Introduction
Subjects and methods
Propensity score matching analysis
SS-OCT image acquisition and analysis
Measurements of optic disc area, parapapillary atrophy (PPA) area, rotation, and tilt
OCT angiography image acquisition and analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
General and anterior segment characteristics
Variables | PPS group n = 41 | Control group n = 41 | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 28.52 ± 8.05 | 28.06 ± 7.31 | 0.818* |
Sex, male/female | 8/33 | 14/27 | 0.212 † |
IOP, mmHg | 16.59 ± 2.88 | 14.53 ± 2.45 | 0.002* |
CCT, µm | 523.47 ± 35.14 | 515.00 ± 30.60 | 0.281* |
SE, D | − 11.52 ± 3.22 | − 9.88 ± 2.20 | 0.009 * |
BCVA, logMAR | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | < 0.001‡ |
AL, mm | 28.01 ± 0.87 | 28.02 ± 0.88 | 0.970 ‡ |
Cornea curvature, D | 43.39 ± 1.52 | 42.86 ± 1.22 | 0.086 * |
ACD, mm | 3.61 ± 0.24 | 3.77 ± 0.24 | 0.004 * |
LT, mm | 3.80 ± 0.26 | 3.68 ± 0.19 | 0.101 ‡ |
Optic disc, RNFL, and GCC characteristics
Variables | PPS group, n = 41 | Control group, n = 41 | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Disc area, pixel | 66,310.39 ± 18,826.37 | 49,418.32 ± 8706.13 | < 0.001* |
PPA area, pixel | 54,235.15 ± 42,044.25 | 23,490.22 ± 12,978.71 | < 0.001‡ |
Type of PPA | |||
Annular | 10(24.4%) | 0 | |
Crescent | 29(70.7%) | 40(97.6%) | |
Absence | 2(4.9%) | 1(2.4%) | |
Tilt ratio | 1.23 ± 0.13 | 1.26 ± 0.12 | 0.240* |
Degree of rotation, ° | 41.17 ± 29.53 | 14.78 ± 16.09 | < 0.001‡ |
Horizontal tilt angle, ° | 12.65 ± 8.08 | 10.21 ± 5.40 | 0.112* |
Vertical tilt angle, ° | 5.30 ± 5.00 | 3.87 ± 4.64 | 0.184‡ |
Peripapillary ICC | |||
Presence/absence | 1/40 | 0/41 | < 0.001† |
Peripapillary retinoschisis | |||
Presence/absence | 21/20 | 1/40 | < 0.001† |
RNFL thickness, µm | |||
Superior | 112.05 ± 31.92 | 124.85 ± 16.86 | 0.026* |
Nasal | 67.73 ± 19.29 | 61.49 ± 14.15 | 0.099* |
Inferior | 118.90 ± 22.48 | 129.10 ± 21.56 | 0.039* |
Temporal | 94.54 ± 17.58 | 96.41 ± 18.59 | 0.640* |
Average RNFL thickness | 98.30 ± 14.03 | 103.03 ± 9.06 | 0.073* |
GCC thickness, µm | |||
Superior | 101.05 ± 6.95 | 106.22 ± 8.15 | 0.001‡ |
Inferior | 102.83 ± 7.79 | 107.66 ± 7.72 | 0.007‡ |
Average GCC thickness | 101.83 ± 6.99 | 106.95 ± 7.64 | 0.001‡ |
Retinal and choroidal thickness in macular and optic disc region
Variables | PPS group, n = 41 | Control group, n = 41 | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Central region RT, µm | 240.93 ± 17.77 | 239.98 ± 13.07 | 0.783* |
Inner regions RT, µm | |||
Superior | 295.54 ± 12.36 | 304.73 ± 14.38 | 0.003* |
Nasal | 295.41 ± 12.58 | 307.29 ± 13.95 | < 0.001* |
Inferior | 290.98 ± 12.98 | 301.30 ± 13.81 | 0.001‡ |
Temporal, um | 283.68 ± 11.85 | 290.28 ± 13.18 | 0.021‡ |
Central region CT, µm | 125.98 ± 50.47 | 179.22 ± 61.90 | < 0.001* |
Inner regions CT, µm | |||
Superior | 137.22 ± 50.57 | 190.22 ± 62.16 | 0.001‡ |
Nasal | 94.41 ± 35.37 | 153.63 ± 49.45 | < 0.001‡ |
Inferior | 125.59 ± 47.69 | 183.49 ± 65.05 | < 0.001* |
Temporal | 152.20 ± 57.44 | 201.63 ± 65.45 | < 0.001* |
Peripapillary CT, µm | |||
Superior | 87.71 ± 29.88 | 139.07 ± 41.98 | < 0.001‡ |
Nasal | 79.20 ± 39.66 | 128.85 ± 37.37 | < 0.001* |
Inferior | 62.49 ± 34.98 | 101.24 ± 32.17 | < 0.001* |
Temporal | 58.46 ± 25.88 | 95.51 ± 35.23 | < 0.001‡ |
Average Peripapillary CT | 70.46 ± 27.57 | 116.17 ± 34.17 | < 0.001* |
Microvasculature characteristics measured by OCT angiography
Variables | PPS group, n = 41 | Control group, n = 41 | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Superficial vascular density, % | |||
Fovea | 23.46 ± 7.07 | 22.33 ± 6.30 | 0.447* |
Parafovea | 49.29 ± 4.74 | 49.24 ± 4.74 | 0.948‡ |
Superior | 51.59 ± 4.31 | 50.44 ± 5.20 | 0.478‡ |
Nasal | 47.08 ± 7.36 | 47.99 ± 5.62 | 0.959‡ |
Inferior | 48.43 ± 6.79 | 49.41 ± 5.30 | 0.930‡ |
Temporal | 50.04 ± 5.63 | 49.11 ± 5.11 | 0.241‡ |
Deep vascular density, % | |||
Fovea | 38.51 ± 7.08 | 39.08 ± 6.59 | 0.708* |
Parafovea | 53.59 ± 4.26 | 51.71 ± 4.38 | 0.053* |
Superior | 53.14 ± 4.35 | 50.54 ± 4.69 | 0.011* |
Nasal | 55.47 ± 4.42 | 53.49 ± 4.42 | 0.045* |
Inferior | 51.54 ± 5.99 | 48.68 ± 6.74 | 0.045* |
Temporal | 54.23 ± 4.24 | 54.11 ± 4.39 | 0.898* |
RPC density, % | |||
Superior | 47.63 ± 7.81 | 52.73 ± 4.08 | 0.001‡ |
Nasal | 44.76 ± 4.54 | 45.88 ± 4.32 | 0.255* |
Inferior | 49.24 ± 6.59 | 53.76 ± 4.28 | < 0.001* |
Temporal | 50.66 ± 6.35 | 54.83 ± 6.76 | < 0.001‡ |
Average RPC density | 47.85 ± 4.92 | 51.30 ± 3.51 | < 0.001* |
FAZ area, mm2 | 0.22 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.478‡ |
CC flow area, mm2 | 2.02 ± 0.10 | 2.07 ± 0.13 | 0.034* |
Independent factors associated with PPS, the correlation between the ocular factors and disc rotation
Univariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | P value | B (95% CI) | P value | |
Age, y | 0.012 (0.953–1.075) | 0.690 | ||
AL, mm | − 0.016 (0.569–1.623) | 0.949 | ||
IOP, mmHg | 0.292 (1.099–1.634) | 0.004 | 0.397 (1.007–2.198) | 0.046 |
SE, D | − 0.227 (0.666–0.953) | 0.013 | 0.017 (0.719–1.440) | 0.922 |
ACD, mm | − 2.690 (0.010–0.468) | 0.006 | − 2.447 (0.002–3.550) | 0.197 |
Average peripapillary CT, µm | − 0.044 (0.939–0.976) | < 0.001 | − 0.059 (0.902–0.985) | 0.009 |
Average RNFL thickness, µm | − 0.036 (0.927–1.004) | 0.081 | 0.019 (0.922–1.126) | 0.710 |
Optic disc area, pixel | < 0.001 (1.000–1.000) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 (1.000–1.000) | 0.718 |
PPA area, pixel | < 0.001 (1.000–1.000) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 (1.000–1.000) | 0.709 |
Rotation,° | 0.048 (1.024–1.075) | < 0.001 | 0.074 (1.025–1.131) | 0.003 |
Tilt ratio | − 2.162 (0.003–4.178) | 0.238 | ||
Horizontal tilt angle, ° | 0.053 (0.987–1.127) | 0.116 | ||
Vertical tilt angle, ° | 0.063 (0.971–1.168) | 0.184 | ||
Average RPC density, % | − 0.199 (0.724–0.928) | 0.002 | − 0.253 (0.590–1.021) | 0.070 |