Introduction
Relationship between SES, functional independence and social capital
SWB as a function of SES, functional independence and social capital
Methods
Data
Variable description
Outcome variable
Exposure variables
Statistical analysis
Reliability and validity analysis
Model fit criteria
Model evaluation
Fit statistics
Results
Socio-economic and demographic profile of study participants in India (Table 1 )
Background characteristics | Sample | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Individual factors
| ||
Self-perceived income sufficiency | ||
No income | 3,967 | 43.0 |
Has income and fully sufficient | 2,168 | 23.5 |
Has income and partially sufficient | 2,433 | 26.4 |
Has income and not sufficient | 663 | 7.2 |
Working Status | ||
Never worked | 6,212 | 67.3 |
Currently working | 2,223 | 24.1 |
Retired | 796 | 8.6 |
Received pension | ||
No | 6,447 | 69.8 |
Yes | 2,784 | 30.2 |
Asset ownership | ||
No | 1,630 | 17.7 |
Yes | 7,601 | 82.3 |
Sex | ||
Men | 4,372 | 47.4 |
Women | 4,859 | 52.6 |
Co-residing with children | ||
No | 2,738 | 29.7 |
Yes | 6,493 | 70.3 |
Age group (in years) | ||
60–69 | 5,704 | 61.8 |
70–79 | 2,536 | 27.5 |
80 + | 991 | 10.7 |
Educational status | ||
No education | 4,684 | 50.7 |
Below 5 years | 1,900 | 20.6 |
6 to 10 years | 2,086 | 22.6 |
11 + years | 562 | 6.1 |
Marital status | ||
Not in union | 3,649 | 39.5 |
Currently in union | 5,582 | 60.5 |
Difficulty in IADL | ||
No | 4,008 | 43.4 |
Yes | 5,223 | 56.6 |
Difficulty in ADL | ||
No | 8,541 | 92.5 |
Yes | 690 | 7.5 |
Disability | ||
No | 2,519 | 27.3 |
Yes | 6,712 | 72.7 |
Community involvement | ||
No | 1,896 | 20.5 |
Yes | 7,335 | 79.5 |
Trust over someone | ||
No | 7,652 | 82.9 |
Yes | 1,579 | 17.1 |
Contextual factors
| ||
Decision making power | ||
No role | 512 | 5.6 |
Partial decision making | 2,218 | 24.0 |
Absolute role | 6,501 | 70.4 |
Economic violence | ||
No | 8,781 | 95.1 |
Yes | 450 | 4.9 |
Caste | ||
Scheduled Caste | 1,911 | 20.7 |
Scheduled Tribe | 515 | 5.6 |
Other Backward Class | 3,364 | 36.4 |
Others | 3,441 | 37.3 |
Religion | ||
Hindu | 7,324 | 79.3 |
Muslim | 651 | 7.1 |
Sikh | 870 | 9.4 |
Others | 386 | 4.2 |
Wealth status | ||
Poorest | 2,169 | 23.5 |
Poorer | 2,029 | 22.0 |
Middle | 1,913 | 20.7 |
Richer | 1,720 | 18.6 |
Richest | 1,399 | 15.2 |
Place of residence | ||
Rural | 6,827 | 74.0 |
Urban | 2,404 | 26.0 |
State | ||
Himachal Pradesh | 1,471 | 15.9 |
Punjab | 1,279 | 13.9 |
West Bengal | 1,128 | 12.2 |
Orissa | 1,454 | 15.8 |
Maharashtra | 1,229 | 13.3 |
Kerala | 1,341 | 14.5 |
Tamil Nadu | 1,330 | 14.4 |
Total
| 9,231 | 100 |
Percentage of older adults suffered from low subjective well-being (LSWB) in India (Table 2 )
Background characteristics | Low subjective well-being | |
---|---|---|
Individual factors
|
(%)
|
p
-value
|
Self-perceived income sufficiency | < 0.001 | |
No income | 30.8 | |
Has income and fully sufficient | 15.6 | |
Has income and partially sufficient | 26.6 | |
Has income and not sufficient | 39.4 | |
Working Status | < 0.001 | |
Never worked | 30.4 | |
Currently working | 23.5 | |
Retired | 7.0 | |
Received pension | < 0.001 | |
No | 27.6 | |
Yes | 24.6 | |
Asset ownership | < 0.001 | |
No | 36.5 | |
Yes | 24.6 | |
Sex | < 0.001 | |
Men | 23.9 | |
Women | 29.3 | |
Co-residing with children | < 0.001 | |
No | 29.9 | |
Yes | 25.4 | |
Age group (in years) | < 0.001 | |
60–69 | 23.2 | |
70–79 | 30.0 | |
80 + | 38.7 | |
Educational status | < 0.001 | |
No education | 35.5 | |
Below 5 years | 24.0 | |
6 to 10 years | 13.9 | |
11 + years | 10.3 | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | |
Not in union | 32.9 | |
Currently in union | 22.7 | |
Difficulty in IADL | < 0.001 | |
No | 16.1 | |
Yes | 34.9 | |
Difficulty in ADL | < 0.001 | |
No | 24.5 | |
Yes | 54.8 | |
Disability | < 0.001 | |
No | 15.8 | |
Yes | 30.8 | |
Community involvement | < 0.001 | |
No | 40.2 | |
Yes | 23.5 | |
Trust over someone | < 0.001 | |
No | 23.3 | |
Yes | 42.9 | |
Contextual factors
| ||
Decision making power | < 0.001 | |
No role | 55.9 | |
Partial decision making | 33.0 | |
Absolute role | 22.3 | |
Economic violence | < 0.001 | |
No | 25.8 | |
Yes | 45.0 | |
Caste | < 0.001 | |
Scheduled Caste | 33.8 | |
Scheduled Tribe | 35.1 | |
Other Backward Class | 27.8 | |
Others | 20.5 | |
Religion | < 0.001 | |
Hindu | 28.5 | |
Muslim | 29.9 | |
Sikh | 12.1 | |
Others | 21.6 | |
Wealth status | < 0.001 | |
Poorest | 47.3 | |
Poorer | 32.4 | |
Middle | 21.1 | |
Richer | 14.7 | |
Richest | 9.3 | |
Place of residence | < 0.001 | |
Rural | 28.3 | |
Urban | 22.4 | |
State | < 0.001 | |
Himachal Pradesh | 15.1 | |
Punjab | 11.4 | |
West Bengal | 48.3 | |
Orissa | 35.3 | |
Maharashtra | 34.3 | |
Kerala | 14.8 | |
Tamil Nadu | 31.7 | |
Total
| 26.7 |
Measurement variables analysis
Codes | Indicators | β (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
LSWB | Subjective well-being (α = 0.85) | ||
SUBI1 | |||
SUBI2 | 1.24 (1.20,1.29) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI3 | 1.27 (1.22,1.31) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI4 | 1.10 (1.05,1.14) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI5 | 1.15 (1.11,1.20) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI6 | 1.03 (0.98,1.07) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI7 | 1.14 (1.10,1.19) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI8 | 1.24 (1.19,1.28) | < 0.001 | |
SUBI9 | 1.13 (1.09,1.18) | < 0.001 | |
SES | Socio-economic status (α = 0.67) | ||
Caste | |||
Education | 1.75 (1.60,1.89) | < 0.001 | |
Wealth status | 1.75 (1.61,1.89) | < 0.001 | |
Working status | 0.36 (0.27,0.45) | < 0.001 | |
I | Independence (α = 0.78) | ||
IADL | |||
ADL | 0.44 (0.40,0.48) | < 0.001 | |
Disability | 0.43 (0.37,0.49) | < 0.001 | |
SC | Social capital (α = 0.88) | ||
Community involvement | |||
Decision making power | 0.48 (0.43,0.52) | < 0.001 | |
Trust over someone | 0.64 (0.57,0.72) | < 0.001 | |
Model Fit Statistic | |||
Chi-Square | 0.001 | ||
RMSEA | 0.046 | ||
CFI | 0.880 | ||
TLI | 0.860 | ||
SRMR | 0.042 | ||
CD | 0.965 |
β (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|
Cov (LSWB, SES) | -0.019 (-0.020,-0.017) | (0.001) |
Cov (LSWB, I) | -0.032 (-0.034,-0.029) | (0.001) |
Cov (LSWB, SC) | -0.020 (-0.022,-0.018) | (0.001) |
Cov (SES,I) | 0.019 (0.016,0.021) | (0.001) |
Cov (SES,SC) | 0.016 (0.014,0.018) | (0.001) |
Cov (I,SC) | 0.033 (0.029,0.036) | (0.001) |