Background
Methods
Study sample
Assessment of leisure-time physical activity
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“light” and “heavy” domestic activity;
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“light” and “heavy” manual work (e.g. ‘Do-It-Yourself’ (DIY));
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walking (with no distinction between walking for leisure or travel); and
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sports/exercise (ten specific and six ‘other’ activities).
Assessment of occupational physical activity
Assessment of time spent in MVPA
Socioeconomic position ascertainment and confounders
Statistical analysis
Descriptive estimates
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% doing any;
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% ‘sufficiently’ active (i.e. at least 2.5 h/week MVPA [26]);
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average hours/week MVPA (range: 0 to 40 h/week); and
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average hours/week MVPA among those doing any (range: 0.042 to 40 h/week; hereafter referred to as MVPA-active).
Hurdle models
Results
Characteristics by income
Descriptive estimates
Income | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Lowest | Middle | Highest | Middle versus lowest | Highest versus lowest | |||
Difference (95% CI) | P-valuea | Difference (95% CI) | P-valuea | |||||
N | 11,199 | 3197 | 3729 | 4273 | ||||
Total MVPA: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 85 (84, 85) | 75 (73, 77) | 86 (85, 87) | 90 (89, 91) | 11 (9, 13) | < 0.001 | 15 (13, 17) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 66 (65, 67) | 54 (52, 56) | 68 (66, 69) | 74 (72, 75) | 13 (11, 16) | < 0.001 | 19 (17, 22) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 9.7 (0.12) | 8.1 (0.23) | 10.3 (0.21) | 10.4 (0.18) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.8) | < 0.001 | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 11.5 (0.13) | 10.4 (0.27) | 11.7 (0.23) | 11.4 (0.19) | 1.3 (0.6, 1.9) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.004 |
Sports/exercise: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 53 (52, 54) | 39 (37, 41) | 52 (50, 53) | 63 (61, 64) | 13 (10, 15) | < 0.001 | 24 (21, 26) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 35 (34, 36) | 24 (22, 25) | 34 (32, 35) | 42 (40, 43) | 10 (8, 12) | < 0.001 | 18 (16, 20) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 3.5 (0.07) | 2.4 (0.11) | 3.3 (0.11) | 4.3 (0.12) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 6.5 (0.10) | 5.3 (0.20) | 5.9 (0.16) | 6.5 (0.16) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.1) | 0.032 | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | < 0.001 |
Domestic: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 48 (47, 49) | 43 (41, 45) | 47 (45, 49) | 52 (50, 54) | 4 (1, 7) | 0.003 | 9 (6, 11) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 10 (9, 10) | 11 (10, 12) | 9 (8, 10) | 10 (9, 11) | -1 (−3, 0) | 0.068 | -1 (−3, 0) | 0.086 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 0.9 (0.03) | 1.0 (0.06) | 0.9 (0.04) | 0.9 (0.04) | −0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1) | 0.222 | − 0.1 (− 0.3, 0.0) | 0.070 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 1.9 (0.05) | 2.3 (0.13) | 1.9 (0.08) | 1.7 (0.06) | −0.4 (− 0.7, − 0.1) | 0.006 | −0.6 (− 0.9, − 0.3) | < 0.001 |
Walking: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 43 (42, 44) | 33 (31, 35) | 40 (38, 42) | 51 (49, 53) | 7 (4, 10) | < 0.001 | 18 (16, 20) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 24 (24, 25) | 20 (19, 22) | 22 (20, 23) | 30 (28, 31) | 1 (−1, 3) | 0.259 | 9 (7, 11) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 2.2 (0.05) | 1.9 (0.10) | 2.1 (0.09) | 2.5 (0.09) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) | 0.342 | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 5.2 (0.11) | 6.0 (0.27) | 5.4 (0.22) | 5.2 (0.19) | −0.5 (−1.2, 0.1) | 0.109 | −0.7 (− 1.4, − 0.1) | 0.018 |
Manual: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 28 (27, 29) | 22 (20, 23) | 29 (27, 30) | 31 (29, 32) | 7 (5, 9) | < 0.001 | 9 (7, 11) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 12 (11, 12) | 9 (8, 10) | 13 (12, 15) | 12 (11, 13) | 4 (3, 6) | < 0.001 | 3 (2, 5) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 1.1 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.06) | 1.3 (0.07) | 1.1 (0.06) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 4.0 (0.10) | 3.8 (0.23) | 4.4 (0.22) | 3.6 (0.17) | 0.6 (−0.1, 1.2) | 0.078 | −0.2 (− 0.8, 0.3) | 0.382 |
Occupational: | ||||||||
In paid or unpaid work (%)e | 64 | 35 | 65 | 83 | – | – | – | – |
Very physically active in their jobf | 25 | 38 | 31 | 16 | – | – | – | – |
Any % (95% CI) | 17 (16, 17) | 14 (13, 16) | 22 (20, 23) | 14 (13, 16) | 7 (5, 9) | < 0.001 | 0 (−2, 2) | 0.989 |
Sufficient % (95% CI)b | 15 (14, 15) | 13 (12, 15) | 19 (18, 21) | 12 (11, 13) | 6 (4, 8) | < 0.001 | −1 (−3, 1) | 0.269 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 2.5 (0.09) | 2.4 (0.17) | 3.6 (0.18) | 1.9 (0.12) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | < 0.001 | −0.5 (−0.9, − 0.1) | 0.021 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 15.2 (0.36) | 16.3 (0.85) | 15.7 (0.74) | 13.6 (0.78) | −0.5 (−2.7, 1.7) | 0.629 | −2.7 (−4.9, − 0.4) | 0.019 |
All | Lowest | Middle | Highest | Middle versus lowest | Highest versus lowest | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference (95% CI) | P-valuea | Difference (95% CI) | P-valuea | |||||
N | 13,683 | 4605 | 4627 | 4451 | ||||
Total MVPA: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 81 (80, 82) | 74 (73, 76) | 81 (80, 82) | 86 (85, 88) | 7 (5, 8) | < 0.001 | 12 (10, 14) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 56 (55, 57) | 49 (47, 50) | 56 (54, 57) | 63 (62, 65) | 7 (5, 9) | < 0.001 | 14 (12, 16) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 6.8 (0.09) | 5.8 (0.15) | 6.9 (0.14) | 7.6 (0.16) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.3, 2.2) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 8.4 (0.10) | 7.6 (0.17) | 8.3 (0.16) | 8.6 (0.17) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.001 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | < 0.001 |
Sports/exercise: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 44 (43, 45) | 32 (30, 33) | 43 (41, 44) | 55 (54, 57) | 11 (9, 13) | < 0.001 | 24 (22, 26) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 23 (22, 23) | 15 (13, 16) | 21 (20, 23) | 30 (29, 32) | 7 (5, 8) | < 0.001 | 16 (14, 18) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 2.0 (0.04) | 1.3 (0.06) | 1.8 (0.06) | 2.8 (0.09) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 4.5 (0.08) | 3.7 (0.13) | 4.0 (0.12) | 4.8 (0.15) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.051 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | < 0.001 |
Domestic: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 61 (60, 62) | 60 (59, 62) | 61 (60, 63) | 60 (59, 62) | 1 (−1, 3) | 0.505 | 0 (−2, 2) | 0.915 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 20 (19, 20) | 22 (21, 23) | 20 (19, 22) | 17 (16, 19) | −2 (−4, 0) | 0.059 | −5 (−6, −3) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 1.7 (0.03) | 2.0 (0.07) | 1.8 (0.06) | 1.4 (0.05) | −0.2 (− 0.4, 0.0) | 0.017 | − 0.6 (− 0.7, − 0.4) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 2.8 (0.05) | 3.2 (0.10) | 2.8 (0.09) | 2.3 (0.08) | − 0.3 (− 0.6, − 0.1) | 0.013 | − 0.8 (− 1.0, − 0.6) | < 0.001 |
Walking: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 35 (34, 35) | 27 (25, 28) | 33 (32, 34) | 43 (41, 44) | 6 (4, 8) | < 0.001 | 16 (14, 18) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 22 (21, 23) | 18 (16, 19) | 21 (20, 23) | 27 (25, 28) | 4 (2, 5) | < 0.001 | 9 (7, 11) | < 0.001 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 1.9 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.07) | 1.8 (0.07) | 2.3 (0.09) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | < 0.001 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 5.5 (0.11) | 5.6 (0.19) | 5.8 (0.22) | 5.8 (0.21) | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.7) | 0.526 | 0.2 (− 0.4, 0.7) | 0.495 |
Manual: | ||||||||
Any: % (95% CI) | 12 (12, 13) | 10 (9, 11) | 12 (12, 13) | 14 (13, 15) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.005 | 3 (2,5) | < 0.001 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 4 (4, 4) | 3 (3, 4) | 4 (4, 5) | 4 (4, 5) | 1 (0, 2) | 0.003 | 1 (0, 2) | 0.009 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.3 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.03) | 0.4 (0.03) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.008 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.016 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 2.9 (0.11) | 2.7 (0.19) | 3.1 (0.23) | 2.5 (0.16) | 0.4 (−0.2, 1.0) | 0.177 | −0.2 (− 0.7, 0.3) | 0.408 |
Occupational: | ||||||||
In paid or unpaid work (%)e | 55 | 32 | 57 | 75 | – | – | – | – |
Very physically active in their jobf | 19 | 29 | 22 | 12 | – | – | – | – |
Any: % (95% CI) | 7 (7, 7) | 7 (6, 7) | 9 (8, 9) | 6 (6, 7) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.002 | 0 (−1, 1) | 0.678 |
Sufficient: % (95% CI)b | 6 (6, 6) | 6 (5, 6) | 8 (7, 8) | 5 (5, 6) | 2 (1, 3) | < 0.001 | 0 (− 1, 1) | 0.658 |
MVPA hours/week:mean (SE)c | 1.0 (0.04) | 0.9 (0.08) | 1.3 (0.08) | 0.8 (0.07) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.001 | −0.1 (− 0.3, 0.1) | 0.329 |
MVPA-active hours/week:mean (SE)d | 14.2 (0.39) | 12.7 (0.66) | 14.6 (0.65) | 12.7 (0.59) | 1.9 (0.1, 3.7) | 0.043 | −0.1 (−1.9, 1.7) | 0.930 |
Multivariable hurdle models
Any (%) | P-value | Unconditional: Mean MVPA hours/week | P-value | Conditional: Mean MVPA-active hours/week | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AME (95% CI)a | AME (95% CI)a | AME (95% CI)a | ||||
Men | ||||||
Total: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 3.1 (1.9, 4.3) | < 0.001 | 2.7 (1.4, 4.0) | < 0.001 | 2.3 (0.9, 3.7) | 0.001 |
Highest vs lowest | 4.4 (3.0, 5.9) | < 0.001 | 3.7 (2.3, 5.0) | < 0.001 | 3.1 (1.7, 4.5) | < 0.001 |
Sports/exercise: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 8.0 (5.1, 10.8) | 0.002 | 0.9 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.002 | 0.5 (−0.4, 1.4) | 0.254 |
Highest vs lowest | 17.0 (14.1, 19.8) | < 0.001 | 2.2 (1.6, 2.8) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (0.4, 2.1) | 0.003 |
Domestic: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 0.5 (−2.3, 3.3) | 0.744 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.260 | −0.2 (− 0.5, 0.1) | 0.187 |
Highest vs lowest | 4.4 (1.7, 7.2) | 0.002 | −0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1) | 0.314 | − 0.3 (− 0.6, 0.0) | 0.025 |
Walking: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 3.2 (0.3, 6.1) | 0.031 | −0.3 (− 0.8, 0.1) | 0.145 | − 0.9 (− 1.7, − 0.2) | 0.018 |
Highest vs lowest | 13.0 (10.3, 15.8) | < 0.001 | 0.2 (− 0.3, 0.6) | 0.430 | − 0.9 (− 1.7, − 0.2) | 0.015 |
Manual: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 4.3 (1.8, 6.9) | 0.001 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.001 | 0.5 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.059 |
Highest vs lowest | 5.4 (2.9, 7.9) | < 0.001 | 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.039 | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.4) | 0.843 |
Occupational: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 6.9 (4.5, 9.4) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.001 | 0.1 (−2.7, 2.9) | 0.960 |
Highest vs lowest | −1.7 (−4.0, 0.6) | 0.139 | −1.1 (− 1.8, −0.4) | 0.001 | −5.1 (−7.9, − 2.3) | < 0.001 |
Women | ||||||
Total: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 1.3 (0.4, 2.2) | 0.004 | 1.1 (0.0, 2.2) | 0.041 | 1.0 (−0.2, 2.2) | 0.089 |
Highest vs lowest | 3.1 (2.1, 4.2) | < 0.001 | 2.5 (1.4, 3.6) | < 0.001 | 2.1 (1.0, 3.3) | < 0.001 |
Sports/exercise: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 8.3 (6.0, 10.7) | < 0.001 | 0.6 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.001 | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.431 |
Highest vs lowest | 18.8 (16.4, 21.2) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) | < 0.001 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | < 0.001 |
Domestic: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | −1.7 (−3.7, 0.2) | 0.082 | −0.3 (−0.6, − 0.1) | 0.017 | − 0.4 (− 0.7, 0.0) | 0.045 |
Highest vs lowest | −4.0 (−6.0, − 1.9) | < 0.001 | −0.7 (− 1.0, − 0.4) | < 0.001 | −0.8 (− 1.1, − 0.4) | < 0.001 |
Walking: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 2.9 (0.4, 5.3) | 0.021 | −0.1 (− 0.5, 0.3) | 0.606 | − 0.6 (− 1.3, 0.1) | 0.107 |
Highest vs lowest | 10.2 (7.6, 12.8) | < 0.001 | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.6) | 0.487 | − 1.0 (− 1.7, − 0.2) | 0.012 |
Manual: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 1.1 (−0.7, 3.0) | 0.220 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.093 | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.9) | 0.231 |
Highest vs lowest | 2.0 (0.2, 3.9) | 0.032 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.047 | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.7) | 0.331 |
Occupational: | ||||||
Middle vs lowest | 2.1 (0.5, 3.7) | 0.010 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.001 | 3.0 (0.3, 5.7) | 0.030 |
Highest vs lowest | −1.2 (−2.9, 0.4) | 0.132 | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.1) | 0.201 | −0.7 (−3.5, 2.1) | 0.620 |