Subcutaneous tumors were collected on day 14th and the infiltrating lymphocytes were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated T cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment was restricted in control group. In contrast, the TME of aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora treated mice was highly infiltrated with CD8
+ and CD4
+ T cells (Fig.
5A). The growth rate of tumor in mice being injected aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora was slow (Fig.
4B), which might be associated with a markedly growth of the absolute number of CD4
+ and CD8
+ T cells in TME (Fig.
5B, C). More importantly, the absolute quantity of CD4
+ and CD8
+ T cells in lung tumors of mice dealt with aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora increased by 1.5 times compared with those of the control group, while those in mice being disposed with aPD1 + Sora only increased by 20%. The average number of CD4
+ and CD8
+ T cells in aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora, aPD-1 + Sora, aPD-1, Sora group were 148.49%/166.96%, 120.52%/118.93%, 118.89%/106.59% and 105.48%/102.14% of those in PBS group, respectively. As shown in Fig.
4C, tumor weight of mice treated with aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora was dramatically lighter than that of the aPD-1 + Sora group, which validated that aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora therapy could promote the anti-tumor effect of TME immune cells. The number of infiltrating CD4
+ Foxp3
+ T cells in TME was also detected. (Fig.
5D). As illustrated in Fig.
5E, the number of Tregs in the TME of mice administered aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora was significantly reduced in comparison with that of aPD-1 + Sora, which may be related to the inhibition of VEGF-A production by high accumulation of Sora in local tumor areas (Fig.
4E). To summarize, aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora had the strongest synergistic antitumor effect and could directionally deliver aPD-1 and Sora to its most active destination, consequently regulating the tumor immune microenvironment and stimulating T cell-mediated antitumor immune response.