Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3/2023

04.03.2023 | Review Paper

Immigrants’ Experience of Health Care Access in Canada: A Recent Scoping Review

verfasst von: Pei-Ling Tsai, Setareh Ghahari

Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Ausgabe 3/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Existing literature has reported inequities in access to Canadian health care services among immigrants. The aim of this scoping review was (a) to explore research regarding Canadian immigrants’ unique experiences in accessing healthcare, and (b) to provide suggestions for future research and programming considering the identified immigrant-specific service gaps in health care. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, following the Arksey and O’Malley (2005) framework. The review’s findings suggest unmet health care access needs specific to immigrants in Canada, with the most common access barriers including communication, socioeconomic, and cultural barriers. The scoping review expands on the immigrant health care experiences and accessibility factors through a thematic analysis. Findings suggest that developing community-based programming, improving training for health care providers in culturally competent care, and policies that address the social determinants of health can improve health care accessibility among immigrants.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Beiser M. The health of immigrants and refugees in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2005;96(Suppl 2):30–44.CrossRef Beiser M. The health of immigrants and refugees in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2005;96(Suppl 2):30–44.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Newbold B. Self-rated health within the canadian immigrant population: risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(8):1613–27. Newbold B. Self-rated health within the canadian immigrant population: risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(8):1613–27.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Newbold B. The short-term health of Canada’s new immigrant arrivals: evidence from LSIC. Ethn Health. 2009;14(3):315–36.PubMedCrossRef Newbold B. The short-term health of Canada’s new immigrant arrivals: evidence from LSIC. Ethn Health. 2009;14(3):315–36.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Newbold KB, Danforth J. Health status and Canada’s immigrant population. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(10):1981–95.PubMedCrossRef Newbold KB, Danforth J. Health status and Canada’s immigrant population. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(10):1981–95.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Pottie K, Ng E, Spitzer D, Mohammed A, Glazier R. Language proficiency, gender and self-reported health: an analysis of the first two waves of the longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada. Can J Public Health. 2008;99(6):505–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pottie K, Ng E, Spitzer D, Mohammed A, Glazier R. Language proficiency, gender and self-reported health: an analysis of the first two waves of the longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada. Can J Public Health. 2008;99(6):505–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat McDonald JT, Kennedy S. Insights into the ‘healthy immigrant effect’: health status and health service use of immigrants to Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(8):1613–27.PubMedCrossRef McDonald JT, Kennedy S. Insights into the ‘healthy immigrant effect’: health status and health service use of immigrants to Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(8):1613–27.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed S, Shommu NS, Rumana N, Barron GR, Wicklum S, Turin TC. Barriers to Access of Primary Healthcare by immigrant populations in Canada: A literature review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(6):1522–40.PubMedCrossRef Ahmed S, Shommu NS, Rumana N, Barron GR, Wicklum S, Turin TC. Barriers to Access of Primary Healthcare by immigrant populations in Canada: A literature review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(6):1522–40.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson K, Rosenberg MW. Accessibility and the canadian health care system: squaring perceptions and realities. Health Policy. 2004;67(2):137–48.PubMedCrossRef Wilson K, Rosenberg MW. Accessibility and the canadian health care system: squaring perceptions and realities. Health Policy. 2004;67(2):137–48.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Statistics Canada. Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada: A Portrait of Early Settlement Experiences. 2005(89-614-XIE). Statistics Canada. Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada: A Portrait of Early Settlement Experiences. 2005(89-614-XIE).
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gushulak BD, Pottie K, Hatcher Roberts J, Torres S, DesMeules M, et al. Canadian Collaboration for I, Migration and health in Canada: health in the global village. CMAJ. 2011;183(12):E952-8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gushulak BD, Pottie K, Hatcher Roberts J, Torres S, DesMeules M, et al. Canadian Collaboration for I, Migration and health in Canada: health in the global village. CMAJ. 2011;183(12):E952-8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomson MS, Chaze F, George U, Guruge S. Improving immigrant populations’ Access to Mental Health Services in Canada: a review of barriers and recommendations. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(6):1895–905.PubMedCrossRef Thomson MS, Chaze F, George U, Guruge S. Improving immigrant populations’ Access to Mental Health Services in Canada: a review of barriers and recommendations. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(6):1895–905.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell RM, Klei AG, Hodges HD, Fisman D, Kitto S. A comparison of health access between permanent residents, undocumented immigrants and refugee claimants in Toronto, Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16(1):165–76.PubMedCrossRef Campbell RM, Klei AG, Hodges HD, Fisman D, Kitto S. A comparison of health access between permanent residents, undocumented immigrants and refugee claimants in Toronto, Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16(1):165–76.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalich A, Heinemann L, Ghahari S. A scoping review of immigrant experience of Health Care Access Barriers in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(3):697–709.PubMedCrossRef Kalich A, Heinemann L, Ghahari S. A scoping review of immigrant experience of Health Care Access Barriers in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(3):697–709.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.CrossRef Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferdous M, Goopy S, Yang H, Rumana N, Abedin T, Turin T. Barriers to breast Cancer screening among immigrant populations in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020;22(2):410–20.PubMedCrossRef Ferdous M, Goopy S, Yang H, Rumana N, Abedin T, Turin T. Barriers to breast Cancer screening among immigrant populations in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020;22(2):410–20.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferdous M, Lee S, Goopy S, Yang H, Rumana N, Abedin T, et al. Barriers to cervical cancer screening faced by immigrant women in Canada: a systematic scoping review. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):165.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ferdous M, Lee S, Goopy S, Yang H, Rumana N, Abedin T, et al. Barriers to cervical cancer screening faced by immigrant women in Canada: a systematic scoping review. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):165.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Vahabi M, Lofters A, Kumar M, Glazier R. Breast cancer screening disparities among urban immigrants: a population-based study in Ontario. Canada BMC Public Health. 2015;15(679):1–2. Vahabi M, Lofters A, Kumar M, Glazier R. Breast cancer screening disparities among urban immigrants: a population-based study in Ontario. Canada BMC Public Health. 2015;15(679):1–2.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Milinkovic DA, Birch S, Scott F, Newbold KB, Hopkins J, Saffie M, et al. Low prioritization of latent tuberculosis infection-A systemic barrier to tuberculosis control: a qualitative study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2019;34(1):384–95.PubMedCrossRef Milinkovic DA, Birch S, Scott F, Newbold KB, Hopkins J, Saffie M, et al. Low prioritization of latent tuberculosis infection-A systemic barrier to tuberculosis control: a qualitative study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2019;34(1):384–95.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hulme J, Moravac C, Ahmad F, Cleverly S, Lofters A, Ginsburg O, Dunn S. “I want to save my life”: conceptions of cervical and breast cancer screening among urban immigrant women of south asian and chinese origin. BMC Public Health. 2016;13(1):1077.CrossRef Hulme J, Moravac C, Ahmad F, Cleverly S, Lofters A, Ginsburg O, Dunn S. “I want to save my life”: conceptions of cervical and breast cancer screening among urban immigrant women of south asian and chinese origin. BMC Public Health. 2016;13(1):1077.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Turin T, Rashid R, Ferdous M, Naeem I, Rumana N, Rahman A, Rahman N, Lasker M. Perceived barriers and primary care access experiences among immigrant bangladeshi men in Canada. Family Med Community Health. 2020;8(4):e000453.CrossRef Turin T, Rashid R, Ferdous M, Naeem I, Rumana N, Rahman A, Rahman N, Lasker M. Perceived barriers and primary care access experiences among immigrant bangladeshi men in Canada. Family Med Community Health. 2020;8(4):e000453.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang L, Guruge S, Montana G. Older Immigrants’ Access to Primary Health Care in Canada: a scoping review. Can J Aging. 2019;38(2):193–209.PubMedCrossRef Wang L, Guruge S, Montana G. Older Immigrants’ Access to Primary Health Care in Canada: a scoping review. Can J Aging. 2019;38(2):193–209.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang L, Kwak M. Immigration, barriers to healthcare and transnational ties: a case study of south korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2015;133:340–8.PubMedCrossRef Wang L, Kwak M. Immigration, barriers to healthcare and transnational ties: a case study of south korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2015;133:340–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Turin T, Rashid R, Ferdous M, Naeem I, Rumana N, Rahman A, Rahman N, Lasker M. Perceived Challenges and Unmet Primary Care Access needs among bangladeshi immigrant women in Canada. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:2150132720952618.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Turin T, Rashid R, Ferdous M, Naeem I, Rumana N, Rahman A, Rahman N, Lasker M. Perceived Challenges and Unmet Primary Care Access needs among bangladeshi immigrant women in Canada. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:2150132720952618.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Zibrik L, Huang A, Wong V, Lauscher H, Choo Q, Yoshida E, Ho K. Let’s talk about B: barriers to Hepatitis B Screening and Vaccination among Asian and South Asian Immigrants in British Columbia. J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2018;5(6):1337–45.CrossRef Zibrik L, Huang A, Wong V, Lauscher H, Choo Q, Yoshida E, Ho K. Let’s talk about B: barriers to Hepatitis B Screening and Vaccination among Asian and South Asian Immigrants in British Columbia. J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2018;5(6):1337–45.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Vahabi M, Lofters A. Muslim immigrant women’s views on cervical cancer screening and HPV self-sampling in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vahabi M, Lofters A. Muslim immigrant women’s views on cervical cancer screening and HPV self-sampling in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Pandey M, Kamrul R, Michaels C, McCarron M. Identifying barriers to Healthcare Access for New Immigrants: a qualitative study in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022;24(1):188–98.PubMedCrossRef Pandey M, Kamrul R, Michaels C, McCarron M. Identifying barriers to Healthcare Access for New Immigrants: a qualitative study in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022;24(1):188–98.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat van Allen Z, Dogba M, Brent M, Bach C, Grimshaw J, Ivers N, Wang X, McCleary N, Asad S, Charghay Z, Hakim H, Sutakovic O, Drescher O, Légaré F, Witteman H, Zettl M, Squires J, Tremblay M, Randhawa A, Lopez G, Guiza A, Presseau J. Barriers to and enablers of attendance at diabetic retinopathy screening experienced by immigrants to Canada from multiple cultural and linguistic minority groups. Diabetes Medicine. 2021;38(4):e14429. van Allen Z, Dogba M, Brent M, Bach C, Grimshaw J, Ivers N, Wang X, McCleary N, Asad S, Charghay Z, Hakim H, Sutakovic O, Drescher O, Légaré F, Witteman H, Zettl M, Squires J, Tremblay M, Randhawa A, Lopez G, Guiza A, Presseau J. Barriers to and enablers of attendance at diabetic retinopathy screening experienced by immigrants to Canada from multiple cultural and linguistic minority groups. Diabetes Medicine. 2021;38(4):e14429.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Guruge S, Birpreet B, Samuels-Dennis JA. Health Status and Health Determinants of older immigrant women in Canada: a scoping review. J Aging Res. 2015;2015:393761.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Guruge S, Birpreet B, Samuels-Dennis JA. Health Status and Health Determinants of older immigrant women in Canada: a scoping review. J Aging Res. 2015;2015:393761.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Raynault MF, Fethiere C, Cote D. Social inequalities in breast cancer screening: evaluating written communications with immigrant haitian women in Montreal. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):209.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Raynault MF, Fethiere C, Cote D. Social inequalities in breast cancer screening: evaluating written communications with immigrant haitian women in Montreal. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):209.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat George P, Terrion J, Ahmed R. Reproductive health behaviour of muslim immigrant women in Canada. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2014;10(2):88–101.CrossRef George P, Terrion J, Ahmed R. Reproductive health behaviour of muslim immigrant women in Canada. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2014;10(2):88–101.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Crawford J, Ahmad F, Beaton D, Bierman A. Colorectal cancer screening behaviours among south asian immigrants in Canada: a qualitative study. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2015;11(2):130–46.CrossRef Crawford J, Ahmad F, Beaton D, Bierman A. Colorectal cancer screening behaviours among south asian immigrants in Canada: a qualitative study. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2015;11(2):130–46.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Salami B, Salma J, Hegadoren K. Access and utilization of mental health services for immigrants and refugees: perspectives of immigrant service providers. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2019;28(1):152–61.PubMedCrossRef Salami B, Salma J, Hegadoren K. Access and utilization of mental health services for immigrants and refugees: perspectives of immigrant service providers. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2019;28(1):152–61.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Mianji F, Tomaro J, Kirmayer L. Linguistic and cultural barriers to access and utilization of mental health care for Farsi-speaking newcomers in Quebec. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2020;16(4):495–510.CrossRef Mianji F, Tomaro J, Kirmayer L. Linguistic and cultural barriers to access and utilization of mental health care for Farsi-speaking newcomers in Quebec. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2020;16(4):495–510.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubens-Augustson T, Wilson L, Murphy M, Jardine C, Pottie K, Hui C, Stafström M, Wilson K. Healthcare provider perspectives on the uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine among newcomers to Canada: a qualitative study. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2018;15(7–8):1697–707. Rubens-Augustson T, Wilson L, Murphy M, Jardine C, Pottie K, Hui C, Stafström M, Wilson K. Healthcare provider perspectives on the uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine among newcomers to Canada: a qualitative study. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2018;15(7–8):1697–707.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Baiden D, Evans M. Black african newcomer women’s perception of Postpartum Mental Health Services in Canada. Can J Nurs Res. 2021;53(3):202–10.PubMedCrossRef Baiden D, Evans M. Black african newcomer women’s perception of Postpartum Mental Health Services in Canada. Can J Nurs Res. 2021;53(3):202–10.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Salami B, Mason A, Salma J, Yohani S, Amin M, Okeke-Ihejirika P, et al. Access to Healthcare for Immigrant Children in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3220.CrossRef Salami B, Mason A, Salma J, Yohani S, Amin M, Okeke-Ihejirika P, et al. Access to Healthcare for Immigrant Children in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3220.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandenberger J, Tylleskar T, Sontag K, Peterhans B, Ritz N. A systematic literature review of reported challenges in health care delivery to migrants and refugees in high-income countries - the 3 C model. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):755.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brandenberger J, Tylleskar T, Sontag K, Peterhans B, Ritz N. A systematic literature review of reported challenges in health care delivery to migrants and refugees in high-income countries - the 3 C model. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):755.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarria-Santamera A, Hijas-Gomez AI, Carmona R, Gimeno-Feliu LA. A systematic review of the use of health services by immigrants and native populations. Public Health Rev. 2016;37:28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sarria-Santamera A, Hijas-Gomez AI, Carmona R, Gimeno-Feliu LA. A systematic review of the use of health services by immigrants and native populations. Public Health Rev. 2016;37:28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Koopmans GT, Uiters E, Deville W, Foets M. The use of outpatient mental health care services of migrants vis-a-vis dutch natives: equal access? Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2013;59(4):342–50.PubMedCrossRef Koopmans GT, Uiters E, Deville W, Foets M. The use of outpatient mental health care services of migrants vis-a-vis dutch natives: equal access? Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2013;59(4):342–50.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Gazard B, Frissa S, Nellums L, Hotopf M, Hatch SL. Challenges in researching migration status, health and health service use: an intersectional analysis of a South London community. Ethn Health. 2015;20(6):564–93.PubMedCrossRef Gazard B, Frissa S, Nellums L, Hotopf M, Hatch SL. Challenges in researching migration status, health and health service use: an intersectional analysis of a South London community. Ethn Health. 2015;20(6):564–93.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Durbin A, Moineddin R, Lin E, Steele LS, Glazier RH. Mental health service use by recent immigrants from different world regions and by non-immigrants in Ontario, Canada: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:336.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Durbin A, Moineddin R, Lin E, Steele LS, Glazier RH. Mental health service use by recent immigrants from different world regions and by non-immigrants in Ontario, Canada: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:336.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Canada S. Portrait of the Canadian population in 2006, by age and sex, 2006 census. Author Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 2007. Canada S. Portrait of the Canadian population in 2006, by age and sex, 2006 census. Author Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 2007.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Newbold KB. Health care use and the canadian immigrant population. Int J Health Serv. 2009;39(3):545–65.PubMedCrossRef Newbold KB. Health care use and the canadian immigrant population. Int J Health Serv. 2009;39(3):545–65.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Beiser M, Hou F, Hyman I, Tousignant M. Poverty, family process, and the mental health of immigrant children in Canada. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(2):220–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Beiser M, Hou F, Hyman I, Tousignant M. Poverty, family process, and the mental health of immigrant children in Canada. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(2):220–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Setia MS, Quesnel-Vallee A, Abrahamowicz M, Tousignant P, Lynch J. Access to health-care in canadian immigrants: a longitudinal study of the National Population Health Survey. Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19(1):70–9.PubMedCrossRef Setia MS, Quesnel-Vallee A, Abrahamowicz M, Tousignant P, Lynch J. Access to health-care in canadian immigrants: a longitudinal study of the National Population Health Survey. Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19(1):70–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Canada S. Longitudinal Immigration Database: Immigrants’ income trajectories during the initial years since admission. 2021. Canada S. Longitudinal Immigration Database: Immigrants’ income trajectories during the initial years since admission. 2021.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Fellin M, King G, Esses V, Lindsay S, Klassen A. Barriers and facilitators to health and social service access and utilization for immigrant parents raising a child with a physical disability. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2013;9(3):135–45.CrossRef Fellin M, King G, Esses V, Lindsay S, Klassen A. Barriers and facilitators to health and social service access and utilization for immigrant parents raising a child with a physical disability. Int J Migration Health Social Care. 2013;9(3):135–45.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gulati S, Watt L, Shaw N, Sung L, Poureslami IM, Klaassen R, et al. Communication and language challenges experienced by chinese and south asian immigrant parents of children with cancer in Canada: implications for health services delivery. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(4):572–8.PubMedCrossRef Gulati S, Watt L, Shaw N, Sung L, Poureslami IM, Klaassen R, et al. Communication and language challenges experienced by chinese and south asian immigrant parents of children with cancer in Canada: implications for health services delivery. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(4):572–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kowal SP, Jardine CG, Bubela TM. “If they tell me to get it, I’ll get it. If they don’t...”: Immunization decision-making processes of immigrant mothers. Can J Public Health. 2015;106(4):e230-5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kowal SP, Jardine CG, Bubela TM. “If they tell me to get it, I’ll get it. If they don’t...”: Immunization decision-making processes of immigrant mothers. Can J Public Health. 2015;106(4):e230-5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart MJ, Neufeld A, Harrison MJ, Spitzer D, Hughes K, Makwarimba E. Immigrant women family caregivers in Canada: implications for policies and programmes in health and social sectors. Health Soc Care Community. 2006;14(4):329–40.PubMedCrossRef Stewart MJ, Neufeld A, Harrison MJ, Spitzer D, Hughes K, Makwarimba E. Immigrant women family caregivers in Canada: implications for policies and programmes in health and social sectors. Health Soc Care Community. 2006;14(4):329–40.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibson MA. Immigrant adaptation and patterns of acculturation. Hum Dev. 2001;44(1):19–23.CrossRef Gibson MA. Immigrant adaptation and patterns of acculturation. Hum Dev. 2001;44(1):19–23.CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Zamboanga BL, Szapocznik J. Rethinking the concept of acculturation: implications for theory and research. Am Psychol. 2010;65(4):237–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Zamboanga BL, Szapocznik J. Rethinking the concept of acculturation: implications for theory and research. Am Psychol. 2010;65(4):237–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Turin TC, Haque S, Chowdhury N, Ferdous M, Rumana N, Rahman A, et al. Overcoming the Challenges faced by immigrant populations while accessing primary care: potential solution-oriented actions advocated by the bangladeshi-canadian community. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211010165.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Turin TC, Haque S, Chowdhury N, Ferdous M, Rumana N, Rahman A, et al. Overcoming the Challenges faced by immigrant populations while accessing primary care: potential solution-oriented actions advocated by the bangladeshi-canadian community. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211010165.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Acevedo-Garcia D, Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Viruell-Fuentes EA, Almeida J. Integrating social epidemiology into immigrant health research: a cross-national framework. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2060–8.PubMedCrossRef Acevedo-Garcia D, Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Viruell-Fuentes EA, Almeida J. Integrating social epidemiology into immigrant health research: a cross-national framework. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2060–8.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez-Class M, Castro FG, Ramirez AG. Conceptions of acculturation: a review and statement of critical issues. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(9):1555–62.PubMedCrossRef Lopez-Class M, Castro FG, Ramirez AG. Conceptions of acculturation: a review and statement of critical issues. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(9):1555–62.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Abraído-Lanza AF, Armbrister AN, Flórez KR, Aguirre AN. Toward a theory-driven model of acculturation in public health research. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(8):1342–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abraído-Lanza AF, Armbrister AN, Flórez KR, Aguirre AN. Toward a theory-driven model of acculturation in public health research. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(8):1342–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Gannotta R, Malik S, Chan AY, Urgun K, Hsu F, Vadera S. Integrative Medicine as a vital component of Patient Care. Cureus. 2018;10(8):e3098.PubMedPubMedCentral Gannotta R, Malik S, Chan AY, Urgun K, Hsu F, Vadera S. Integrative Medicine as a vital component of Patient Care. Cureus. 2018;10(8):e3098.PubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Mokgobi MG. Towards integration of traditional healing and western healing: is this a remote possibility? Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance. 2013;2013(Suppl 1):47–57.PubMedPubMedCentral Mokgobi MG. Towards integration of traditional healing and western healing: is this a remote possibility? Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance. 2013;2013(Suppl 1):47–57.PubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hennebry J, McLaughlin J, Preibisch K. Out of the Loop: (in)access to Health Care for migrant workers in Canada. J Int Migration Integr. 2016;17(2):521–38.CrossRef Hennebry J, McLaughlin J, Preibisch K. Out of the Loop: (in)access to Health Care for migrant workers in Canada. J Int Migration Integr. 2016;17(2):521–38.CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Hacker K, Anies M, Folb BL, Zallman L. Barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants: a literature review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2015;8:175–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hacker K, Anies M, Folb BL, Zallman L. Barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants: a literature review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2015;8:175–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Immigrants’ Experience of Health Care Access in Canada: A Recent Scoping Review
verfasst von
Pei-Ling Tsai
Setareh Ghahari
Publikationsdatum
04.03.2023
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Ausgabe 3/2023
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Elektronische ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-023-01461-w

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2023

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3/2023 Zur Ausgabe