Background
Methods
Study design
Measures
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics | No Pain N = 403 (56.0%) | Any Pain N = 330 (45.0%) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in Years | < 0.01 | |||
18–49 (n = 426) | 255 (59.9) | 171 (40.1) | ref | |
≥ 50 (n = 307) | 148 (48.2) | 159 (51.8) | 1.60 (1.19, 2.15) | |
Sex | 0.11 | |||
Male (n = 500) | 285 (57.0) | 215 (43.0) | ref | |
Female (n = 233) | 118 (50.6) | 115 (49.4) | 1.29 (0.95,1.77) | |
Race/ethnicity | 0.15 | |||
Non-Hispanic Black (n = 403) | 222 (55.1) | 181 (44.9) | ref | |
Non-Hispanic White (n = 157) | 77 (49.0) | 80 (51.0) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.20) | |
Hispanic (n = 143) | 86 (60.1) | 57 (39.9) | 1.27 (0.88, 1.84) | |
Employment | < 0.01 | |||
Employed (n = 188) | 128 (68.1) | 60 (31.9) | ref | |
Unemployed (n = 529) | 266 (50.3) | 263 (49.7) | 2.11 (1.49, 3.00) | |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | < 0.01 | |||
No (< 10) (n = 493) | 315 (63.9) | 178 (36.1) | ref | |
Yes (≥10) (n = 219) | 79 (36.1) | 140 (63.9) | 3.14 (2.25, 4.37) | |
Depression (PHQ-8) | < 0.01 | |||
No (< 10) (n = 492) | 308 (62.6) | 184 (37.4) | ref | |
Yes (≥10) (n = 229) | 93 (40.6) | 136 (59.4) | 2.45 (1.78, 3.37) | |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) | < 0.01 | |||
No (n = 511) | 315 (61.6) | 196 (38.4) | ref | |
Yes (n = 202) | 76 (37.6) | 126 (62.4) | 2.66 (1.90, 3.73) | |
Marijuana Use | 0.03 | |||
No (n = 466) | 266 (57.1) | 200 (42.9) | ref | |
Recreational use (n = 147) | 83 (56.5) | 64 (43.5) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | |
Therapeutic use (n = 104) | 45 (43.3) | 59 (56.7) | 1.74 (1.14, 2.68) | |
Alcohol Consumption | 0.47 | |||
No Drinking (n = 192) | 112 (58.3) | 80 (41.7) | ref | |
Non-Hazardous Drinking (n = 257) | 140 (54.5) | 117 (45.5) | 1.17 (0.80, 1.71) | |
Hazardous Drinking (n = 255) | 134 (52.6) | 121 (47.5) | 1.26 (0.87, 1.85) | |
Lifetime Injection drug use | 0.09 | |||
No (n = 611) | 346 (56.6) | 265 (43.4) | ref | |
Yes (n = 101) | 48 (47.5) | 53 (52.5) | 1.44 (0.95, 2.20) | |
Lifetime Crack/Cocaine | 0.86 | |||
No (n = 625) | 340 (54.7) | 281 (42.3) | Ref | |
Yes (n = 102) | 54 (53.5) | 47 (46.5) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.61) |
Mental health factors and any current pain
Mental health factors and severe pain
Characteristics | Non-Severe Pain N = 615 (83.9%) | Severe Pain N = 118 (16.1%) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in Years | 0.03 | |||
18–49 (n = 426) | 368 (86.4) | 58 (13.6) | ref | |
≥ 50 (n = 307) | 247 (80.6) | 60 (19.5) | 1.54 (1.04, 2.29) | |
Sex | < 0.01 | |||
Male (n = 500) | 435 (87.0) | 65 (13.0) | ref | |
Female (n = 233) | 180 (77.3) | 53 (22.6) | 1.97 (1.32, 2.95) | |
Race/ethnicity | < 0.01 | |||
Non-Hispanic Black (n = 403) | 324 (80.4) | 79 (19.6) | ref | |
Non-Hispanic White (n = 157) | 139 (88.5) | 18 (11.5) | 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) | |
Hispanic (n = 143) | 128 (21.7) | 15 (13.4) | 0.48 (0.27, 0.87) | |
Employment | < 0.01 | |||
Employed (n = 188) | 174 (92.6) | 14 (7.4) | ref | |
Unemployed (n = 529) | 427 (80.7) | 102 (19.3) | 2.97 (1.65, 5.33) | |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | < 0.01 | |||
No (< 10) (n = 493) | 441 (89.5) | 52 (10.5) | ref | |
Yes (≥10) (n = 219) | 159 (72.6) | 60 (27.4) | 3.20 (2.12, 4.83) | |
Depression (PHQ-8) | < 0.01 | |||
No (< 10) (n = 492) | 439 (89.2) | 53 (10.8) | Ref | |
Yes (≥10) (n = 229) | 168 (73.4) | 61 (26.6) | 3.01 (2.00, 4.53) | |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) | < 0.01 | |||
No (n = 511) | 452 (88.5) | 59 (11.5) | ref | |
Yes (n = 202) | 147 (72.8) | 55 (27.2) | 2.87 (1.90, 4.73) | |
Marijuana Use | 0.10 | |||
No (n = 466) | 400 (85.8) | 66 (14.2) | ref | |
Recreational use (n = 147) | 122 (83.0) | 25 (17.0) | 1.24 (0.75, 2.05) | |
Therapeutic use (n = 104) | 81 (77.9) | 23 (22.1) | 1.72 (1.01, 2.93) | |
Alcohol Consumption | 0.31 | |||
No Drinking (n = 192) | 165 (85.9) | 27 (14.1) | ref | |
Non-Hazardous Drinking (n = 257) | 219 (85.2) | 38 (14.8) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.81) | |
Hazardous Drinking (n = 255) | 207 (81.2) | 48 (18.8) | 1.42 (0.85, 2.37) | |
Lifetime Injection drug use | 0.62 | |||
No (n = 611) | 514 (84.1) | 97 (15.9) | ref | |
Yes (n = 101) | 83 (82.2) | 18 (17.8) | 1.15 (0.66, 2.00) | |
Lifetime Crack/Cocaine | ||||
No (n = 625) | 524 (83.8) | 101 (16.2) | Ref | 0.90 |
Yes (n = 101) | 85 (83.3) | 17 (16.7) | 1.04 (0.59, 1.82) |
Substance use factors and any current pain
Substance use factors and severe pain
Sociodemographic factors and any pain
Sociodemographic factors and severe pain
Any current pain vs. no pain
Predictor | Any Pain vs. No pain | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR1 | 95% CI2 | |||
Age in Years | ||||
18–49 | Referent | |||
≥ 50 | 1.73 | 1.23 | 2.45 | < 0.01 |
Sex | ||||
Male | Referent | |||
Female | 1.47 | 1.01 | 2.12 | 0.04 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic Black | Referent | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 1.40 | 0.93 | 2.11 | 0.11 |
Hispanic | 0.82 | 0.52 | 1.30 | 0.37 |
Employment | ||||
Employed | Referent | |||
Unemployed | 1.63 | 1.08 | 2.45 | 0.02 |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | ||||
No (< 10) | Referent | |||
Yes (≥10) | 2.49 | 1.48 | 4.18 | < 0.01 |
Depression (PHQ-8) | ||||
No | Referent | |||
Yes | 0.95 | 0.57 | 1.59 | 0.86 |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) | ||||
No | Referent | |||
Yes | 1.69 | 1.11 | 2.57 | 0.01 |
Marijuana Use | ||||
No use | Referent | |||
Recreational use | 1.07 | 0.70 | 1.65 | 0.74 |
Therapeutic use | 1.55 | 0.95 | 2.53 | 0.08 |
Severe pain vs non-severe pain
Predictor | Non-Severe Pain vs Severe Pain | P Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR1 | 95% CI2 | |||
Age in years | ||||
18–49 | Referent | |||
≥ 50 | 1.70 | 1.07 | 2.72 | 0.03 |
Sex | ||||
Male | ||||
Female | 2.02 | 1.26 | 3.24 | < 0.01 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic Black | Referent | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 0.58 | 0.32 | 1.06 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.96 | 0.04 |
Employment | ||||
Employed | Referent | |||
Unemployed | 1.87 | 0.96 | 3.65 | 0.07 |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | ||||
No (< 10) | Referent | |||
Yes (≥10) | 2.03 | 1.03 | 4.01 | 0.04 |
Depression (PHQ-8) | ||||
No | Referent | |||
Yes | 1.29 | 0.66 | 2.52 | 0.46 |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) | ||||
No | Referent | |||
Yes | 1.58 | 0.93 | 2.70 | 0.10 |
Marijuana Use | ||||
No use | Referent | |||
Recreational use | 1.53 | 0.86 | 2.71 | 0.15 |
Therapeutic use | 1.55 | 0.84 | 2.85 | 0.16 |