Introduction
Multiple sclerosis is demyelinating, progressive, and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common debilitating disease among young [
1] and middle-aged people [
2]. On average, age of patients at the onset of MS ranges between 20 and 50 years [
3]. The prevalence of MS is 6–200 per 100,000 in the US and currently, around 400,000 people have MS. Iran is considered to have an average level of prevalence, and 50,000 Iranian people are affected by this disease [
1]. The prevalence of MS in women is 2–3 times higher than in men [
3]. Clinical progression of this disease negatively affects some aspects of life and psychological-behavioral function, and also leads to permanent, debilitation and unpredictable complications [
1]. Complications of this disease include emotional and cognitive impairment, weakness, pain, depression, fatigue [
4], bowel-bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction[
3,
4], balance problem [
1,
4], social stigma [
1], and mood disorder [
3]. Fatigue is the most common and earliest symptom of MS and affects 80% of affected people. Fatigue negatively affects people’s function, daily activities, occupation, social activities, and quality of life [
5]. Despite the use of pharmacological interventions for moderating the fatigue, side effects of the drugs and failure of these approaches have led to an increasing tendency toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among MS patients [
6]. Another complication of MS is stigma [
1,
7], which was reported first by Goffman (1963), who defines stigma as a factor that makes people ignore or judge MS patients [
1]. Moreover, stigma represents these patients as insignificant people in the eyes of others [
8]. Approximately 72% of MS patients suffer from stigma [
1]. Stigma has internal and external aspects; the external aspect relates to the negative and reprehensive views as well as unfair and discriminatory behaviors of others. The internal aspect refers to a feeling of being different from others that distorts patients’ self-image, depression, and concealment of the disease [
1,
7,
9]. Stigma and its consequences affect peoples’ quality of life and leads to social isolation, loss of job and educational opportunities, unemployment, loss of self-confidence, depression, anxiety, and deprivation of social services [
1,
3,
7,
10].
Mood disorder is another symptom observed in MS patients. Mood disorder is defined as a change in people’s attitudes that can lead to a change in social identity that negative effects psychological and mental health. The prevalence of mood disorder is high in MS patients, and it significantly affects their quality of life [
8].
Due to the unpredictability of MS, there is no definitive cure for this disease [
1], however, there are various methods that can reduce and moderate its symptoms [
3]. Literature review indicates that non-pharmacological interventions such as physical, psychological, and cognitive interventions are effective in improving the symptoms of MS [
11‐
16]. Physical approaches include aerobic exercises, resistance training, electromagnetic field therapy, and cooling therapy. Psychological approaches include cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation therapy, psychotherapy, energy conservation training, progressive muscle relaxation, and educational counseling [
5]. The WHO’s recommendation regarding complementary medicine is that people have a right to benefit from the least expensive, safest, and most effective medical interventions for the treatment of their diseases. Currently, in most developed countries, such as USA, England, France, and Germany, complementary medicine methods are being used along with other medical treatments [
17]. The prevalence of using at least one of the complementary medicine treatments in one year has been reported at 56% and 52.5% in European countries and in Iran’s capital, respectively [
18].
Guided imagery is one of the methods of complementary medicine [
2], which was used in the present study. Guided imagery is defined as the generation or recall of different mental images, such as perception of objects or events, and can engage mechanisms used in cognition, memory, and emotional and motor control. Guided imagery is the use of mental visualization (mental images) to improve mood and physical well-being. A mental image can be defined as “a thought with sensory qualities.” It is something we mentally see, hear, taste, smell, touch, or feel [
2,
6,
19]. Guided imagery methods affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and uses human senses and based on the concept that the mind and body are connected, affects the body and psyche [
20].Considering the potential effects of immune system mediators, guided imagery uses guided images to treat immune system disorders such as MS by causing a change in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis [
2]. This medical intervention has many advantages; for instance, it improves quality of life, physical function, fatigue, pain, anxiety, depression, daily activities, and adherence to drug regimen [
5].
Different studies such as the study of Kaur et al. (2019) have shown that mental imagery is an innovative, effective, cost-effective, and convenient method that can be used as an independent or adjuvant method for treating neuropathic pain in MS patients, MI, stroke, and spinal cord injury [
21]. Moreover, the study of Case et al. (2018) revealed that Healing Light guided imagery, compared with a wait-list control has positive effects on mood, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis [
22]. They did not study all types of MS and also, they did not follow up on patients. Arseny et al. (2018) reported that people’s ability to prevent, reduce, and ameliorate cognitive impairments has improved in MS patients by the advances made in pharmacological, neurological, psychological, and physical medicines, but there are still some deficiencies [
23]. Chamanzari et al. (2013) conducted a study to assess the effects of guided imagery on the pain of orthopedic surgeries among traumatic patients referred to Hashemi Nezhad Hospital in Mashhad and their results indicated that guided imagery reduced pain and duration of pain, and also improved pain quality on the third day after the surgery in patients with fracture, while it did not affect pain intensity [
24]. Jessica et al. (2020) conducted a study to compare the effect of hypnoanalysis and guided imagery on the disability, quality of life and number of relapses of MS patients. Their results showed that, compared to hypnoanalysis, guided imagery intervention improved two subscales of quality of life in MS patients [
25]. They did not assess fatigue, stigma and mood. Therefore, there is a need for more studies to determine the effects of guided imagery on fatigue, stigma, and mood in MS patients.
Employing complementary medicine in nursing is not new, and has been one of the interests of nursing theoreticians for a long time [
26,
27]. However, nowadays, more attention is being paid to complementary medicine in the nursing profession due to changes in people’s preferences. Ethical commitments, acting as strong stimuli, drive nurses toward using complementary medicine to moderate the problems of patients [
28]. This study is aiming at assessing the effect of guided imagery on reduce fatigue and stigma, and also improve mood in MS patients in Iran.
Purpose
Determining the effect of guided imagery on fatigue, stigma and mood in MS patients.
Hypothesis
1.
Guided imagery has an effect on the fatigue of MS patients.
2.
Guided imagery has an effect on the stigma of MS patients.
3.
Guided imagery has an effect on the mood of MS patients.
Results
Among the 70 MS patients in this study, the data of 60 patients were analyzed. Finally, data analysis was performed on 60 participants (30 participants in the intervention group and 30 in the control group). 5 participants in the intervention group (2 women due to hospitalization for COVID-19 and 3 women due to not doing the assignments of more than two sessions) and 5 participants in the control group (1 woman and 1 man due to unwillingness to continue and 3 women due to family issues) were excluded from the study.
According to the results, the mean age of participants was 39.73 years (± 9.45) and 38.40 years (± 10.29) in the intervention and control group, respectively, and the t-test did not reveal any significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (
P > 0.05). Most participants in both groups were female, married, housewives, and had a high school diploma or higher education. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables (
P > 0.05), (Table
1).
Table 1
Comparison of demographic variables between groups
Gender | Male | 4 (13.3) | 3 (10) | | 0.99 |
Female | 26 (86.7) | 27 (90) |
Marital status | Single | 4 (13.3) | 5 (17.6) | | 0.99 |
Married | 22 (73.3) | 32 (73.3) |
Other | 4(13.3) | 3 (10) |
Education level | High school | 15 (50) | 13 (43.3) | χ2 = 0.26 | 0.60 |
Abovediploma | 15 (50) | 17 (56.7) |
Job | Employed | 13 (43.3) | 12 (40) | | 0.40 |
housewife | 16 (53.3) | 14(46.7) |
Student | 0 (0) | 3 (10) |
Unemployed | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) |
Type of disease | Recurrent and receding | 23(76.7) | 25(83.3) | χ2 = 0.41 | 0.51 |
Progressive recurrent | 7(23.3) | 5(16.7) |
Early Progressive | | |
Secondary progressive | | 6(20) |
monthly income | One million and less | 5(16.7) | 17(56.7) | χ2 = 0.15 | 0.92 |
Between one and three million | 17(57.7) | 7(23.3) |
Between three and five million | 8(26.7) | |
Time of onset of the disease | One to five years | 11(36.7) | 8(26.7) | χ2 = 0.69 | 0.70 |
Five to ten years | 11(36.7) | 9(30) |
Ten years and older | 8(28.7) | 28(93.3) |
Recurrence in One year ago | Once or twice | 26(86.7) | 2(13.3) | | 0.67 |
More than twice | 4(6/7) | 8(26.7) | | |
Type of drug used | Interferon beta | 13(43.3) | 4(13.3) | | 0.21 |
Glatiramer acetate | 1(3.3) | 3(10) | | |
Fingolimod | 5(16.7) | 3(10) | | |
Rituxymab | 1(3.3) | 8(26.7) | | |
Diphosel | 5(16.7) | 0(0) | | |
Other | 3(10) | 4(13.3) | | |
None | 2(6.7) | 0(0) | | |
drug use | Yes | 0(0) | 30(100) | | |
No | 30(100) | 4(13.3) | | |
Family history | Yes | 9(30) | 26(86.7) | χ2 = 2.45 | 0.21 |
No | 21(70) | |
Age | | M±SD (39.73±9.45) | M±SD (38.40±10.29) | t=0.52 | 0.6 |
1-
Fatigue: According to the results of paired t test, when the patients' pre and post guided imagery intervention mean scores for fatigue were evaluated, it was determined that patient's mean score for fatigue had significantly decreased in the intervention group (
P < 0.0001); while, in the control group there was no significant difference in patients' pre and post intervention mean scores of fatigue (
P > 0.05), (Table
2).
Table 2
Comparison of fatigue, stigma and mood in each group before and one month after Intervention
Fatigue
| Pre intervention | 57.97 | 13.33 | 7.32 | 0.99 | 59.72 | 18.32 | 7.89 | P < 0.0001 |
One month after intervention | 57.97 | 12.36 | 35.81 | 16.15 |
Stigma
| Pre intervention | 19.62 | 22.57 | 1.11 | 0.27 | 17.31 | 15.62 | 5.39 | P < 0.0001 |
One month after intervention | 16.85 | 20.96 | 9.53 | 9.75 |
Mood | Pre intervention | 40.59 | 8.09 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 36.90 | 12.21 | 4.75 | P < 0.0001 |
One month after intervention | 39.88 | 6.95 | 28.55 | 11.87 |
The mean score of fatigue before the implementation of guided imagery intervention was 57.97 (± 13.33) and 59.72 (± 18.32) in the control and intervention groups, respectively. Accordingly, there was no significant difference in the fatigue score between the two groups before the intervention (
P > 0.05). However, the mean score of fatigue after the guided imagery intervention decreased by 23.64 in the intervention group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the level of fatigue was significantly different after the intervention (
P < 0.0001), (Table
3).
Table 3
Comparison of fatigue, stigma and mood between two groups before and one month after intervention
Fatigue | Pre intervention | 57.97(13.33) | 59.72(18.32) | T* = 0.42 | 0.67 |
One month after intervention | 58.42(5.68) | 34.78(5.68) | F* = 47.27 | P < 0.0001 |
Stigma | Pre intervention | 19.62(22.57) | 17.31(15.62) | T = 0.46 | 0.64 |
One month after intervention | 16.05(1.73) | 10.33(1.73) | F = 5.43 | 0.023 |
Mood | Pre intervention | 41.21(12.58) | 37.39(8.28) | T = 1.38 | 0.17 |
One month after intervention | 29.63(3.29) | 38.79(3.29) | F = 20.65 | P < 0.0001 |
2-
Stigma: According to the results of paired t test, when the patients' pre and post guided imagery intervention mean scores for stigma were evaluated, it was determined that patient's mean score for stigma had significantly decreased in the intervention group (
P < 0.0001); while, in the control group there was no significant difference in patients' pre and post intervention mean scores of stigma (
P > 0.05), (Table
2).
The mean stigma score before the guided imagery was 19.62 (± 22.57) and 17.31 (± 15.62) in the control and intervention groups, respectively. Accordingly, the scores of stigma were not significantly different between the two groups (
P > 0.05). However, the mean score of stigma decreased by 5.72 in the intervention group, so that the level of stigma was significantly different after the intervention (
P < 0.0001), (Table
3).
3-
Mood: According to the results of paired t test, when the patients' pre and post guided imagery intervention mean scores for mood were evaluated, it was determined that patient's mean score for mood had significantly decreased in the intervention group (
P < 0.0001); while, in the control group there was no significant difference in patients' pre and post intervention mean scores of mood (
P > 0.05), (Table
2).
The mean score of mood before the guided imagery was 41.21 (± 12.58) and 37.39 (± 8.28) in the control and intervention groups, respectively, so there was no significant different between the two groups in terms of the score of mood(
P > 0.05). However, the mean score of mood increased by 9.16 in the intervention group after the guided imagery intervention. As a result, the level of mood was significantly different after the intervention (
P < 0.0001), (Table
3).
Discussion
The results showed that guided imagery can significantly reduce fatigue and stigma, and also improve mood in MS patients. These results are consistent with the results of two studies that investigated the effect of guided imagery in MS Patients. Case et al. (2018) assessed the effects of healing light guided imagery compared with a wait-list control in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Their results showed that, healing light guided imagery is effective in reducing patients’ fatigue and improving their mood and quality of life [
22]. They did not include all types of MS and also, they did not follow up on patients. In the present study, we included all type of MS and our results showed auditory guided imagery is effective on fatigue, stigma and mood of all type of disease at one month after intervention.
Jessica et al. (2020) compare the effect of hypnoanalysis and guided imagery in MS patients. Outcome measures, disability (the Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS), quality of life (QoL, measured with the SF-36) and number of relapses, were evaluated. They showed that, compared to hypnoanalysis, guided imagery improved quality of life in MS patients. They did not assess fatigue. Fatigue in MS patients occurs due to damage done to the hypothalamus adrenal axis. So probably, the effects of guided imagery are exerted through relaxation and activation of damaged parts in the brain [
22].
Some studies have used guided imagery to reduce fatigue in different diseases. Beizaee et al. (2017) examined the effects of guided imagery on hemodialysis patients, and showed that the intervention led to a decrease in patients’ fatigue [
34]. Buyukbayram et al. (2021) reported that guided imagery had a positive effect on cancer patients’ fatigue [
35]. The results of another study conducted by Lee et al. (2013) indicated that guided imagery led to a decrease in cancer patients’ fatigue [
36]. Although medical diagnoses in above studies have been different from that of the present study, these studies included chronic diseases, and all chronic diseases have some common features such as long-term complications of treatment, long-term use of medication and their side effects, frequent and lengthy hospitalization, fear of future, and sleeplessness, and patients are forced to live with the disease.
According to the results of the present study guided imagery reduced stigma in MS patients. The literature review did not reveal any studies investigating the effect of guided imagery on stigma in MS patients. Since guided imagery affects people’s thoughts and imagination, it has been able to affect people’s minds and repel the feeling of stigma through imagery [
37]. Kolayiş (2015) stated that guided imagery, in addition to improving the physical health, improves peoples’ mental status; for instance, by controlling emotions and focus [
38].
Our results showed guided imagery improve mood in MS patients. Case et al. (2018) reported that guided imagery improved MS patients’ mood [
22]. In guided imagery, patients are asked to imagine desirable images and sceneries such as flowers, plants, and sea, and use regular breathing exercises, which distance the mind from problems and create peace in patients, thereby improving their mood. Tsitsi et al. (2017) reported that relaxation intervention (progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery techniques) had positive effects on anxiety and improved the mood of parents of hospitalized children with malignancies [
39]. Shahabi et al. (2020) stated that in guided imagery, people are encouraged to take deep abdominal and diaphragmatic breaths and then release their muscles and imagine sceneries such as forests, beaches, and holy places, and pay attention to the smells and sounds around them. Studies have shown that focusing on positive visualization and imagery can relax and balance the mood. In fact, guided imagery increases resilience through distracting the mind from disturbing stimuli, relaxing patients, and affecting patients’ mood [
40].
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