student surveys 2) Home V availability: parent surveys |
Khan et al., (2019) UK [36] | 1 school year/mix method study – randomised controlled | 1 school (n = 60) | 9–10 years old | – | Gardening intervention & a Meat-Free Monday session, physical activity & knowledge of nutrition (n = 30) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 30) | 1) Attitude towards, frequency of and preference for eating F&V: self-report questionnaire 2) Experiences of gardening outdoors, attitudes to eating F&V: focus group interview |
Landry et al., (2019) USA [37] | 12 weeks/RCT | 4 schools (n = 290) | Low income, primarily Hispanic/ Latino, 8–11 years old | – | LA Sprouts: cooking and nutrition curriculum & gardening curriculum (n = 160) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 130) | 1) Dietary intake: 2007 Block Kids Food Screeners (adapted from the Block Kids 2004 FFQ) 2) Self-efficacy to cook F&V: adapted questionnaire from Baranowski et al., 2000 3) Motivation to cook and garden F&V: motivation for Health Behaving from the Treatment and Self-Regulation Questionnaire |
Massarani et al., (2019) Rio de Janeiro [38] | 3 years/pre-post study | 1 school (n = 89) | 11–12 years old adolescent athletes (14–15 years old at follow up) | Low2 Building of school garden and experimental kitchen with the direct involvement of parents; maintenance of the garden (organisation and planning of the school garden); attend the semi-annual meeting | School gardening & experimental kitchen activities & health promotion class (n = 89) | No control group | 1) Dietary intake: FFQ of 12 food items |
Nele Huys et al., (2019) Ghent [39] | 9 weeks/non-randomised controlled | 17 schools (n = 551) | 10–12 years old | – | Gardening activity: sowing, taking care of and harvesting vegetables; nutrition education in classroom (n = 312) | Control: no intervention (n = 239) | 1) Children’s V intake and determinants (knowledge and awareness): questionnaires 2) Program evaluation: process evaluation questionnaire (teacher and children) |
Schreinemachers et al., (2019) Burkina Faso [40] | 1 year/ cluster RCT | 30 schools (n = 1,760) | 8–14 years old | High1 Decided together what vegetables to grow in the school garden; helped to prepare the school garden and to fence it with locally available materials; helped to find water in the dry season and helped with land preparation and fencing. | School gardening; complementary agriculture, nutrition and WASH education; local farmers and other community members in school garden (2014: n = 500; 2015: n = 400) | Control: no intervention (2014: n = 500; 2015 n = 400) | 1) F&V preferences and liking: rating for 12 V & 10 snack choices 2) F&V intake: 24-hour recall 3) F&V awareness: give the correct names of 20 common F&V from colour photos 4) Food, nutrition and WASH knowledge: test adjusted from Parmer et al., 2009 & Oldewage-Theron and Egal, 2010 5) Agriculture knowledge: photo test |
Leuven et al., (2018) Netherlands [41] | 7 months/non-randomised controlled | 3 schools (n = 150) | 10–12 years old | – | Garden and nutritionbased classroom lessons, 15 outdoor gardening lessons, and 1 harvesting and cooking lesson Short term (n = 106) Long term (n = 52) | Control: no intervention (n = 65) | 1) Capability to identify V, preference for those V, and the opinion regarding V, gardening, and outdoor activity: questionnaire |
Taylor et al., (2018) USA [42] | 1 year/RCT | 2 schools (n = 294) | 9–10 years old | Low2 Parent newsletters | Inquiry-based, garden-enhanced nutrition curriculum, in-class cooking demonstrations, take-home activities, family newsletters, a health fair, and school site-specific wellness committees (n = 161) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 133) | 1) Dietary intake: digital images of students’ lunch trays |
Wells et al., (2018) USA [43] | 2 years/group RCT | 46 schools (n = 2,768) | 7–11 years old low-income children (8–12 years old in second year intervention) | – | School gardening activities and nutrition education (n = 1,491) | Control: no intervention (n = 1,277) | 1) F&V availability at home: modified version of Baranowski’s GEM-FJV Availability assessment |
Gatto et al., (2017) USA [44] | 12 weeks/ RCT | 4 schools (n = 375) | Low income, primarily Hispanic/ Latino, 8–11 years old | Low2 Bimonthly cooking/nutrition and gardening classes offered to the parents | LA Sprouts: 45-min interactive cooking/nutrition lesson & 45-min gardening lesson (n = 172) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 147) | 1) Dietary intake: 2007 Block Kids Food Screeners (adapted from the Block Kids 2004 FFQ) |
Lee et al., (2017) USA [45] | 6 weeks (12 one-hour sessions)/pre-post study | 6 centres (n = 89) | 3–5 years old | Low2 3 newsletters (health benefits of adequate F&V intake, strategies for improving home intake); encouraged to complete activities with children – selecting a favourite recipe for a class recipe book | Lessons include songs, games, and interactive learning activities involving garden maintenance and taste tests (n = 89) | No control group | 1) Dietary intake: non-consecutive 3-day food records from parents 2) F&V Availability (Home): the F&V Home Availability questionnaire |
Schreinemachers et al., (2017) Bhutan [27] | 1 year/ cluster RCT | 18 schools (n = 517) | 9–15 years old | High1 Cultivation of vegetables with children; provided advice, gardening tools and other materials and advised schoolteachers on crops and varieties to grow. Teachers visited the parents at home and encouraged home gardening | School garden; weekly lessons in gardening, nutrition, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); promotion activities: poster displays, poem displays on school boards, songs, nutrition charts, vegetable charts, pledges (2014: no data; 2015: n = 260) | Control: no intervention (2014: no data; 2015: n = 265) | 1) F&V preferences and liking: rating for 12 V + 10 snack choices 2) F&V intake: 24-hour recall 3) F&V awareness: give the correct names of 20 common F&V from colour photos 4) Food, nutrition and WASH knowledge: Parmer et al., 2009 & Oldewage-Theron and Egal, 2010 5) Agriculture knowledge: photo test |
Schreinemachers et al., (2017) Nepal [26] | 1 year/ cluster RCT | 30 schools (n = 1,370) | 10–15 years old, low income | A school garden, gardening, nutrition and WASH education and promotional materials for children and parents (poster display, distribution of handouts about nutritious food and hand washing) (2014: n = 429; 2015: n = 369) | Control: no intervention (2014: n = 846; 2015: n = 416) | ||
Davis et al., (2016) USA [46] | 12 weeks/ RCT | 4 schools (n = 304) | Low income, primarily Hispanic/ Latino, 8–11 years old | – | LA Sprouts participants: weekly 45-minute interactive cooking and nutrition education lesson, 45-minute interactive gardening lesson, and visits to a local farmers’ market 4 times during intervention (n = 167) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 137) | 1) F&V preferences and identification; self-efficacy to eat, cook and garden F&V; nutrition & gardening knowledge, attitudes about cooking and gardening & current home gardening practices; willingness to try F&V: questionnaire 2) Motivation to eat, cook F&V & gardening: Treatment and Self-Regulation Questionnaire |
Duncan et al., (2015) UK [47] | 12 weeks/non-randomised controlled | 2 schools (n = 77) | 4–11 years old | – | Theory-based intervention – a school garden, cooking lessons, exploring plants and growth in science and literacy (n = 46) | Control: no intervention (n = 31) | 1) F&V consumption: measures of the TPB related to F&V consumption 2) F&V consumption behaviour: Day in the Life Questionnaire (DILQ) |
Hanbazaza et al., (2015) Canada [21] | 2 school years/pre-post study | 1 school (n = 116) | 6–12 years old | – | Classroom gardening (Earth Box container gardening) & a healthy F&V snack program (n = 66) | No control group | 1) Children’s knowledge of F&V: asking children to write down 5 V&F that they knew 2) F&V preferences and home consumption: an adapted questionnaire |
Sharma et al., (2015) USA [48] | 8 weeks/ pre-post study | 2 centres (n = 103) | 3–5 years old | Low2 Children took their plants home to share with their families to encourage dialogue with parents; invite parent to End-of-program celebration | 8 PLANT Garden lessons (teacher-led) with hands-on activities emphasizing gardening and nutrition (n = 103) | No control group | 1) Preference and willingness to try F&Vs among pre-schoolers: pre − post self-reported parent surveys |
Spears-Lanoix et al., (2015) USA [49] | 5 months/ pre-post study | 1 school (n = 44) | 8–9 years old | High1 Gardening together, snacks and meals together, dinners eaten together, and doing physical activity together. | JMG: youth horticulture classroom curriculum – building a class garden, growing seven V, tasting and rating each V, raw, and participating in V recipe tasting | Compare: WAT (PA intervention) – family bonus miles, waling Bingo, and class activity breaks (Children: n = 44, parents: n = 34) | 1) Food availability: parent survey 2) V preference and consumption: student self-reported questionnaire 3) Nutrition and health knowledge: questions about healthy living |
Wells et al., (2015) USA [50] | 2-years (40 lessons)/RCT | 49 schools (n = 3,061) | 6–12 years old | – | Nutrition and garden-based lessons & gardening activities (n = 1,622) | Control: no intervention (n = 1,439) | 1) Science knowledge: 7-item MCQ selected from the University of Missouri (UM) ‘Eating from the Garden Curriculum’ survey |
Bontrager Yoder et al., (2014) USA [3] | 1 year/quasi-experimental baseline and follow-up assessments | 9 schools (n = 1,117) | 8–11 years old | – | Farm to School programme: Harvest of the Month, school garden, locally sourced produce in school meals & classroom lessons (n = 1,117) | No control group | 1) Knowledge of food, nutrition, and agriculture; attitudes toward trying FV; perception/self-efficacy for eating healthfully, and preference for, exposure of and willingness to try F&V: questionnaire 2) Dietary intake: FFQ, lunch tray photo observation |
Cotter et al., (2013) Portugal [51] | 6 months/cluster RCT | 1 school (n = 155) | 10–12 years old | – | Lessons (dangers of high salt intake), gardening activities and collection of herbs for salt substitute at home (n = 58) | Compare: weekly lessons about the dangers of high salt intake (n = 47) Control: no intervention (n = 34) | 1) Estimated salt intake: derived from 24-h urinary collection (1 mEq/24 h sodium 1/4 0.058 g per day salt) |
Gibbs et al., (2013) Australia [52] | 2.5 years/ pre-post study | 12 schools (n = 764) | 8–12 years old | Low2 Did not specify | Gardening class and kitchen class (n = 764) | No control group | 1) Willingness to try new foods, knowledge & capacity to describe foods, and healthy eating: separate focus group discussions, parent and child questionnaire |
Gatto et al., (2012) USA [53] | 12 weeks/ non-RCT | 1 school (n = 104) | Latino 9–11 years old, more than half were overweight or obese | Low2 Did not specify | LA Sprouts participants: weekly 45-minute interactive cooking and nutrition education lesson, 45-minute interactive gardening lesson and visits to a local farmers’ market 4 times during intervention (n = 34) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 70) | 1) Motivation for healthy eating: Treatment and Self-Regulation Questionnaire 2) Attitudes About, Preferences for, Perceptions, and Self-Efficacy to Eat and Cook F&V: validated questionnaire |
Jaenke et al., (2012) Australia [54] | 10 weeks/pre-post study | 2 schools (n = 127) | 11–12 years old | Low2 3 newsletters (health benefits of adequate F&V intake, strategies for improving home intake); encouraged to complete activities with their children – selecting a favourite recipe for a class recipe book | Nutrition education & gardening intervention (with kitchen-based activities) (n = 35) | Compare: nutrition education only (n = 35) Control: no intervention (n = 57) | 1) Food preference, willingness to taste: questionnaire +five-item food preference assessment tool 2) F&V intake: 2 repeat 24-hour recalls |
Davis et al., (2011) USA [55] | 12 weeks/ non-RCT | 1 school (n = 104) | Latino 9–11 years old, more than half were overweight or obese | Low2 3 separate 60-minute parental nutrition and gardening classes | LA Sprouts participants: weekly 45-minute interactive cooking and nutrition education lesson, 45-minute interactive gardening lesson and visits to a local farmers’ market 4 times during intervention (n = 34) | Compare: delayed intervention (n = 70) | 1) Dietary intake: 2007 Block Kids Food Screeners (adapted from the Block Kids 2004 FFQ) |
Ratcliffe et al., (2011) USA [22] | 13 weeks/non-randomised controlled | 3 schools (n = 320) | 11–13 years old | – | Hands-on gardening & garden-based learning activities integrated into science lesson (n = 170) | Compare: only garden-based sessions integrated into science class (n = 150) | 1) Knowledge, attitude and behaviour: Garden Vegetables Frequency Questionnaire (GVFQ) and the Taste Test; 2) V consumption: 24-hour recall |
Morgan et al., (2010) Australia [56] | 10 weeks/non-RCT | 2 schools (n = 127) | 11–12 years old | Low2 3 newsletters (health benefits of adequate F&V intake, strategies for improving home intake); encouraged to complete activities with their children – selecting a favourite recipe for a class recipe book | Nutrition education & gardening intervention (with kitchen-based activities) (n = 35) | Compare: nutrition education only (n = 35) Control: no intervention (n = 57) | 1) F&V intake: 24 hr. recall 2) V preference: ‘taste and rate’ methods developed by Birch and Sullivan 3) F&V knowledge: questionnaire used in US ‘Gimme 5’ intervention 4) Quality of school life: the quality of school life (QoSL) instrument “ |
Parmer et al., (2009) USA [57] | 28 weeks/ non-randomised controlled | 1 school (n = 115) | 7–8 years old | – | Nutrition education & gardening intervention (n = 39) | Compare: nutrition education only (n = 37) Control: no intervention (n = 39) | 1) F&V intake: F&V survey; lunchroom observation 2) F&V preference: F&V preference questionnaire, lunchroom observation 3) Nutrition knowledge: questionnaire |
Somerset et al., (2009) Australia [58] | 12 months/ intervention trial | 1 school (n = 252) | 9–13 years old in a low socio-economic area | – | Introduction of a school-based food garden, (n = 130) | Compare: historical control design (n = 132) | 1) Attitudes towards F&V: the attitudes questionnaire 2) Nutrition knowledge: F&V identification survey |
McAleese et al., (2007) USA [59] | 12 weeks/non-randomised controlled | 3 schools (n = 99) | 10–13 years old | – | Garden-based activities & nutrition education (n = 45) | Compare: nutrition education only (n = 25) Control: no intervention (n = 25) | 1) Dietary intake: three 24-hour food recall workbooks |
Author (Year) and location | Age range/ sample size | Components included in each intervention | Risk of biasa | Main findings | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parental involvement | School gardening | Nutrition education | Cooking & kitchen lesson | Tasting section | Home gardening | Trained teacher/ specialists | Others | ||||
Davis et al., (2021) USA [30] | 8–11 years old/ 16 schools (n = 3,135) | v | v | v | v | v | v | Parental lessons | Low | F intake: - V intake: +* SSB intake (reduction): - | |
Barnard et al., (2020) USA [31] | 2–19 years old/ 4 schools (n = 4,300) | v | v | v | v | Carrot camp; sprout scout | Unclear | Willingness to try F: - Willingness to try V: - F intake: - V intake: - Willing to discuss what have learnt at home: - | |||
Kim et al., (2020) South Korea [32] | Average age: 11.6 (± 1.5) years old/ 2 schools (n = 202) | v | v | v | v | Unclear | Gardening knowledge: +*** Nutrition knowledge: +*** Preference for V: +*** V intake: +*** Willingness to try new food/ reduction in Food neophobia: +*** Dietary self-efficacy: +*** Outcome expectancies: +*** | ||||
Schreinemachers et al., (2020) Nepal [33] | 8–12 years old/ 30 schools (n = 779) | v | v | v | v | v | Low | Food and nutritional knowledge: - Agriculture knowledge: - Attitude towards V: +* Healthy food practise: +*** V intake (Oct-Dec): - V intake (Jan-Mar): +* V intake (Apr-Jun): - | |||
Shrestha et al., (2020) Nepal [34] | 8–17 years old/ 12 schools (n = 682) | v | v | Low | Nutrition knowledge: - V intake: - F availability (home): - V availability (home): - | ||||||
van den Berg et al., (2020) USA [35] | 8–9 years old/ 28 low-income schools (n = 1,326) | v | v | v | v | Low | Nutrition knowledge: +*** Preference for V: +*** V tasted: + *** V intake: - V availability (home): - | ||||
Khan et al., (2019) UK [36] | 9–10 years old/ 1 school (n = 60) | v | v | v | Meat-Free Monday session on children’s healthy eating, physical activity | Low | Nutrition and plant science knowledge: - Attitude towards F&V consumption: - Preference for F&V: - F intake: - V intake: - | ||||
Landry et al., (2019) USA [37] | 8–11 years old / 4 schools (n = 290) | v | v | v | v | Low | Increase in cooking: V intake: +* Dietary fibre intake: +** Increase in gardening: Dietary fibre intake: +* | ||||
Massarani et al., (2019) Rio de Janeiro [38] | 11–12 years old/ 1 school (n = 89) | v | v | v | v | v | Unclear | F intake: - V intake: - Ultra-processed foods intake (reduction): - | |||
Nele Huys et al., (2019) Ghent [39] | 10–12 years old/ 17 schools (n = 551) | v | v | Low | Nutrition knowledge: +* Attitude towards F&V: - V intake: - Self-efficacy: - | ||||||
Schreinemachers et al., (2019) Burkina Faso [40] | 8–14 years old/ 30 schools (n = 1,760) | v | v | v | v | Local farmers & community members in school garden | Low | Food, nutrition & agriculture knowledge: +* Preference and attitude towards F: - Preference and attitude towards V: - F intake: - V intake: - F variety: - V variety: - | |||
Leuven et al., (2018) Netherlands [41] | 10–12 years old/ 3 schools (n = 150) | v | v | v | Unclear | V knowledge (short term): +*** V knowledge (long term): +*** Preference for V: +* | |||||
Taylor et al., (2018) USA [42] | 9–10 years old/ 2 schools (n = 294) | v | v | v | v | v | Take-home activities; family newsletters; a health fair; school site-specific wellness committees | Low | F intake: - V intake: +** F variety: - V variety: +** | ||
Wells et al., (2018) USA [43] | 7–11 years old/ 46 schools (n = 2,768) | v | v | v | Unclear | All children: Low fat V availability at home: +* V availability overall: - Younger children V availability at home: ++** Low fat V availability at home: ++** High fat V availability at home: +* F availability at home: - | |||||
Gatto et al., (2017) USA [44] | 8–11 years old/ 4 schools (n = 375) | v | v | v | v | v | Low | F intake: - V intake: x* Dietary fibre intake: +* | |||
Lee et al., (2017) USA [45] | 3–5 years old/ 6 centres (n = 89) | v | v | v | v | v | v | Unclear | F intake: - V intake: - V availability (home): - F availability (home): - | ||
Schreinemachers et al., (2017) Bhutan [27] | 9–15 years old/ 18 schools (n = 517) | v | v | v | v | Promotion activities: poster displays, songs, nutrition charts, vegetable charts, pledges | Low | Nutrition knowledge: - Preference towards F&V: +* F intake: - V intake: + * F variety: - V variety: - | |||
Schreinemachers et al., (2017) Nepal [26] | 10–15 years old/ 30 schools (n = 1,370) | v | v | v | v | Poster display, distribution of handouts about nutritious food and hand washing | Low | Food and nutritional knowledge: +*** Preference for F: +** Preference for V: +** F intake: - V intake: - F variety: - V variety: - | |||
Davis et al., (2016) USA [46] | 8–11 years old/ 4 schools (n = 304) | v | v | v | v | Local farmers’ market visit | Low | Vegetable identification (knowledge): +** Nutrition and gardening knowledge: +** Preference for F: x Preference for V: - Willingness to try F: x Willingness to try V: - Self-efficacy to eat F&V: - Home gardening: + ** | |||
Duncan et al., (2015) UK [47] | 4–11 years old/ 2 schools (n = 77) | v | v | v | Unclear | Intentions***, attitudes***, norms***, and perceived behavioural control*** related to F&V intake: + F&V intake: +** | |||||
Hanbazaza et al., (2015) Canada [21] | 6–12 years old/ 1 school (n = 116) | v | v | Healthy F&V snack programme | Unclear | F&V knowledge: - Preference for F: +** Preference for V: -* F intake (home): - V intake (home): - | |||||
Sharma et al., (2015) USA [48] | 3–5 years old/ 2 centres (n = 103) | v | v | v | v | Unclear | Willingness to try F: +** Willingness to try V: +** F&V variety: - Eating behaviour: - F availability (home): - V availability (home): - | ||||
Spears-Lanoix et al., (2015) USA [49] | 8–9 years old/ 1 school (n = 44) | v | v | v | v | Unclear | Nutrition knowledge: +*** Preference for V: +* Willingness to try V: - V intake: +*** Total F&V intake: - SSB intake (reduction): x Home availability (V): +* | ||||
Wells et al., (2015) USA [50] | 6–12 years old/ 49 schools (n = 3,061) | v | v | v | Low | Scientific knowledge: + ***(yet the result was uniformly poor) | |||||
Bontrager Yoder et al., (2014) USA [3] | 8–11 years old/ 9 schools (n = 1,117) | v | v | v | Harvest of the month, locally sourced produce in school meals | Unclear | Nutrition and agriculture knowledge: +*** Willingness to try F&V: + *** Lunch time F&V availability: +** F&V consumption among low intake: +*** Overall F&V intake: - F&V variety (school): +*** | ||||
Cotter et al., (2013) Portugal [51] | 10–12 years old/ 1 school (n = 155) | v | v | Low | Salt intake reduction: + | ||||||
Gibbs et al., (2013) Australia [52] | 8–12 years old/ 12 schools (n = 764) | v | v | v | Low | Nutrition knowledge (food description): - Preference for F&V (if grow in garden): +* Willingness to try new food: +* F intake: - V intake: - | |||||
Gatto et al., (2012) USA [53] | 9–11 years old/ 1 school (n = 104) | v | v | v | v | v | Local farmers’ market visit | Low | For all Preference for F: x Preference for V: - For obese/overweight: Preference for F: x Preference for V: +** | ||
Jaenke et al., (2012) Australia [54] | 11–12 years old/ 2 schools (n = 127) | v | v | v | v | Unclear | Willingness to try V: +*** F intake: - V intake: - | ||||
Davis et al., (2011) USA [55] | 9–11 years old/ 1 school (n = 104) | v | v | v | v | v | Local farmers’ market visit | Unclear | F intake: - V intake: - Dietary fibre intake: +* | ||
Ratcliffe et al., (2011) USA [22] | 11–13 years old/ 3 schools (n = 320) | v | v | Unclear | Improving recognition of V: +** Attitude towards & Preference for V: +* Willingness to try V: + *** V intake (school): + * V intake (home): - V variety: +*** | ||||||
Morgan et al. (2010) Australia [56] | 11–12 years old/ 2 schools (n = 127) | v | v | v | v | Unclear | F&V knowledge: +*** Taste rating for V (preference): +*** Willingness to try V: +*** F intake: - V intake: - | ||||
Parmer et al., (2009) USA [57] | 7–8 years old/ 1 school (n = 115) | v | v | Unclear | Nutrition knowledge: + ** Rating of tasted F&V: + ** Willingness to try F&V: - V choice: + * V intake: +* | ||||||
Somerset et al., (2009) Australia [58] | 9–13 years old/ 1 school (n = 252) | v | v | Funding of a teacher coordinator (facilitate integration of garden activities into curriculum) | Unclear | Nutrition knowledge (ability to identify F&V): +* Interest in trying new food: x Preference towards F: - Preference towards V: +* Dietary self-efficacy: - | |||||
McAleese et al., (2007) USA [59] | 10–13 years old/ 3 schools (n = 99) | v | v | Low | F intake: ++*** V intake: ++*** Vitamin A intake: +** Vitamin C intake: ++* Dietary fibre intake: + ** |