Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Collection of plant
Plant extraction
Water extraction
The extraction of Z. officinale rhizomes by ethanol and ethyl acetate
Preparation of ginger extract for yield analysis
Quantity of phenolic compounds
Quantity of flavonoid compounds
2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
ABTS.+ radical scavenging activity
GC–MS/MS analysis
The use of Zingiber officinale aqueous and cosolvent extracts in the production of silver nanoparticles
Characterization
Cell culture of L929 fibroblasts
In vitro cytotoxicity
Molecular docking to evaluate the inhibition of LOX
In-vitro lipoxygenase inhibitory activity
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
The analysis of ginger extract
Extraction | Yield |
---|---|
Water | 11.83 ± 0.49% |
pH 5 (ethanol + Ethyl acetate) | 9.55 ± 0.16% |
pH 6 (ethanol + Ethyl acetate) | 8.49 ± 0.14% |
pH 7 (ethanol + Ethyl acetate) | 7.89 ± 0.13% |
Parameters | Amount | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Water | pH 5 | pH 6 | pH 7 | |
Total phenolic (mg GAE/g) | 50.87 ± 6.78 | 163.85 ± 11.61 | 176.65 ± 11.53 | 154.03 ± 14.32 |
Total flavonoid (mg QE/g) | 9.76 ± 0.74 | 68.31 ± 1.54 | 76.10 ± 1.98 | 68.12 ± 1.99 |
DPPH (mg TE/g) | 32.33 ± 7.92 | 120.69 ± 1.64 | 132.86 ± 0.46 | 117.47 ± 0.92 |
DPPH (%/mg) | 23.21 ± 4.67 | 75.35 ± 0.97 | 82.53 ± 0.28 | 73.45 ± 0.55 |
IC50 of DPPH (µg/mL) | 1,592.5 ± 38.23 | 195.67 ± 3.06 | 83.20 ± 0.82 | 121.03 ± 5.44 |
ABTS (mg TE/g) | 14.08 ± 1.60 | 102.65 ± 3.87 | 108.05 ± 0.89 | 100.15 ± 3.80 |
ABTS (%/mg) | 13.70 ± 1.14 | 77.04 ± 2.77 | 80.91 ± 0.64 | 75.26 ± 2.72 |
IC50 of ABTS (µg/mL) | 673.43 ± 15.91 | 146.97 ± 1.62 | 70.78 ± 1.68 | 108.78 ± 3.60 |
Antioxidant activity
Compounds | DPPH (IC50) ± SD | ABTS (IC50) ± SD |
---|---|---|
Ascorbic | 24.78 ± 0.86 | 18.95 ± 0.83 |
Trolox | 29.31 ± 0.37 | 23.83 ± 0.06 |
GE (pH5) | 195.67 ± 3.06 | 146.97 ± 1.62 |
GE-AgNPs (pH5) | 177.20 ± 1.51 | 74.67 ± 2.23 |
GE (pH6) | 83.20 ± 0.82 | 70.78 ± 1.68 |
GE-AgNPs (pH6) | 74.10 ± 1.73 | 6.83 ± 0.47 |
GE (pH7) | 121.03 ± 5.44 | 108.78 ± 3.60 |
GE-AgNPs (pH7) | 97.70 ± 0.91 | 30.72 ± 0.05 |
GC–MS/MS analysis
Silver nanoparticle characterization
UV–visible (vis) spectroscopy
Size and charge
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
In vitro cytotoxicity
Molecular docking
Compounds | Contents (%) | Binding affinity (kcal/mol) of ligands to LOX | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | Cosolvent | Arguslab | Vina | Autodock | |
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid | -11.5195 | -8.0 | -5.12 | ||
6-gingerol | 27.69 | 9.83 | -11.1077 | -6.4 | -4.11 |
6-shogaol | 11.56 | 9.11 | -12.2919 | -6.3 | -4.51 |
Butan-2-one, 4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)- | 9.26 | 4.43 | -9.0293 | -6.2 | -4.08 |
Alpha-zingiberene | 6.29 | 7.35 | -12.0969 | -7.9 | -5.83 |
Alpha-curcumene | 6.26 | 3.57 | -13.141 | -7.6 | -5.45 |
Sesquiphellandrene | 3.73 | 4.22 | -12.1881 | -6.7 | -5.98 |
Beta-bisabolene | 3.60 | 4.24 | -12.8127 | -7.7 | -5.56 |
Diacetoxy-6-gingerdiol | 1.92 | 2.05 | -10.2678 | -7.0 | -2.97 |
6-isoshogaol | 0.93 | 9.11 | 12.7547 | -6.8 | -5.46 |
3-decanone,1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- | 0.63 | 1.11 | -11.7984 | -6.1 | -4.68 |
8-shogaol | 1.35 | 2.57 | -12.7358 | -7.0 | -5.33 |
(S)-8-gingerol | 1.28 | 1.31 | -12.2436 | -6.5 | -4.25 |
1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)tetradec-4-en-3-one | 1.08 | 2.87 | -11.2954 | -6.9 | -4.95 |
Clionasterol | 0.83 | 1.37 | -14.1923 | -8.9 | -8.61 |