Introduction
Methods
Study population
Exercise testing
Heart rate monitor and cycling computer data processing
HR features
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)
CMR postprocessing and analysis
Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography
Biomarkers
Statistical analysis
Results
n = 19 participants | Mean ± SD [range] |
---|---|
Clinical parameters | |
Age, years | 48 ± 5 [42–59] |
Weight, kg | 79.8 ± 8.5 [64.3–95] |
Height, m | 1.83 ± 5.6 [1.70–1.91] |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 2.2 [19.2–27.2] |
Heart rate at rest, bpm | 60.5 ± 7.0 [48–74] |
Systolic BP at rest, mmHg | 134.3 ± 9.4 [121–162] |
Diastolic BP at rest, mmHg | 83.3 ± 4.6 [77–91] |
Training data during 6 months before the EDT stage | |
Hours | 123.5 ± 62.6 [36.5–300] |
Kilometers | 3047 ± 1512 [1072–7400] |
n = 19 partipants | Mean ± SD [range] |
---|---|
Peak systolic BP, mmHg | 170 ± 14 [148–205] |
Peak diastolic BP, mmHg | 95 ± 14 [73–116] |
Heart rate at rest, bpm | 75.6 ± 15.1 [50–107] |
Peak heart rate, bpm | 177.1 ± 9.9 [161–171] |
Recovery heart rate, bpm | 117.9 ± 15 [94–148] |
Aerobic treshold, bpm | 142.5 ± 11.9 [117–171] |
Anaerobic treshold, bpm | 167.1 ± 10.7 [147–186] |
Aerobic threshold, watt | 202.5 ± 19.1 [173–235] |
Anaerobic threshold, watt | 285.8 ± 20.2 [260–340] |
Maximal power, wattpeak | 350 ± 33 [320–440] |
Maximal power, wattpeak(relative)/kg | 4.2 ± 0.6 [3.2–5.4] |
VO2max, ml/kg per min | 53.4 ± 7.3 [44–65] |
Duration of the test, min | 24.2 ± 2.5 [22–31] |
Peak lactate, mmol/l | 12.8 ± 2 [8.4–15.6] |
Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.11 ± 0.03 [1.01–1.15] |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
EDT race data
Blood sample (Table 3)
Before (n = 19) | Post-race (n = 18) | p-value post vs pre-race | |
---|---|---|---|
Blood sample
| |||
Troponin I, ng/l | 1.9 ± 5.1 [0–18.8] | 69.9 ± 41.6 [14.4–200.3] | < 0.001 |
C-reactive protein (CRP), mg/L | 1.1 ± 2.1 [0.2–9.5] | 4,0 ± 3,1 [0,4–9,6] | < 0.001 |
Creatin kinase total, ng/L | 122.4 ± 52.2 [53–266] | 527,2 ± 541,8 [156–2558] | 0.006 |
Creatin kinase-MB, ng/L | 26,9 ± 5,8 [21–36] | ||
Echocardiography-LV
| |||
Strain A4C, % | − 19.7 ± 1.7 [− 20.5− (− 18.9)] | − 18.2 ± 1.7 [− 19.0− (− 17.3)] | 0.007 |
GLS, % | − 19.8 ± 1.5 [− 20.5− (− 19.1)] | − 18.8 ± 2.0 [− 19.8− (− 17.7)] | 0.047 |
Echocardiography-RV
| |||
Strain RV, FW, % | − 25.5 ± 2.5 [− 26.8− (− 24.3)] | − 23.2 ± 3.2 [− 24.8− (− 21.6)] | 0.009 |
Strain RV A4C, % | − 22.1 ± 2.3 [− 23.2− (− 20.9)] | − 20.5 ± 2.4 [− 21.7− (− 19.4)] | 0.025 |
Echocardiography-LA
| |||
LAsr, % | 36 ± 13.9 [29.1–42.9] | 30.4 ± 10.1 [25.4–35.4] | 0.208 |
LAscd, % | − 22.6 ± 9.3 [− 27.2− (− 17.9)] | − 20.9 ± 9.0 [− 25.4− (− 16.4)] | 0.572 |
LAsct, % | − 13.7 ± 8.6 [-18.0− (− 9.4)] | − 10.1 ± 4.3 [− 12.3− (− 8.0)] | 0.204 |
LA Volmax, ml | 58.6 ± 17.5 [49.9–67.3)] | 55.6 ± 18.4 [46.5–64.7] | 0.583 |
LA Volmin, ml | 22.4 ± 9.0 [17.8–27.0)] | 22.5 ± 10.5 [17.1–27.9)] | 0.967 |
LA VolPreA, ml | 38.7 ± 15.4 [30.1–46.6)] | 36.8 ± 18.2 [27.5–46.2)] | 0.689 |
LAVI, ml/m2 | 28.6 ± 7.9 [24.7–32.6)] | 27.5 ± 9.1 [23.0–32.0)] | 0.664 |
Echocardiography-RA
| |||
RAsr, % | 41.2 ± 10.5 [35.8–46.6] | 34.1 ± 7.8 [30.1–38.1] | 0.013 |
RAscd, % | − 25.7 ± 4.8 [− 28.2− (− 23.3)] | − 19.5 ± 8.0 [− 23.6− (− 15.4)] | 0.004 |
RAsct, % | − 15.5 ± 8.7 [− 20.0− (− 11.0)] | − 14.5 ± 6.4 [− 17.8− (− 11.3)] | 0.676 |
RA Vol, ml | 69.6 ± 25.0 [57.2–82] | 65.4 ± 19.1 [55.8–75.0] | 0.472 |
RAVI, ml/m2 | 34.4 ± 12.8 [28.1–40.8] | 32.1 ± 9.0 [27.6–36.6] | 0.426 |
CMR-left Heart
| |||
LV ejection fraction, % | 58.4 ± 5.1 [49–68] | 57.2 ± 5.8 [45–65] | 0.733 |
LVEDVi, ml/m2 | 100.5 ± 13.3 [81–129] | 100.5 ± 15.0 [77.8–130] | 0.624 |
LVESVi, ml/m2 | 42.0 ± 8.5 [28.7–64.4] | 43.3 ± 10.7 [31.1–68.2] | 0.738 |
LV cardiac index, l/min/m2 | 3.2 ± 0.6 [2.4–4.5] | 4.0 ± 0.7 [3.2–5.6] | < 0.001 |
LV mass index, g/m2 | 61.8 ± 7.3 [54–85] | 62.1 ± 6.2 [54–79] | 0.553 |
CMR- right Heart
| |||
RV ejection fraction, % | 54.3 ± 4.5 [49–64] | 50.8 ± 4.1 [41–61] | 0.005 |
RVEDVi, ml/m2 | 106.7 ± 16.4 [81.1–140] | 113.5 ± 15.9 [88.8–142] | 0.005 |
RVESVi, ml/m2 | 48.9 ± 9.7 [29.3–65.1] | 56.1 ± 10.8 [36.2–83] | < 0.001 |
RV cardiac index, l/min/m2 | 3.2 ± 0.6 [2.4–4.6] | 4.1 ± 0.7 [3.4–5.6] | < 0.001 |
Heart rate, beats/min | 56 ± 8 [42–71] | 67 ± 7 [57–79] | < 0.001 |
Mapping parameters*
| |||
T1, ms | 1133 ± 48 [1045–1251] | 1182 ± 46 [1110–1281] | < 0.001 |
T2, ms | 43.9 ± 2.8 [39.2–50.3] | 44.1 ± 2.5 [40.1–50.2] | 0.474 |