nach oben

Current Diabetes Reports

Erschienen in:

01.02.2015 | Diabetes and Pregnancy (CJ Homko, Section Editor)

Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Maternal-to-Fetal Transport of Nutrients

verfasst von: João Ricardo Araújo, Elisa Keating, Fátima Martel

Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports | Ausgabe 2/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder prevalent among pregnant women. This disease increases the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes and diseases in the offspring later in life. The human placenta, the main interface between the maternal and fetal blood circulations, is responsible for the maternal-to-fetal transfer of nutrients essential for fetal growth and development. In this context, the aim of this article is to review the latest advances in the placental transport of macro and micronutrients and how they are affected by GDM and its associated conditions, such as elevated levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Data analyzed in this article suggest that GDM and its associated conditions, particularly high levels of glucose, leptin, and oxidative stress, disturb placental nutrient transport and, consequently, fetal nutrient supply. As a consequence, this disturbance may contribute to the fetal and postnatal adverse health outcomes associated with GDM.

Negrato CA, Gomes MB. Historical facts of screening and diagnosing diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5:22. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-22.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Lappas M, Hiden U, Desoye G, Froehlich J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Jawerbaum A. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15:3061–100. doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3765.CrossRefPubMed

Magon N, Chauhan M. Pregnancy in type 1 diabetes mellitus: how special are special issues? N Am J Med Sci. 2012;4:250–6. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.97202.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

4.•

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:S67–74. doi:10.2337/dc13-S067. These useful guidelines provide definitions for the various types of diabetes, including gestational diabetes.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Shang M, Lin L. IADPSG criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus and predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Perinatol. 2014;34:100–4. doi:10.1038/jp.2013.143.CrossRefPubMed

Sacks DA, Hadden DR, Maresh M, Deerochanawong C, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, et al. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:526–8. doi:10.2337/dc11-1641.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21:103–13. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00985.x.CrossRefPubMed

Lepercq J, Cauzac M, Lahlou N, Timsit J, Girard J, Auwerx J, et al. Overexpression of placental leptin in diabetic pregnancy: a critical role for insulin. Diabetes. 1998;47:847–50. doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.5.847.CrossRefPubMed

Ategbo JM, Grissa O, Yessoufou A, Hichami A, Dramane KL, Moutairou K, et al. Modulation of adipokines and cytokines in gestational diabetes and macrosomia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4137–43. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0980.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Guvener M, Ucar HI, Oc M, Pinar A. Plasma leptin levels increase to a greater extent following on-pump coronary artery surgery in type 2 diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96:371–8. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.01.008.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Plomgaard P, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP, Mortensen OH, Broholm C, Penkowa M, et al. Associations between insulin resistance and TNF-alpha in plasma, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2562–71. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0834-6.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1991–2002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0707943.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Pettitt DJ, Lawrence JM, Beyer J, Hillier TA, Liese AD, Mayer-Davis B, et al. Association between maternal diabetes in utero and age at offspring’s diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2126–30. doi:10.2337/dc08-0769.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

14.

Biri A, Korucuoglu U, Ozcan P, Aksakal N, Turan O, Himmetoglu O. Effect of different degrees of glucose intolerance on maternal and perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22:473–8. doi:10.1080/14767050802610344.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Franks PW, Looker HC, Kobes S, Touger L, Tataranni PA, Hanson RL, et al. Gestational glucose tolerance and risk of type 2 diabetes in young Pima Indian offspring. Diabetes. 2006;55:460–5. doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-0823.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Takayama-Hasumi S, Yoshino H, Shimisu M, Minei S, Sanaka M, Omori Y. Insulin-receptor kinase is enhanced in placentas from non-insulin-dependent diabetic women with large-for-gestational-age babies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;22:107–16. doi:10.1016/0168-8227(94)90043-4.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Coughlan MT, Vervaart PP, Permezel M, Georgiou HM, Rice GE. Altered placental oxidative stress status in gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta. 2004;25:78–84. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(03)00183-8.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Herrera E, Ortega-Senovilla H. Disturbances in lipid metabolism in diabetic pregnancy—are these the cause of the problem? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24:515–25. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.05.006.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:61–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0708473.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

20.

Lee H, Jang HC, Park HK, Cho NH. Early manifestation of cardiovascular disease risk factors in offspring of mothers with previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78:238–45. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.03.023.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e290–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1808.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Ornoy A. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to mothers with pregestational and gestational diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2005;3:104–13.PubMed

23.

Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the fifth international workshop-conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl 2:S251–60. doi:10.2337/dc07-s225.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Fowden AL, Forhead AJ, Coan PM, Burton GJ. The placenta and intrauterine programming. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20:439–50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01663.x.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Jansson T, Myatt L, Powell TL. The role of trophoblast nutrient and ion transporters in the development of pregnancy complications and adult disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009;7:521–33. doi:10.2174/157016109789043982.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Sandovici I, Hoelle K, Angiolini E, Constancia M. Placental adaptations to the maternal-fetal environment: implications for fetal growth and developmental programming. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;25:68–89. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.03.017.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Avagliano L, Garo C, Marconi AM. Placental amino acids transport in intrauterine growth restriction. J Pregnancy. 2012;2012:972562. doi:10.1155/2012/972562.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

28.

Barker DJ, Hales CN, Fall CH, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clark PM. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia. 1993;36:62–7.CrossRefPubMed

29.••

Lager S, Powell TL. Regulation of nutrient transport across the placenta. J Pregnancy. 2012;2012:179827. doi:10.1155/2012/179827. This article reviews in detail the regulation of placental nutrient transport by a wide variety of conditions.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

30.

Day PE, Cleal JK, Lofthouse EM, Hanson MA, Lewis RM. What factors determine placental glucose transfer kinetics? Placenta. 2013;34:953–8. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.001.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

31.

Baumann MU, Deborde S, Illsley NP. Placental glucose transfer and fetal growth. Endocrine. 2002;19:13–22. doi:10.1385/ENDO:19:1:13.CrossRefPubMed

32.•

Carter AM. Evolution of placental function in mammals: the molecular basis of gas and nutrient transfer, hormone secretion, and immune responses. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:1543–76. doi:10.1152/physrev.00040.2011. This review describes, from an evolutionary perspective, the structure and functions of the placenta.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Cleal JK, Lewis RM. The mechanisms and regulation of placental amino acid transport to the human foetus. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20:419–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01662.x.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Desforges M, Sibley CP. Placental nutrient supply and fetal growth. Int J Dev Biol. 2010;54:377–90. doi:10.1387/ijdb.082765md.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Lager S, Jansson N, Olsson AL, Wennergren M, Jansson T, Powell TL. Effect of IL-6 and TNF-alpha on fatty acid uptake in cultured human primary trophoblast cells. Placenta. 2011;32:121–7. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.10.012.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Battaglia FC, Regnault TR. Placental transport and metabolism of amino acids. Placenta. 2001;22:145–61. doi:10.1053/plac.2000.0612.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Jansson T. Amino acid transporters in the human placenta. Pediatr Res. 2001;49:141–7. doi:10.1203/00006450-200102000-00003.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Ayuk PT, Sibley CP, Donnai P, D’Souza S, Glazier JD. Development and polarization of cationic amino acid transporters and regulators in the human placenta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000;278:C1162–71.PubMed

39.

Cunningham P, McDermott L. Long chain PUFA transport in human term placenta. J Nutr. 2009;139:636–9. doi:10.3945/jn.108.098608.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Duttaroy AK. Transport of fatty acids across the human placenta: a review. Prog Lipid Res. 2009;48:52–61. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.11.001.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Haggarty P. Fatty acid supply to the human fetus. Annu Rev Nutr. 2010;30:237–55. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104742.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Solanky N, Requena Jimenez A, D’Souza SW, Sibley CP, Glazier JD. Expression of folate transporters in human placenta and implications for homocysteine metabolism. Placenta. 2010;31:134–43. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.11.017.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Zhao R, Matherly LH, Goldman ID. Membrane transporters and folate homeostasis: intestinal absorption and transport into systemic compartments and tissues. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2009;11:e4. doi:10.1017/S1462399409000969.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

44.

Persson A, Johansson M, Jansson T, Powell TL. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and expression in syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Placenta. 2002;23:386–91. doi:10.1053/plac.2002.0807.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Mitchell DM, Juppner H. Regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism in the fetus and neonate. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;17:25–30. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e328334f041.PubMed

46.

Gonzalez-Perrett S, Kim K, Ibarra C, Damiano AE, Zotta E, Batelli M, et al. Polycystin-2, the protein mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:1182–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.021456598.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

47.

Brown K, Heller DS, Zamudio S, Illsley NP. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) protein expression in human placenta across gestation. Placenta. 2011;32:1041–9. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.09.014.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

48.

Desoye G, Gauster M, Wadsack C. Placental transport in pregnancy pathologies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1896S–902. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.000851.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Illsley NP. Glucose transporters in the human placenta. Placenta. 2000;21:14–22. doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0448.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Gaither K, Quraishi AN, Illsley NP. Diabetes alters the expression and activity of the human placental GLUT1 glucose transporter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:695–701. doi:10.1210/jc.84.2.695.PubMed

51.

Illsley NP, Sellers MC, Wright RL. Glycaemic regulation of glucose transporter expression and activity in the human placenta. Placenta. 1998;19:517–24. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(98)91045-1.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Hahn T, Barth S, Weiss U, Mosgoeller W, Desoye G. Sustained hyperglycemia in vitro down-regulates the GLUT1 glucose transport system of cultured human term placental trophoblast: a mechanism to protect fetal development? FASEB J. 1998;12:1221–31.PubMed

53.

Araújo JR, Pereira AC, Correia-Branco A, Keating E, Martel F. Oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide interferes with the placental transport of glucose: in vitro studies with BeWo cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;720:218–26. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.023.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Lappas M, Andrikopoulos S, Permezel M. Hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase down-regulates GLUT1 transcription via SIRT1 resulting in decreased glucose uptake in human placenta. J Endocrinol. 2012;213:49–57. doi:10.1530/JOE-11-0355.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Ericsson A, Hamark B, Jansson N, Johansson BR, Powell TL, Jansson T. Hormonal regulation of glucose and system A amino acid transport in first trimester placental villous fragments. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:R656–62. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00407.2004.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Araújo JR, Correia-Branco A, Pereira AC, Pinho MJ, Keating E, Martel F. Oxidative stress decreases uptake of neutral amino acids in a human placental cell line (BeWo cells). Reprod Toxicol. 2013;40C:76–81. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.06.073.CrossRef

57.

Jansson T, Ekstrand Y, Bjorn C, Wennergren M, Powell TL. Alterations in the activity of placental amino acid transporters in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:2214–9. doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2214.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Dicke JM, Henderson GI. Placental amino acid uptake in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am J Med Sci. 1988;295:223–7.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Araújo JR, Correia-Branco A, Ramalho C, Goncalves P, Pinho MJ, Keating E, et al. L-Methionine placental uptake: characterization and modulation in gestational diabetes mellitus. Reprod Sci. 2013;20:1492–507. doi:10.1177/1933719113488442.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

60.

von Versen-Hoynck F, Rajakumar A, Parrott MS, Powers RW. Leptin affects system A amino acid transport activity in the human placenta: evidence for STAT3 dependent mechanisms. Placenta. 2009;30:361–7. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.01.004.CrossRef

61.

Nandakumaran M, Harouny AK, Al-Yatama M, Al-Azemi MK, Sugathan TN. Effect of increased glucose load on maternal-fetal transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in the perfused human placenta: in vitro study. Acta Diabetol. 2002;39:75–81. doi:10.1007/s005920200017.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Jones HN, Jansson T, Powell TL. Full-length adiponectin attenuates insulin signaling and inhibits insulin-stimulated amino acid transport in human primary trophoblast cells. Diabetes. 2010;59:1161–70. doi:10.2337/db09-0824.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

63.

Jones HN, Jansson T, Powell TL. IL-6 stimulates system A amino acid transporter activity in trophoblast cells through STAT3 and increased expression of SNAT2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009;297:C1228–35. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00195.2009.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Nandakumaran M, Al-Shammari M, Al-Saleh E. Maternal-fetal transport kinetics of L-leucine in vitro in gestational diabetic pregnancies. Diabetes Metab. 2004;30:367–74.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Roos S, Powell TL, Jansson T. Human placental taurine transporter in uncomplicated and IUGR pregnancies: cellular localization, protein expression, and regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;287:R886–93. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00232.2004.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Lee NY, Kang YS. Regulation of taurine transport at the blood-placental barrier by calcium ion, PKC activator and oxidative stress conditions. J Biomed Sci. 2010;17:S37. doi:10.1186/1423-0127-17-S1-S37.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

67.

Roos S, Lagerlof O, Wennergren M, Powell TL, Jansson T. Regulation of amino acid transporters by glucose and growth factors in cultured primary human trophoblast cells is mediated by mTOR signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009;297:C723–31. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2009.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Keating E, Goncalves P, Campos I, Costa F, Martel F. Folic acid uptake by the human syncytiotrophoblast: interference by pharmacotherapy, drugs of abuse and pathological conditions. Reprod Toxicol. 2009;28:511–20. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.07.001.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Strid H, Bucht E, Jansson T, Wennergren M, Powell TL. ATP dependent Ca2+ transport across basal membrane of human syncytiotrophoblast in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction or diabetes. Placenta. 2003;24:445–52.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Montalbetti N, Cantero MR, Dalghi MG, Cantiello HF. Reactive oxygen species inhibit polycystin-2 (TRPP2) cation channel activity in term human syncytiotrophoblast. Placenta. 2008;29:510–8. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.02.015.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Burton G, Barker DJP, Moffett A, Thornburg KL. The placenta and human developmental programming. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.

72.

Jansson T, Ekstrand Y, Wennergren M, Powell TL. Placental glucose transport in gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:111–6. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.108075.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Bloxam DL, Bax CM, Bax BE. Culture of syncytiotrophoblast for the study of human placental transfer. Part I: isolation and purification of cytotrophoblast. Placenta. 1997;18:93–8. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(97)90079-5.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Thongsong B, Subramanian RK, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD. Inhibition of amino acid transport system a by interleukin-1beta in trophoblasts. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005;12:495–503. doi:10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.06.008.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Bode CJ, Jin H, Rytting E, Silverstein PS, Young AM, Audus KL. In vitro models for studying trophoblast transcellular transport. Methods Mol Med. 2006;122:225–39. doi:10.1385/1-59259-989-3:225.PubMedCentralPubMed

76.

Kulkarni A, Dangat K, Kale A, Sable P, Chavan-Gautam P, Joshi S. Effects of altered maternal folic acid, vitamin B12 and docosahexaenoic acid on placental global DNA methylation patterns in Wistar rats. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17706. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017706.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

77.

Innis SM. Essential fatty acid transfer and fetal development. Placenta. 2005;26:S70–5. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2005.01.005.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Larque E, Demmelmair H, Gil-Sanchez A, Prieto-Sanchez MT, Blanco JE, Pagan A, et al. Placental transfer of fatty acids and fetal implications. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1908S–13. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.001230.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Ryan AS, Astwood JD, Gautier S, Kuratko CN, Nelson EB, Salem Jr N. Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on neurodevelopment in childhood: a review of human studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010;82:305–14. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.007.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Greenberg JA, Bell SJ, Ausdal WV. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008;1:162–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

81.

Araújo JR, Correia-Branco A, Ramalho C, Keating E, Martel F. Gestational diabetes mellitus decreases placental uptake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: involvement of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1741–50. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Bonen A, Chabowski A, Luiken JJ, Glatz JF. Is membrane transport of FFA mediated by lipid, protein, or both? Mechanisms and regulation of protein-mediated cellular fatty acid uptake: molecular, biochemical, and physiological evidence. Physiology (Bethesda). 2007;22:15–29.

83.

Weedon-Fekjaer MS, Dalen KT, Solaas K, Staff AC, Duttaroy AK, Nebb HI. Activation of LXR increases acyl-CoA synthetase activity through direct regulation of ACSL3 in human placental trophoblast cells. J Lipid Res. 2010;51:1886–96. doi:10.1194/jlr.M004978.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

84.

Magnusson AL, Waterman IJ, Wennergren M, Jansson T, Powell TL. Triglyceride hydrolase activities and expression of fatty acid binding proteins in the human placenta in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction and diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4607–14. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032234.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Radaelli T, Lepercq J, Varastehpour A, Basu S, Catalano PM, Hauguel-De Mouzon S. Differential regulation of genes for fetoplacental lipid pathways in pregnancy with gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:209 e1–e10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.019.

86.

Gauster M, Hiden U, van Poppel M, Frank S, Wadsack C, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, et al. Dysregulation of placental endothelial lipase in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2011;60:2457–64. doi:10.2337/db10-1434.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

87.

Pagan A, Prieto-Sanchez MT, Blanco-Carnero JE, Gil-Sanchez A, Parrilla JJ, Demmelmair H, et al. Materno-fetal transfer of docosahexaenoic acid is impaired by gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;305:E826–33. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2013.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Min Y, Lowy C, Ghebremeskel K, Thomas B, Bitsanis D, Crawford MA. Fetal erythrocyte membrane lipids modification: preliminary observation of an early sign of compromised insulin sensitivity in offspring of gestational diabetic women. Diabet Med. 2005;22:914–20. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01556.x.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Thomas BA, Ghebremeskel K, Lowy C, Offley-Shore B, Crawford MA. Plasma fatty acids of neonates born to mothers with and without gestational diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;72:335–41. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Wijendran V, Bendel RB, Couch SC, Philipson EH, Cheruku S, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Fetal erythrocyte phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids are altered in pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Lipids. 2000;35:927–31. doi:10.1007/S11745-000-0602-2.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Duttaroy AK, Jorgensen A. Insulin and leptin do not affect fatty acid uptake and metabolism in human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;72:403–8. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.03.004.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Lucock M. Folic acid: nutritional biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes. Mol Genet Metab. 2000;71:121–38. doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3027.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Caballero B, Allen L, Prentice A. Encyclopedia of human nutrition. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2005.

94.

Zhao R, Diop-Bove N, Visentin M, Goldman ID. Mechanisms of membrane transport of folates into cells and across epithelia. Annu Rev Nutr. 2011;31:177–201. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145133.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Giugliani ER, Jorge SM, Goncalves AL. Serum and red blood cell folate levels in parturients, in the intervillous space of the placenta and in full-term newborns. J Perinat Med. 1985;13:55–9.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Hutson JR, Stade B, Lehotay DC, Collier CP, Kapur BM. Folic acid transport to the human fetus is decreased in pregnancies with chronic alcohol exposure. PLoS One. 2012;7:e38057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038057.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

97.

Araújo JR, Correia-Branco A, Moreira L, Ramalho C, Martel F, Keating E. Folic acid uptake by the human syncytiotrophoblast is affected by gestational diabetes, hyperleptinemia, and TNF-alpha. Pediatr Res. 2013;73:388–94. doi:10.1038/pr.2013.14.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Torricelli M, Voltolini C, Bloise E, Biliotti G, Giovannelli A, De Bonis M, et al. Urocortin increases IL-4 and IL-10 secretion and reverses LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from human trophoblast primary cells. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2009;62:224–31. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00729.x.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Bardicef M, Bardicef O, Sorokin Y, Altura BM, Altura BT, Cotton DB, et al. Extracellular and intracellular magnesium depletion in pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1009–13. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90035-7.CrossRefPubMed

100.••

Jansson T, Powell TL. Role of placental nutrient sensing in developmental programming. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56:591–601. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182993a2e. This article provides a simple description of how the fetoplacental unit responds to alterations in maternal nutrition and metabolism.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Titel: Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Maternal-to-Fetal Transport of Nutrients
verfasst von: João Ricardo Araújo
Elisa Keating
Fátima Martel
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2015
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports / Ausgabe 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Elektronische ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-014-0569-y

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Maternal-to-Fetal Transport of Nutrients

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

Update Innere Medizin

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2015

Using Oral Agents to Manage Gestational Diabetes: What Have We Learned?

Review of Impacts of Physical Activity on Maternal Metabolic Health During Pregnancy

From Pathobiology to the Targeting of Pericytes for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy

Material Need Support Interventions for Diabetes Prevention and Control: a Systematic Review

Type 2 Diabetes in Youth in South Asia

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

Update Innere Medizin