Introduction
Materials and methods
Data source
Sample and participants
Outcome variable
Explanatory variables
Statistical methods
Results
Descriptive statistics
Characteristics | Older adults (60 + years) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ST older adults
|
Non-ST older adults
| |||
N
|
WC %
|
N
|
WC %
| |
Depression status
| ||||
Not depressed | 4,857 | 95.2 | 23,650 | 91.1 |
Depressed | 168 | 4.8 | 1,962 | 8.9 |
Age group
| ||||
Oldest-old | 530 | 7.9 | 2,597 | 11.0 |
Old-old | 1,384 | 28.6 | 7,459 | 30.0 |
Young-old | 3,111 | 63.6 | 15,556 | 59.0 |
Gender
| ||||
Male | 2,371 | 45.1 | 12,311 | 47.4 |
Female | 2,654 | 54.9 | 13,301 | 52.6 |
Current marital status
| ||||
Currently married | 3,149 | 61.3 | 16,367 | 61.9 |
Currently not married | 1,876 | 38.7 | 9,245 | 38.1 |
Status of work
| ||||
Never worked | 1,096 | 14.2 | 7,444 | 27.5 |
Currently not working | 1,605 | 35.5 | 8,976 | 35.8 |
Currently working | 1,964 | 45.3 | 6,925 | 29.1 |
Retired | 360 | 5.0 | 2,267 | 7.5 |
Level of education
| ||||
No formal education | 3,147 | 73.6 | 13,241 | 55.1 |
Upto primary | 1,280 | 17.9 | 6,110 | 23.2 |
Secondary and above | 598 | 8.5 | 6,261 | 21.8 |
Social participation
| ||||
Socially active | 4,553 | 90.1 | 23,665 | 91.5 |
Socially inactive | 472 | 9.9 | 1,947 | 8.5 |
Importance of religion
| ||||
Not important | 992 | 29.7 | 5,016 | 20.5 |
Very important | 4,033 | 70.3 | 20,596 | 79.5 |
Living arrangement satisfaction
| ||||
Satisfied | 4,040 | 74.6 | 19,956 | 74.9 |
Neutral | 817 | 20.6 | 4,389 | 19.4 |
Not satisfied | 168 | 4.7 | 1,267 | 5.7 |
Received ill-treatment
| ||||
No | 4,894 | 95.6 | 24,473 | 94.8 |
Yes | 131 | 4.4 | 1,139 | 5.2 |
Faced discrimination in life
| ||||
No | 4,431 | 83.9 | 21,535 | 82.4 |
Yes | 594 | 16.1 | 4,077 | 17.6 |
Self-rated health
| ||||
Good | 836 | 15.4 | 3,488 | 13.5 |
Average | 3,440 | 67.0 | 16,140 | 63.0 |
Poor | 749 | 17.6 | 5,984 | 23.6 |
Chronic morbidity status
| ||||
No condition | 3,119 | 66.6 | 10,932 | 45.2 |
Single condition | 1,207 | 22.7 | 7,819 | 29.8 |
Multiple conditions | 699 | 10.7 | 6,861 | 25.0 |
Physical activity status
| ||||
Physically inactive | 3,403 | 61.5 | 19,216 | 73.3 |
Physically active | 1,622 | 38.5 | 6,396 | 26.7 |
Difficulty in ADL
| ||||
No difficulty | 4,211 | 80.5 | 20,153 | 76.8 |
Faces difficulty | 814 | 19.5 | 5,459 | 23.2 |
Difficulty in IADL
| ||||
No difficulty | 3,119 | 56.4 | 14,202 | 52.0 |
Faces difficulty | 1,906 | 43.6 | 11,410 | 48.0 |
Covered by health insurance
| ||||
Yes | 1,506 | 29.6 | 4,964 | 17.4 |
No | 3,519 | 70.4 | 20,648 | 82.6 |
Household MPCE Quintile
| ||||
Poorest | 1,452 | 33.9 | 4,827 | 20.7 |
Poorer | 1,081 | 25.1 | 5,223 | 21.4 |
Middle | 948 | 17.2 | 5,307 | 21.0 |
Richer | 844 | 14.4 | 5,186 | 19.8 |
Richest | 700 | 9.3 | 5,069 | 17.1 |
Religion of household
| ||||
Hinduism | 2,114 | 79.0 | 20,345 | 83.0 |
Islam | 572 | 2.6 | 3,050 | 11.5 |
Others | 2,339 | 18.3 | 2,217 | 5.5 |
Place of residence
| ||||
Urban | 1,100 | 10.9 | 9,331 | 30.7 |
Rural | 3,925 | 89.1 | 16,281 | 69.3 |
Country region
| ||||
Southern | 774 | 8.9 | 6,592 | 23.5 |
Northern | 371 | 13.4 | 7,417 | 26.2 |
Central | 395 | 18.4 | 1,651 | 7.7 |
Western | 738 | 22.0 | 3,440 | 16.8 |
Eastern | 562 | 25.7 | 5,057 | 23.6 |
orth-eastern | 2,185 | 11.6 | 1,455 | 2.2 |
Overall
|
5,025
|
100
|
25,612
|
100
|
Bivariate analysis
Characteristics | ST older adults (60 + years) | Non-ST older adults (60 + years) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total
|
Depression
|
Total
|
Depression
| |||||
N
|
N
|
WR %
|
Chi2 (
p
-value)
|
N
|
N
|
WR %
|
Chi2 (
p
-value)
| |
Socio-demographic characteristics
| ||||||||
Age group
| ||||||||
Oldest-old | 530 | 30 | 8.9 | 10.82 (0.004) | 2,597 | 214 | 10.9 | 1.37 (0.502) |
Old-old | 1,384 | 48 | 6.7 | 7,459 | 568 | 8.3 | ||
Young-old | 3,111 | 90 | 3.5 | 15,556 | 1,180 | 8.8 | ||
Gender
| ||||||||
Male | 2,371 | 74 | 4.0 | 0.68 (0.407) | 12,311 | 843 | 7.7 | 22.14 (< 0.001) |
Female | 2,654 | 94 | 5.5 | 13,301 | 1,119 | 9.9 | ||
Current marital status
| ||||||||
Currently married | 3,149 | 74 | 3.5 | 25.75 (< 0.001) | 16,367 | 1,113 | 8.0 | 47.43 (< 0.001) |
Currently not married | 1,876 | 94 | 7.0 | 9,245 | 849 | 10.2 | ||
Status of work
| ||||||||
Never worked | 1,096 | 32 | 4.3 | 18.83 (< 0.001) | 7,444 | 538 | 7.6 | 36.98 (< 0.001) |
Currently not working | 1,605 | 79 | 6.1 | 8,976 | 801 | 10.5 | ||
Currently working | 1,964 | 47 | 4.0 | 6,925 | 493 | 8.3 | ||
Retired | 360 | 10 | 4.6 | 2,267 | 130 | 7.8 | ||
Level of education
| ||||||||
No formal education | 3,147 | 121 | 5.0 | 6.55 (0.038) | 13,241 | 1,149 | 10.0 | 54.15 (< 0.001) |
Upto primary | 1,280 | 32 | 5.3 | 6,110 | 457 | 8.8 | ||
Secondary and above | 598 | 15 | 2.4 | 6,261 | 356 | 6.1 | ||
Social participation
| ||||||||
Socially active | 4,553 | 147 | 4.4 | 1.97 (0.160) | 23,665 | 1,715 | 8.5 | 75.24 (< 0.001) |
Socially inactive | 472 | 21 | 8.6 | 1,947 | 247 | 13.0 | ||
Importance of religion
| ||||||||
Not important | 992 | 36 | 4.5 | 0.31 (0.576) | 5,016 | 346 | 7.3 | 5.12 (0.024) |
Very important | 4,033 | 132 | 5.0 | 20,596 | 1,616 | 9.3 | ||
Living arrangement satisfaction
| ||||||||
Satisfied | 4,040 | 105 | 3.9 | 68.68 (< 0.001) | 19,956 | 1,207 | 7.0 | 525.09 (< 0.001) |
Neutral | 817 | 40 | 6.2 | 4,389 | 470 | 11.2 | ||
Not satisfied | 168 | 23 | 13.5 | 1,267 | 285 | 25.2 | ||
Received ill-treatment
| ||||||||
No | 4,894 | 158 | 4.5 | 7.66 (0.006) | 24,473 | 1,696 | 8.1 | 415.01 (< 0.001) |
Yes | 131 | 10 | 11.0 | 1,139 | 266 | 23.3 | ||
Faced discrimination in life
| ||||||||
No | 4,431 | 128 | 4.4 | 23.96 (< 0.001) | 21,535 | 1,355 | 7.4 | 358.11 (< 0.001) |
Yes | 594 | 40 | 7.1 | 4,077 | 607 | 15.5 | ||
Health-related characteristics
| ||||||||
Self-rated health
| ||||||||
Good | 836 | 10 | 1.6 | 106.25 (< 0.001) | 3,488 | 125 | 4.2 | 524.26 (< 0.001) |
Average | 3,440 | 87 | 3.9 | 16,140 | 976 | 6.7 | ||
Poor | 749 | 71 | 11.0 | 5,984 | 861 | 17.2 | ||
Chronic morbidity status
| ||||||||
No condition | 3,119 | 74 | 3.3 | 24.14 (< 0.001) | 10,932 | 688 | 7.5 | 78.05 (< 0.001) |
Single condition | 1,207 | 58 | 6.6 | 7,819 | 594 | 8.6 | ||
Multiple conditions | 699 | 36 | 10.5 | 6,861 | 680 | 11.6 | ||
Physical activity status
| ||||||||
Physically inactive | 3,403 | 112 | 4.6 | 0.08 (0.766) | 19,216 | 1,457 | 8.9 | 0.66 (0.414) |
Physically active | 1,622 | 56 | 5.2 | 6,396 | 505 | 8.9 | ||
Difficulty in ADL
| ||||||||
No difficulty | 4,211 | 94 | 3.5 | 99.29 (< 0.001) | 20,153 | 1,216 | 6.8 | 353.67 (< 0.001) |
Faces difficulty | 814 | 74 | 10.3 | 5,459 | 746 | 15.6 | ||
Difficulty in IADL
| ||||||||
No difficulty | 3,119 | 59 | 3.2 | 53.62 (< 0.001) | 14,202 | 710 | 5.7 | 319.16 (< 0.001) |
Faces difficulty | 1,906 | 109 | 6.9 | 11,410 | 1,252 | 12.3 | ||
Covered by health insurance
| ||||||||
Yes | 1,506 | 60 | 5.1 | 2.73 (0.098) | 4,964 | 290 | 6.1 | 28.78 (< 0.001) |
No | 3,519 | 108 | 4.7 | 20,648 | 1,672 | 9.4 | ||
Household characteristics
| ||||||||
Household MPCE Quintile
| ||||||||
Poorest | 1,452 | 52 | 3.7 | 9.86 (0.043) | 4,827 | 404 | 9.6 | 17.56 (0.002) |
Poorer | 1,081 | 26 | 4.1 | 5,223 | 397 | 8.1 | ||
Middle | 948 | 27 | 6.0 | 5,307 | 341 | 8.1 | ||
Richer | 844 | 28 | 5.4 | 5,186 | 401 | 8.9 | ||
Richest | 700 | 35 | 7.8 | 5,069 | 419 | 9.8 | ||
Religion of household
| ||||||||
Hinduism | 2,114 | 103 | 5.4 | 29.91 (< 0.001) | 20,345 | 1,546 | 8.7 | 3.38 (0.184) |
Islam | 572 | 20 | 2.9 | 3,050 | 257 | 9.6 | ||
Others | 2,339 | 45 | 2.7 | 2,217 | 159 | 9.1 | ||
Place of residence
| ||||||||
Urban | 1,100 | 31 | 5.3 | 1.20 (0.273) | 9,331 | 550 | 6.3 | 64.72 (< 0.001) |
Rural | 3,925 | 137 | 4.8 | 16,281 | 1,412 | 10.0 | ||
Country region
| ||||||||
Southern | 774 | 20 | 1.5 | 41.41 (< 0.001) | 6,592 | 365 | 5.7 | 134.20 (< 0.001) |
Northern | 371 | 23 | 8.5 | 7,417 | 653 | 10.5 | ||
Central | 395 | 22 | 4.0 | 1,651 | 208 | 17.2 | ||
Western | 738 | 35 | 6.5 | 3,440 | 260 | 7.7 | ||
Eastern | 562 | 28 | 4.1 | 5,057 | 410 | 8.6 | ||
North-eastern | 2,185 | 40 | 2.8 | 1,455 | 66 | 6.8 | ||
Overall
|
5,025
|
168
|
4.8
|
25,612
|
1,962
|
8.9
|
Multivariate analysis
Characteristics | Depression among older adults (60 + years) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ST
|
Non-ST
| |||
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
| |
Socio-demographic characteristics
| ||||
Age group
| ||||
Oldest-old | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Old-old | 0.74 | (0.44—1.23) | 1.16* | (0.98—1.39) |
Young-old | 0.85 | (0.51—1.42) | 1.51*** | (1.27—1.80) |
Gender
| ||||
Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Female | 0.76 | (0.51—1.13) | 1.10 | (0.97—1.25) |
Current marital status
| ||||
Currently married | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Currently not married | 1.97*** | (1.36—2.87) | 1.26*** | (1.13—1.41) |
Status of work
| ||||
Never worked | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Currently not working | 1.25 | (0.77—2.03) | 1.24*** | (1.09—1.42) |
Currently working | 0.98 | (0.55—1.75) | 1.29*** | (1.10—1.52) |
Retired | 0.92 | (0.39—2.16) | 1.24* | (0.99—1.57) |
Level of education
| ||||
No formal education | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Upto primary | 0.90 | (0.57—1.42) | 1.10 | (0.97—1.26) |
Secondary and above | 1.17 | (0.59—2.33) | 1.06 | (0.91—1.24) |
Social participation
| ||||
Socially active | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Socially inactive | 1.00 | (0.59—1.72) | 1.45*** | (1.24—1.70) |
Importance of religion
| ||||
Not important | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Very important | 1.34 | (0.89—2.03) | 1.34*** | (1.17—1.53) |
Living arrangement satisfaction
| ||||
Satisfied | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Neutral | 1.50** | (1.00—2.24) | 1.55*** | (1.37—1.75) |
Not satisfied | 3.09*** | (1.78—5.35) | 2.55*** | (2.17—3.01) |
Received ill-treatment
| ||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Yes | 1.28 | (0.62—2.66) | 2.02*** | (1.70—2.40) |
Faced discrimination in life
| ||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Yes | 1.58** | (1.05—2.39) | 1.68*** | (1.49—1.90) |
Health-related characteristics
| ||||
Self-rated health
| ||||
Good | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Average | 1.64 | (0.83—3.23) | 1.44*** | (1.19—1.76) |
Poor | 3.82*** | (1.85—7.89) | 2.83*** | (2.29—3.48) |
Chronic morbidity status
| ||||
No condition | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Single condition | 1.80*** | (1.23—2.64) | 1.15** | (1.02—1.30) |
Multiple conditions | 1.67** | (1.03—2.71) | 1.44*** | (1.27—1.63) |
Physical activity status
| ||||
Physically inactive | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Physically active | 1.86*** | (1.24—2.79) | 1.20*** | (1.06—1.35) |
Difficulty in ADL
| ||||
No difficulty | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Faces difficulty | 2.67*** | (1.80—3.97) | 1.51*** | (1.34—1.69) |
Difficulty in IADL
| ||||
No difficulty | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Faces difficulty | 1.30 | (0.88—1.93) | 1.54*** | (1.38—1.73) |
Covered by health insurance
| ||||
Yes | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
No | 0.67** | (0.47—0.95) | 1.26*** | (1.10—1.44) |
Household characteristics
| ||||
Household MPCE Quintile
| ||||
Poorest | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Poorer | 0.69 | (0.41—1.13) | 0.99 | (0.85—1.16) |
Middle | 0.94 | (0.56—1.56) | 0.87* | (0.74—1.01) |
Richer | 1.09 | (0.65—1.83) | 1.08 | (0.92—1.26) |
Richest | 2.09*** | (1.26—3.47) | 1.18** | (1.01—1.38) |
Religion of household
| ||||
Hinduism | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Islam | 0.93 | (0.46—1.89) | 1.02 | (0.88—1.19) |
Others | 0.60* | (0.36—1.02) | 1.02 | (0.85—1.22) |
Place of residence
| ||||
Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Rural | 0.90 | (0.56—1.45) | 1.31*** | (1.16—1.47) |
Country region
| ||||
Southern | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||
Northern | 2.81*** | (1.38—5.69) | 1.97*** | (1.70—2.28) |
Central | 2.91*** | (1.33—6.36) | 2.94*** | (2.41—3.58) |
Western | 1.72 | (0.84—3.52) | 1.81*** | (1.52—2.16) |
Eastern | 2.65** | (1.25—5.61) | 1.56*** | (1.33—1.83) |
North-eastern | 1.41 | (0.65—3.05) | 1.07 | (0.81—1.41) |
Analytical sample size
|
5025
|
25,612
|
Decomposing the caste differentials in depression
Component | Differential in depression among older adults | ||
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient
|
95% CI
|
Percent
| |
Explained difference (E)
| 0.01868*** | (0.01388, 0.02348) | 43.8 |
Unexplained difference (C)
| 0.02400*** | (0.01682, 0.03118) | 56.2 |
Raw difference (R)
| 0.04268*** | (0.03696, 0.04839) |
Characteristics | Differential in depression among older adults | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference due to Characteristics (E)
|
Difference due to Coefficients (C)
| |||||
Coefficient
|
95% CI
|
Percent
|
Coefficient
|
95% CI
|
Percent
| |
Socio-demographic characteristics
| ||||||
Age group
| ||||||
Oldest-old | 0.00008*** | (0.00003, 0.00013) | 0.2 | -0.00103** | (-0.00204, -0.00002) | -2.4 |
Old-old | -0.00004 | (-0.00014, 0.00005) | -0.1 | 0.00081 | (-0.00112, 0.00274) | 1.9 |
Young-old | -0.00018*** | (-0.00024, -0.00011) | -0.4 | 0.00375* | (-0.00062, 0.00813) | 8.8 |
Gender
| ||||||
Male | -0.00003 | (-0.00007, 0.00001) | -0.1 | -0.00230* | (-0.00491, 0.00030) | -5.4 |
Female | -0.00003 | (-0.00007, 0.00001) | -0.1 | 0.00259* | (-0.00034, 0.00552) | 6.1 |
Current marital status
| ||||||
Currently married | -0.00012*** | (-0.00018, -0.00006) | -0.3 | 0.00367** | (0.00055, 0.00679) | 8.6 |
Currently not married | -0.00012*** | (-0.00018, -0.00006) | -0.3 | -0.00226** | (-0.00417, -0.00034) | -5.3 |
Status of work
| ||||||
Never worked | -0.00076*** | (-0.00123, -0.00028) | -1.8 | -0.00084 | (-0.00318, 0.00151) | -2.0 |
Currently not working | 0.00007 | (-0.00007, 0.00022) | 0.2 | -0.00129 | (-0.00399, 0.00142) | -3.0 |
Currently working | -0.00058 | (-0.00133, 0.00016) | -1.4 | 0.00134 | (-0.00250, 0.00519) | 3.1 |
Retired | 0.00005 | (-0.00012, 0.00021) | 0.1 | 0.00030 | (-0.00083, 0.00143) | 0.7 |
Level of education
| ||||||
No formal education | 0.00035 | (-0.00017, 0.00087) | 0.8 | -0.00057 | (-0.00595, 0.00480) | -1.3 |
Upto primary | -0.00005 | (-0.00014, 0.00004) | -0.1 | 0.00114 | (-0.00106, 0.00335) | 2.7 |
Secondary and above | 0.00004 | (-0.00069, 0.00078) | 0.1 | -0.00042 | (-0.00181, 0.00097) | -1.0 |
Social participation
| ||||||
Socially active | -0.00020*** | (-0.00029, -0.00011) | -0.5 | -0.00439 | (-0.01115, 0.00236) | -10.3 |
Socially inactive | -0.00020*** | (-0.00029, -0.00011) | -0.5 | 0.00049 | (-0.00026, 0.00124) | 1.1 |
Importance of religion
| ||||||
Not important | 0.00001*** | (0.00000, 0.00001) | 0.0 | 0.00001 | (-0.00110, 0.00112) | 0.0 |
Very important | 0.00001*** | (0.00000, 0.00001) | 0.0 | -0.00003 | (-0.00467, 0.00460) | -0.1 |
Living arrangement satisfaction
| ||||||
Satisfied | 0.00069*** | (0.00053, 0.00085) | 1.6 | 0.00112 | (-0.00451, 0.00675) | 2.6 |
Neutral | -0.00001 | (-0.00006, 0.00003) | 0.0 | 0.00036 | (-0.00090, 0.00161) | 0.8 |
Not satisfied | 0.00046*** | (0.00033, 0.00059) | 1.1 | -0.00012 | (-0.00044, 0.00020) | -0.3 |
Received ill-treatment
| ||||||
No | 0.00039*** | (0.00027, 0.00050) | 0.9 | -0.00591 | (-0.01576, 0.00394) | -13.8 |
Yes | 0.00039*** | (0.00027, 0.00050) | 0.9 | 0.00015 | (-0.00010, 0.00041) | 0.4 |
Faced discrimination in life
| ||||||
No | 0.00064*** | (0.00045, 0.00083) | 1.5 | -0.00074 | (-0.00580, 0.00432) | -1.7 |
Yes | 0.00064*** | (0.00045, 0.00083) | 1.5 | 0.00010 | (-0.00056, 0.00075) | 0.2 |
Health-related characteristics
| ||||||
Self-rated health
| ||||||
Good | 0.00084*** | (0.00057, 0.00110) | 2.0 | 0.00062 | (-0.00139, 0.00262) | 1.4 |
Average | 0.00033** | (0.00006, 0.00061) | 0.8 | 0.00030 | (-0.00493, 0.00554) | 0.7 |
Poor | 0.00290*** | (0.00223, 0.00356) | 6.8 | -0.00061 | (-0.00183, 0.00060) | -1.4 |
Chronic morbidity status
| ||||||
No condition | 0.00196*** | (0.00106, 0.00286) | 4.6 | 0.00328 | (-0.00087, 0.00742) | 7.7 |
Single condition | -0.00011 | (-0.00038, 0.00016) | -0.3 | -0.00160** | (-0.00317, -0.00002) | -3.7 |
Multiple conditions | 0.00153*** | (0.00090, 0.00217) | 3.6 | 0.00019 | (-0.00094, 0.00132) | 0.4 |
Physical activity status
| ||||||
Physically inactive | -0.00039*** | (-0.00066, -0.00011) | -0.9 | 0.00400** | (0.00026, 0.00774) | 9.4 |
Physically active | -0.00039*** | (-0.00066, -0.00011) | -0.9 | -0.00184** | (-0.00357, -0.00012) | -4.3 |
Difficulty in ADL
| ||||||
No difficulty | 0.00063*** | (0.00042, 0.00085) | 1.5 | 0.00630*** | (0.00189, 0.01071) | 14.8 |
Faces difficulty | 0.00063*** | (0.00042, 0.00085) | 1.5 | -0.00129*** | (-0.00220, -0.00039) | -3.0 |
Difficulty in IADL
| ||||||
No difficulty | 0.00083*** | (0.00058, 0.00108) | 1.9 | -0.00137 | (-0.00477, 0.00202) | -3.2 |
Faces difficulty | 0.00083*** | (0.00058, 0.00108) | 1.9 | 0.00087 | (-0.00128, 0.00302) | 2.0 |
Covered by health insurance
| ||||||
Yes | 0.00074*** | (0.00028, 0.00121) | 1.7 | -0.00251*** | (-0.00401, -0.00101) | -5.9 |
No | 0.00074*** | (0.00028, 0.00121) | 1.7 | 0.00589*** | (0.00237, 0.00942) | 13.8 |
Household characteristics
| ||||||
Household MPCE Quintile
| ||||||
Poorest | 0.00011 | (-0.00050, 0.00071) | 0.3 | 0.00045 | (-0.00198, 0.00289) | 1.1 |
Poorer | 0.00002 | (-0.00005, 0.00009) | 0.0 | 0.00246** | (0.00034, 0.00458) | 5.8 |
Middle | -0.00018*** | (-0.00030, -0.00007) | -0.4 | -0.00011 | (-0.00195, 0.00173) | -0.3 |
Richer | 0.00012 | (-0.00008, 0.00033) | 0.3 | 0.00021 | (-0.00142, 0.00183) | 0.5 |
Richest | 0.00052*** | (0.00017, 0.00088) | 1.2 | -0.00190*** | (-0.00319, -0.00061) | -4.4 |
Religion of household
| ||||||
Hinduism | -0.00035 | (-0.00225, 0.00156) | -0.8 | -0.00231 | (-0.00594, 0.00132) | -5.4 |
Islam | 0.00000 | (-0.00005, 0.00006) | 0.0 | -0.00033 | (-0.00180, 0.00113) | -0.8 |
Others | -0.00015 | (-0.00305, 0.00276) | -0.3 | 0.00397 | (-0.00121, 0.00914) | 9.3 |
Place of residence
| ||||||
Urban | -0.00118*** | (-0.00173, -0.00062) | -2.8 | -0.00109 | (-0.00255, 0.00036) | -2.6 |
Rural | -0.00118*** | (-0.00173, -0.00062) | -2.8 | 0.00387 | (-0.00129, 0.00904) | 9.1 |
Country region
| ||||||
Southern | -0.00304*** | (-0.00406, -0.00202) | -7.1 | 0.00075 | (-0.00137, 0.00288) | 1.8 |
Northern | 0.00264*** | (0.00146, 0.00382) | 6.2 | -0.00033 | (-0.00121, 0.00055) | -0.8 |
Central | -0.00052*** | (-0.00066, -0.00039) | -1.2 | 0.00041 | (-0.00059, 0.00140) | 1.0 |
Western | -0.00010* | (-0.00020, 0.00000) | -0.2 | 0.00092 | (-0.00066, 0.00250) | 2.2 |
Eastern | -0.00016 | (-0.00074, 0.00041) | -0.4 | -0.00102 | (-0.00224, 0.00019) | -2.4 |
North-eastern | 0.00953*** | (0.00570, 0.01336) | 22.3 | -0.00112 | (-0.00712, 0.00489) | -2.6 |
Constant
| 0.01102 | (-0.00570, 0.02773) | 25.8 |