Background
Methods
Data sources
Health outcome
EQ-5D-5L utility score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Mean | (SD) | |
Total | 20,150 | 100% | 0.890 | (0.109) |
Sex | ||||
Women | 10,558 | 52.4% | 0.879 | (0.114) |
Men | 9,592 | 47.6% | 0.902 | (0.102) |
Age | ||||
40–69 years | 16,984 | 84.3% | 0.892 | (0.106) |
70–79 years | 2,508 | 12.4% | 0.891 | (0.113) |
80 + years | 658 | 3.3% | 0.849 | (0.146) |
Educational attainment | ||||
Primary school (10 years) | 4,481 | 22.6% | 0.873 | (0.120) |
Upper secondary school | 5,509 | 27.8% | 0.885 | (0.108) |
Lower university degree < 4 years | 3,880 | 19.6% | 0.895 | (0.104) |
Higher university degree ≥ 4 years | 5,951 | 30.0% | 0.906 | (0.100) |
Childhood financial conditions (CFC) | ||||
Difficult | 5,084 | 25.5% | 0.869 | (0.120) |
Good | 13,720 | 68.8% | 0.897 | (0.103) |
Very Good | 1,138 | 5.7% | 0.907 | (0.107) |
Parental health Number of somatic diseases | ||||
Father | ||||
0 | 12,017 | 59.6% | 0.894 | (0.107) |
1 | 5,656 | 28.1% | 0.888 | (0.109) |
2 + | 2,477 | 12.3% | 0.879 | (0.114) |
Mother | ||||
0 | 13,742 | 68.2% | 0.894 | (0.108) |
1 | 4,812 | 23.9% | 0.886 | (0.109) |
2 + | 1,596 | 7.9% | 0.870 | (0.117) |
Psychological problem | ||||
Father | ||||
No | 19,396 | 96.3% | 0.891 | (0.108) |
Yes | 754 | 3.7% | 0.862 | (0.117) |
Mother | ||||
No | 18,521 | 91.9% | 0.893 | (0.107) |
Yes | 1,629 | 8.1% | 0.860 | (0.127) |
Substance abuse | ||||
Father | ||||
No | 18,954 | 94.1% | 0.891 | (0.108) |
Yes | 1,196 | 5.9% | 0.873 | (0.119) |
Mother | ||||
No | 19,814 | 98.3% | 0.891 | (0.108) |
Yes | 336 | 1.7% | 0.857 | (0.131) |
Explanatory variables
Parental health
Childhood financial conditions
Education level
Econometric specifications
Full sample | Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2M | Model 2W |
Intercept | 0.896*** | 0.879*** | 0.898*** | 0.884*** |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
Men | 0.021*** | 0.022*** | ||
(0.002) | (0.002) | |||
Age groups (Ref. 40–69) | ||||
70–79 | 0.000 | 0.005** | 0.012*** | -0.002 |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.004) | |
80 + | -0.045*** | -0.036*** | -0.022*** | -0.048*** |
(0.004) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |
Childhood financial conditions (Ref. Good) | ||||
Difficult | -0.026*** | -0.024*** | -0.020*** | -0.027*** |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | |
Very good | 0.010*** | 0.008** | 0.006 | 0.010** |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Number of somatic diseases (Ref. 0) | ||||
Father 1 | -0.004** | -0.004** | -0.004* | -0.004 |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Father 2 + | -0.012*** | -0.012*** | -0.012*** | -0.012*** |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
Mother 1 | -0.004** | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.003 |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
Mother 2 + | -0.016*** | -0.014*** | -0.009** | -0.017*** |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Psychological problem (Ref. No) | ||||
Father: Yes | -0.020*** | -0.022*** | -0.024*** | -0.020*** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.005) | |
Mother: Yes | -0.025*** | -0.027*** | -0.020*** | -0.032*** |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Substance abuse (Ref. No) | ||||
Father: Yes | -0.009*** | -0.010*** | -0.010** | -0.010** |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.005) | |
Mother: Yes | -0.016*** | -0.018*** | -0.021** | -0.015* |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.008) | |
Educational attainment (Ref. Primary school 10 years) | ||||
Upper secondary school | 0.008*** | 0.011*** | 0.004 | |
(0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||
Lower university degree < 4 years | 0.019*** | 0.020*** | 0.015*** | |
(0.002) | (0.003) | (0.004) | ||
Higher university degree ≥ 4 years | 0.030*** | 0.027*** | 0.030*** | |
(0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||
R2 | 0.041 | 0.051 | 0.031 | 0.050 |
Results
Main results
Mobility | Self-care | Usual activities | Pain discomfort | Anxiety/depression | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est(SE) | AME(SE) | Est(SE) | AME(SE) | Est(SE) | AME(SE) | Est(SE) | AME(SE) | Est(SE) | AME(SE) | ||
Intercept | 1.462*** | 3.323*** | 1.327*** | -0.908*** | 1.186*** | ||||||
(0.052) | (0.102) | (0.052) | (0.045) | (0.049) | |||||||
Men | 0.337*** | 0.046*** | 0.155** | 0.006** | 0.638*** | 0.085*** | 0.384*** | 0.083*** | 0.288*** | 0.048*** | |
(0.039) | (0.005) | (0.074) | (0.003) | (0.041) | (0.005) | (0.031) | (0.007) | (0.036) | (0.006) | ||
Age groups (ref. 40–69) | |||||||||||
70–79 | -0.357*** | -0.052*** | -0.198* | -0.008* | 0.098 | 0.013 | 0.187*** | 0.041*** | 0.495*** | 0.074*** | |
(0.056) | (0.009) | (0.108) | (0.005) | (0.062) | (0.008) | (0.048) | (0.011) | (0.062) | (0.008) | ||
80 + | -1.371*** | -0.258*** | -0.954*** | -0.054*** | -0.552*** | -0.087*** | 0.198** | 0.044** | 0.229** | 0.037** | |
(0.090) | (0.021) | (0.153) | (0.012) | (0.100) | (0.018) | (0.092) | (0.021) | (0.111) | (0.017) | ||
Childhood financial conditions (Ref = Good) | |||||||||||
Difficult | -0.340*** | -0.049*** | -0.405*** | -0.017*** | -0.374*** | -0.053*** | -0.330*** | -0.069*** | -0.350*** | -0.061*** | |
(0.043) | (0.006) | (0.079) | (0.004) | (0.043) | (0.006) | (0.038) | (0.008) | (0.039) | (0.007) | ||
Very Good | -0.065 | -0.009 | 0.056 | 0.002 | 0.154 | 0.019* | 0.250*** | 0.057*** | 0.401*** | 0.057*** | |
(0.087) | (0.012) | (0.176) | (0.006) | (0.093) | (0.011) | (0.064) | (0.015) | (0.088) | (0.011) | ||
Number of somatic diseases (Ref. 0) | |||||||||||
Father 1 | -0.048 | -0.006 | -0.097 | -0.004 | -0.086* | -0.011* | -0.090** | -0.020** | -0.031 | -0.005 | |
(0.044) | (0.006) | (0.083) | (0.003) | (0.044) | (0.006) | (0.035) | (0.008) | (0.040) | (0.007) | ||
Father 2 + | -0.192*** | -0.027*** | -0.251** | -0.010** | -0.193*** | -0.027*** | -0.281*** | -0.059*** | -0.103* | -0.017* | |
(0.058) | (0.009) | (0.107) | (0.005) | (0.059) | (0.008) | (0.050) | (0.010) | (0.054) | (0.009) | ||
Mother 1 | -0.150*** | -0.021*** | -0.084 | -0.003 | -0.062 | -0.008 | -0.075** | -0.016** | 0.030 | 0.005 | |
(0.045) | (0.006) | (0.086) | (0.003) | (0.046) | (0.006) | (0.037) | (0.008) | (0.042) | (0.007) | ||
Mother 2 + | -0.378*** | -0.056*** | -0.228* | -0.009* | -0.315*** | -0.045*** | -0.344*** | -0.071*** | 0.012 | 0.002 | |
(0.066) | (0.011) | (0.125) | (0.006) | (0.066) | (0.010) | (0.063) | (0.012) | (0.065) | (0.011) | ||
Psychological problem (Ref. No) | |||||||||||
Father: Yes | 0.023 | 0.003 | -0.192 | -0.008 | -0.232** | -0.033** | -0.145* | -0.031* | -0.885*** | -0.177*** | |
(0.103) | (0.014) | (0.179) | (0.008) | (0.096) | (0.015) | (0.085) | (0.018) | (0.079) | (0.018) | ||
Mother: Yes | -0.106 | -0.015 | -0.199 | -0.008 | -0.311*** | -0.045*** | -0.222*** | -0.046*** | -0.754*** | -0.146*** | |
Substance abuse (Ref. No) | (0.070) | (0.010) | (0.126) | (0.006) | (0.067) | (0.010) | (0.061) | (0.012) | (0.057) | (0.012) | |
Father: Yes | -0.146* | -0.021* | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.003 | -0.065 | -0.014 | -0.231*** | -0.040*** | |
(0.080) | (0.012) | (0.155) | (0.006) | (0.083) | (0.011) | (0.068) | (0.014) | (0.069) | (0.013) | ||
Mother: Yes | -0.421*** | -0.065*** | -0.123 | -0.005 | -0.208 | -0.030 | -0.164 | -0.034 | -0.099 | -0.017 | |
(0.136) | (0.023) | (0.268) | (0.011) | (0.140) | (0.021) | (0.131) | (0.027) | (0.125) | (0.022) | ||
Educational attainment (Ref. Primary school 10 years) | |||||||||||
Upper secondary school | 0.159*** | 0.025*** | -0.075 | -0.003 | 0.069 | 0.011 | -0.002 | 0.000 | 0.092* | 0.016* | |
(0.051) | (0.008) | (0.098) | (0.004) | (0.052) | (0.008) | (0.046) | (0.009) | (0.050) | (0.009) | ||
Lower university degree < 4 years | 0.374*** | 0.055*** | 0.093 | 0.004 | 0.304*** | 0.044*** | 0.234*** | 0.050*** | 0.097* | 0.017* | |
(0.059) | (0.009) | (0.112) | (0.004) | (0.060) | (0.009) | (0.049) | (0.010) | (0.055) | (0.009) | ||
Higher university degree ≥ 4 years | 0.643*** | 0.088*** | 0.382*** | 0.013*** | 0.634*** | 0.083*** | 0.455*** | 0.100*** | 0.217*** | 0.036*** | |
(0.056) | (0.008) | (0.109) | (0.004) | (0.057) | (0.008) | (0.045) | (0.010) | (0.051) | (0.008) | ||
Pseudo R2: McFadden | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.037 | 0.023 | 0.033 |