Background
Methods
Study design and study population
Outcome variable
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Memory: Immediate word recall (score 0–10) and delayed word recall (score 0–10) were used to assess memory. The total memory score ranged from 0 to 20.
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Orientation: The orientation was measured using the time (score 0–4) and place (score 0–4). The overall score for orientation ranged from 0 to 8.
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Arithmetic function: Backward counting (score 0–2), serial 7 (score 0–5), and computation were used to evaluate the arithmetic function (score 0–2). The arithmetic function's overall score ranged from 0 to 9.
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Executive function: Paper folding (scoring 0–3) and pentagon drawing (score 0–1) was used to assess executive function. The overall score for executive function ranged from 0 to 4.
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Object naming: The scores for object naming ranged from 0 to 2.
Explanatory variable
Covariates
Analytical approach
Results
Background characteristics of the rural Middle-aged and older women
Characteristics | unweighted percentage | Weighted percentage | Total number of samples (n = 22,535) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
45–59 | 52.75 | 50.01 | 11,887 |
≥ 60 | 47.25 | 49.99 | 10,648 |
Marital status | |||
Currently with partner/husband | 64.30 | 63.53 | 14,489 |
Currently single | 35.70 | 36.47 | 8045 |
MPCE | |||
Poorer | 39.88 | 43.08 | 8988 |
Non-poorer | 60.12 | 56.92 | 13,547 |
Religion | |||
Hindu | 74.60 | 83.82 | 16,603 |
Muslim | 9.65 | 9.64 | 2147 |
Christian | 10.82 | 2.97 | 2408 |
Other | 4.93 | 3.58 | 1097 |
Region | |||
North | 17.79 | 12.79 | 4010 |
Central | 16.49 | 20.83 | 3715 |
East | 19.07 | 24.81 | 4298 |
North East | 10.51 | 1.21 | 2368 |
West | 13.13 | 15.38 | 2959 |
South | 23.01 | 24.98 | 5185 |
Years of schooling | |||
0 | 72.93 | 77.12 | 16,434 |
1–5 | 14.33 | 13.15 | 3229 |
6–9 | 7.83 | 6.49 | 1764 |
10 + | 4.92 | 3.24 | 1108 |
Living status | |||
Alone | 5.49 | 6.26 | 1237 |
Not alone | 94.51 | 93.74 | 21,298 |
Ever smoked or smokeless tobacco | |||
Yes | 23.47 | 22.98 | 5259 |
No | 76.53 | 77.02 | 17,148 |
Ever consumed alcohol | |||
Yes | 5.50 | 3.39 | 1233 |
No | 94.5 | 96.61 | 21,183 |
Sleeping problems | |||
Present | 3.88 | 4.27 | 873 |
Absent | 96.12 | 95.73 | 21,610 |
Self-rated health | |||
Good | 57.41 | 54.40 | 12,762 |
Faire | 30.78 | 32.84 | 6842 |
Bad | 11.82 | 12.76 | 2627 |
IAP | |||
Exposed | 16.85 | 18.67 | 3740 |
Non-exposed | 83.15 | 81.33 | 18,462 |
Descriptive results
Non-exposed group (n = 3740) | Exposed group (n = 18,454) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Domain | Mean | 95% Confidence interval | Mean | 95% Confidence interval |
Memory (0–20) | 9.29 | 9.23–9.34 | 8.55 | 8.43–8.67 |
Orientation (0–8) | 6.17 | 6.15–6.19 | 5.87 | 5.81–5.92 |
Arithmetic function (0–9) | 3.15 | 3.11–3.19 | 2.46 | 2.39–2.54 |
Executive function (0–4) | 2.10 | 2.09–2.12 | 1.90 | 1.86–1.93 |
Object naming (0–2) | 1.89 | 1.88–1.89 | 1.86 | 1.84–1.88 |
Composite cognitive index (0–43) | 22.61 | 22.51–22.72 | 20.64 | 20.42–20.87 |
Association of indoor air pollution and cognitive abilities among rural middle-aged and older adult women
Characteristics | Model-I unadjusted beta coefficient | Model-II adjusted beta coefficient (individual characteristics) | Model-III adjusted beta coefficient (household characteristics) | Model-IV adjusted beta coefficient (individual and household characteristics) |
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | |
Indoor Air pollution | ||||
Exposure | -1.96 ***(-2.22 to -1.71) | -0.76*** (-0.96 to -0.56) | -1.69*** (-1.95 to -1.43) | -0.72*** (-0.92 to -0.51) |
Not exposurea | ||||
Age | ||||
45–59a | ||||
≥ 60 | -2.11*** (-2.27 to -1.94) | -2.09*** (-2.25 to -1.93) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Currently with partner/husbanda | ||||
Currently single | -1.28*** (-1.45 to -1.11) | -1.26*** (-1.43 to -1.09) | ||
Years of schooling | ||||
0a | ||||
1–5 | 4.48*** (4.26 to 4.69) | 4.40*** (4.18 to 4.62) | ||
6–9 | 7.82 ***(7.53 to 8.10) | 7.64*** (7.35 to 7.92) | ||
10 + | 10.54*** (10.19 to 10.89) | 10.25*** (9.89 to 10.61) | ||
Ever smoked or smokeless tobacco | ||||
Yes | -0.40*** (-0.58 to -0.22) | -0.28** (-0.46 to -0,10) | ||
Noa | ||||
Ever consumed alcohol | ||||
Yes | -1.95*** (-2.28 to -1.61) | -1.84*** (-2.17 to -1.50) | ||
Noa | ||||
Living status | ||||
Alone | 0.26 (-0.08 to -0.60) | 0.09 (-0.24 to 0.43) | ||
Not alonea | ||||
Sleeping problems | ||||
Present | -.68*** (-1.07 to -0.28) | -0.65*** (-1.04 to -0.26) | ||
Absenta | ||||
Self-rated health | ||||
Good | 1.69***(1.45 to 1.94) | 1.86*** (1.61 to 2.10) | ||
Faire | 1.18*** (0.92 to 1.44) | 1.23*** (0.98 to 1.49) | ||
Bada | ||||
MPCE | ||||
Poorer | -2.04*** (-2.24 to -1.84) | -0.76*** (-0.92 to -0.60) | ||
Non-poorera | ||||
Religion | ||||
Hindu | -0.63** (-1.09 to -1.68) | -0.34 (-0.71 to 0.02) | ||
Muslim | -1.75*** (-2.29 to -1.20) | -0.82*** (-1.25 to -0.40) | ||
Christian | -0.75** (-1.31 to -0.19) | -0.96*** (-1.39 to -0.52) | ||
Othera,b | ||||
Region | ||||
North | -1.02*** (-1.34 to -0.72) | -0.47***(-0.72 to -0.23) | ||
Central | -1.52*** (-1.84 to -1.21) | -0.85*** (-1.10 to -0,61) | ||
East | -0.12 (-0.43 to 0.17) | 0.22 (-0.01 to 0.46) | ||
North East | -0.12*** (-1.26 to -0.45) | -0.63*** (-0.96 to -0.31) | ||
West | -1.53*** (-1.26 to -1.20) | -0.68*** (-0.95 to -0.42) | ||
South@ |