Background
Materials and methods
Animals, grouping, and treatment
Groups | Application |
---|---|
G1 (n = 8) | No fracture, standard diet (negative control) |
G2 (n = 8) | No fracture, GSPE supplement for 30 days (positive control) |
G3 (n = 8) | Post fracture, standard diet for 10 days |
G4 (n = 8) | Post fracture, GSPE supplement for 10 days |
G5 (n = 8) | Post fracture, standard diet for 20 days |
G6 (n = 8) | Post fracture, GSPE supplement for 20 days |
G7 (n = 8) | Post fracture, standard diet for 30 days |
G8 (n = 8) | Post fracture, GSPE supplement for 30 days |
Surgical method and tissue preparation
Histopathologic evaluation
Score | Histological findings in the fracture area |
---|---|
1 | Fibrous tissue |
2 | A large amount of fibrous tissue and a small proportion of cartilage tissue |
3 | An equal amount of fibrous tissue and cartilage tissue |
4 | Cartilage tissue |
5 | A large amount of cartilage tissue and a small amount of immature (woven) bone tissue |
6 | Equal ratio of cartilage tissue and immature bone tissue |
7 | A large amount of bone tissue and a small proportion of cartilage tissue |
8 | Fully immature (woven) bone |
9 | Immature bone and a small amount of mature bone |
10 | Mature (lamellar) bone |
Radiological evaluation
Category | Points |
---|---|
Bone formation (the highest score is 4) | |
No evidence of bone formation | 0 |
Bone formation occupying 25% of the defect | 1 |
Bone formation occupying 50% of the defect | 2 |
Bone formation occupying 75% of the defect | 3 |
Full gap bone formation | 4 |
Union (the highest score is 4) | |
Non-union | 0 |
Possible union | 2 |
Radiographic union | 4 |
Remodeling (the highest score is 4) | |
No remodeling | 0 |
Remodeling of the intramedullary channel | 2 |
Full remodeling of the cortex | 4 |
Sum of radiographic scores | 12 |
Biomechanical evaluation
Statistical analysis
Results
Histopathological results
Groups not-given GSPE | Groups given GSPE |
p
|
---|---|---|
G1 = 10 (10–10) | G2 = 10 (10–10) | > 0.05 |
G3 = 3.5 (3–4) | G4 = 5.5 (5–6) | < 0.05 |
G5 = 5.0 (4–6) | G6 = 6.5 (6–7) | < 0.05 |
G7 = 7.5 (7–8) | G8 = 8.5 (8–9) | < 0.05 |
Radiologic results
Groups not-given GSPE* | Groups given GSPE* |
p
|
---|---|---|
G3 = 3.0 (1–4) | G4 = 5.0 (4–7) | < 0.001 |
G5 = 4.0 (3–5) | G6 = 7.0 (6–8) | < 0.001 |
G7 = 6.0 (5–8) | G8 = 8.0 (7–9) | < 0.001 |
Groups not-given GSPE* | Groups given GSPE* |
p
|
---|---|---|
G3 = 0.024 (0.004–0.030) | G4 = 0.062 (0.058–0.078) | < 0.001 |
G5 = 0.035 (0.030–0.046) | G6 = 0.108 (0.078–0.150) | < 0.001 |
G7 = 0.050 (0.046–0.056) | G8 = 0.194 (0.155–0.280) | < 0.001 |
10 | 20 | 30 |
χ²
|
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lane-Sandhu score | 4.5 (1–6) | 5.0 (4–7) | 8.0 (4–9)a | 12.857 | 0.002 |
Callus volume (cm3) | 0.044 (0.004–0.078) | 0.062 (0.03–0.15) | 0.105 (0.05–0.28)b | 10.184 | 0.006 |