Introduction
Methods
Participants
Subject | Group | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Years of working | < 5 years | 21 | 9.5 |
5 ~ 10 years | 99 | 45.0 | |
> 10 years | 100 | 45.5 | |
Marital status | Unmarried | 57 | 25.9 |
Married | 154 | 70.0 | |
Divorced | 9 | 4.1 | |
Only child | Yes | 104 | 47.7 |
No | 116 | 52.3 | |
Education degree | Junior college | 23 | 10.5 |
Undergraduate | 189 | 85.9 | |
Master degree or above | 8 | 3.6 | |
Census register | Urban residence | 105 | 47.7 |
Rural residence | 115 | 52.3 |
Materials
The Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS)
The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)
The Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI-44)
The symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90)
The Short Form 36 health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36)
Statistical analyses
Results
Differences in pilots' HRQoL related to demographic variables
Subject | Group | Physical function | Physical role | Bodily pain | General health |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years of working | < 5 years | 97.62 ± 5.61 | 92.86 ± 19.59 | 69.52 ± 13.59 | 83.81 ± 19.48 |
5 ~ 10 years | 92.42 ± 15.55 | 87.88 ± 27.74 | 69.39 ± 13.98 | 74.65 ± 20.62 | |
> 10 years | 90.05 ± 18.40 | 84.50 ± 31.13 | 68.90 ± 13.02 | 76.60 ± 18.66 | |
F | 1.979 | 0.857 | 0.041 | 1.893 | |
p | 0.141 | 0.426 | 0.960 | 0.153 | |
Marital status | Unmarried | 94.74 ± 14.65 | 90.35 ± 25.77 | 69.47 ± 13.81 | 80.09 ± 18.69 |
Married | 90.42 ± 17.29 | 85.06 ± 30.32 | 68.96 ± 12.99 | 75.39 ± 19.97 | |
Divorced | 97.78 ± 2.635 | 94.44 ± 11.02 | 71.11 ± 19.65 | 70.56 ± 20.53 | |
F | 2.074 | 1.036 | 0.126 | 1.602 | |
p | 0.128 | 0.356 | 0.882 | 0.204 | |
Only child | Yes | 93.65 ± 13.51 | 89.18 ± 25.78 | 70.19 ± 11.74 | 77.16 ± 19.98 |
No | 90.22 ± 18.53 | 84.70 ± 31.06 | 68.28 ± 14.82 | 75.73 ± 19.55 | |
F | 2.425 | 1.340 | 1.113 | 0.288 | |
p | 0.121 | 0.248 | 0.293 | 0.592 | |
Education degree | Junior college | 75.87 ± 28.39 | 77.17 ± 36.86 | 66.96 ± 11.84 | 68.91 ± 14.37 |
Undergraduate | 93.54 ± 13.54 | 88.10 ± 27.72 | 69.42 ± 13.26 | 77.59 ± 19.85 | |
Master degree or above | 97.50 ± 2.67 | 84.38 ± 22.90 | 70.00 ± 22.04 | 70.00 ± 25.91 | |
F | 13.853 | 1.521 | 0.356 | 2.455 | |
p | < 0.001 | 0.221 | 0.701 | 0.088 | |
Census register | Urban residence | 92.76 ± 14.14 | 89.52 ± 25.66 | 70.00 ± 11.68 | 79.62 ± 17.79 |
Rural residence | 91.00 ± 18.25 | 84.35 ± 31.14 | 68.43 ± 14.90 | 73.48 ± 20.98 | |
F | 0.632 | 1.790 | 0.742 | 5.427 | |
p | 0.427 | 0.182 | 0.390 | 0.021* |
Subject | Group | Somatization | Obsessive symptoms | Interpersonal sensitivity | Depression | Anxiety | Hostility | Terror | Paranoia | Psychosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years of working | < 5 years | 0.03 ± 0.08 | 0.13 ± 0.35 | 0.11 ± 0.32 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | 0.06 ± 0.21 | 0.04 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.10 | 0.07 ± 0.22 | 0.07 ± 0.24 |
5 ~ 10 years | 0.15 ± 0.26 | 0.17 ± 0.24 | 0.15 ± 0.26 | 0.13 ± 0.26 | 0.11 ± 0.20 | 0.13 ± 0.26 | 0.07 ± 0.13 | 0.15 ± 0.28 | 0.13 ± 0.23 | |
> 10 years | 0.18 ± 0.24 | 0.23 ± 0.41 | 0.16 ± 0.30 | 0.16 ± 0.31 | 0.13 ± 0.25 | 0.17 ± 0.33 | 0.09 ± 0.22 | 0.11 ± 0.25 | 0.12 ± 0.23 | |
F | 3.133 | 1.303 | 0.185 | 0.520 | 0.759 | 1.561 | 1.305 | 0.892 | 0.589 | |
p | 0.046* | 0.274 | 0.831 | 0.595 | 0.469 | 0.212 | 0.273 | 0.411 | 0.556 | |
Marital status | Unmarried | 0.08 ± 0.14 | 0.13 ± 0.26 | 0.11 ± 0.25 | 0.09 ± 0.26 | 0.08 ± 0.19 | 0.10 ± 0.21 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 0.09 ± 0.20 | 0.08 ± 0.21 |
Married | 0.17 ± 0.27 | 0.22 ± 0.36 | 0.16 ± 0.30 | 0.16 ± 0.31 | 0.12 ± 0.24 | 0.16 ± 0.32 | 0.09 ± 0.20 | 0.13 ± 0.23 | 0.13 ± 0.23 | |
Divorced | 0.21 ± 0.21 | 0.21 ± 0.17 | 0.18 ± 0.32 | 0.16 ± 0.21 | 0.12 ± 0.17 | 0.03 ± 0.07 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.58 | 0.18 ± 0.34 | |
F | 2.874 | 1.353 | 0.796 | 1.052 | 0.557 | 1.535 | 2.619 | 2.190 | 1.225 | |
p | 0.059 | 0.261 | 0.453 | 0.351 | 0.574 | 0.218 | 0.075 | 0.114 | 0.296 | |
Only child | Yes | 0.11 ± 0.17 | 0.16 ± 0.29 | 0.12 ± 0.26 | 0.12 ± 0.30 | 0.08 ± 0.16 | 0.11 ± 0.28 | 0.05 ± 0.12 | 0.11 ± 0.24 | 0.10 ± 0.21 |
No | 0.18 ± 0.29 | 0.22 ± 0.37 | 0.18 ± 0.31 | 0.15 ± 0.29 | 0.14 ± 0.27 | 0.17 ± 0.29 | 0.10 ± 0.21 | 0.14 ± 0.25 | 0.14 ± 0.25 | |
F | 4.900 | 2.098 | 2.210 | 0.484 | 4.754 | 2.000 | 4.460 | 0.938 | 2.004 | |
p | 0.028* | 0.149 | 0.139 | 0.488 | 0.030* | 0.159 | 0.036* | 0.334 | 0.158 | |
Education degree | Junior college | 0.20 ± 0.29 | 0.30 ± 0.35 | 0.27 ± 0.35 | 0.22 ± 0.30 | 0.16 ± 0.26 | 0.22 ± 0.25 | 0.12 ± 0.21 | 0.19 ± 0.23 | 0.16 ± 0.26 |
Undergraduate | 0.14 ± 0.24 | 0.18 ± 0.34 | 0.14 ± 0.28 | 0.13 ± 0.29 | 0.11 ± 0.23 | 0.13 ± 0.29 | 0.07 ± 0.17 | 0.12 ± 0.25 | 0.12 ± 0.23 | |
Master degree or above | 0.13 ± 0.14 | 0.13 ± 0.15 | 0.06 ± 0.11 | 0.07 ± 0.12 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.08 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.29 | 0.06 ± 0.17 | |
F | 0.508 | 1.361 | 2.555 | 1.037 | 0.843 | 1.227 | 1.485 | 0.885 | 0.563 | |
p | 0.602 | 0.256 | 0.080 | 0.356 | 0.432 | 0.295 | 0.229 | 0.414 | 0.570 | |
Census register | Urban residence | 0.12 ± 0.19 | 0.18 ± 0.29 | 0.12 ± 0.25 | 0.12 ± 0.29 | 0.08 ± 0.16 | 0.13 ± 0.28 | 0.06 ± 0.15 | 0.10 ± 0.20 | 0.10 ± 0.21 |
Rural residence | 0.18 ± 0.28 | 0.21 ± 0.37 | 0.17 ± 0.32 | 0.15 ± 0.29 | 0.14 ± 0.27 | 0.15 ± 0.29 | 0.09 ± 0.19 | 0.15 ± 0.28 | 0.14 ± 0.25 | |
F | 3.014 | 0.522 | 1.550 | 0.750 | 4.795 | 0.395 | 1.989 | 2.492 | 1.432 | |
p | 0.084 | 0.471 | 0.214 | 0.387 | 0.030* | 0.531 | 0.160 | 0.116 | 0.233 |
Influencing factors of pilot's HRQoL
Physical function | Physical role | Bodily pain | General health | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personality | Extraversion | 0.140* | 0.349** | 0.334** | 0.473** |
Agreeableness | 0.197** | 0.266** | 0.168* | 0.453** | |
Conscientiousness | 0.286** | 0.317** | 0.219** | 0.440** | |
Neuroticism | -0.168* | -0.321** | -0.287** | -0.444** | |
Openness | 0.300** | 0.337** | 0.139* | 0.341** | |
Resilience | Tenacity | 0.267** | 0.343** | 0.299** | 0.395** |
Strength | 0.321** | 0.391** | 0.302** | 0.442** | |
Optimism | 0.146* | 0.219** | 0.208** | 0.196** | |
Social support | Family support | 0.137* | 0.168* | 0.133* | 0.193* |
Friend support | 0.147* | 0.186** | 0.151* | 0.196** | |
Other support | 0.150* | 0.203** | 0.147* | 0.192** |
Layers | Factors | Non-standardized regression coefficient | β | t | R2 | ΔR2 | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | |||||||
First | Family support | -1.368 | 1.696 | -0.195 | -0.806 | 0.060 | 0.060 | 4.557** |
Friend support | 0.859 | 1.774 | 0.119 | 0.484 | ||||
Other support | 2.252 | 1.924 | 0.310 | 1.171 | ||||
Second | Tenacity | 0.005 | 0.735 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.250 | 0.191 | 11.861** |
Strength | 4.672 | 1.251 | 0.519 | 3.736** | ||||
Optimism | -0.824 | 0.998 | -0.062 | -0.826 | ||||
Third | Extraversion | 1.786 | 1.106 | 0.139 | 1.616 | 0.336 | 0.086 | 9.585** |
Agreeableness | -1.039 | 0.824 | -0.109 | -1.261 | ||||
Conscientiousness | 2.110 | 0.894 | 0.186 | 2.361* | ||||
Neuroticism | -1.207 | 0.818 | -0.121 | -1.476 | ||||
Openness | 0.468 | 0.836 | 0.044 | 0.560 |
Somatization | Obsessive symptoms | Interpersonal sensitivity | Depression | Anxiety | Hostility | Terror | Paranoia | Psychosis | ||
Personality | Extraversion | -0.345** | -.392** | -.403** | -0.405** | -0.420** | -0.370** | -0.297** | -0.284** | -0.395** |
Agreeableness | -0.312** | -0.347** | -0.366** | -0.379** | -0.359** | -0.351** | -0.373** | -0.346** | -0.404** | |
Conscientiousness | -0.262** | -0.250** | -0.272** | -0.265** | -0.242** | -0.286** | -0.280** | -0.225** | -0.293** | |
Neuroticism | 0.394** | 0.419** | 0.480** | 0.453** | 0.458** | 0.432** | 0.367** | 0.371** | 0.446** | |
Openness | -0.254** | -0.207** | -0.222** | -0.269** | -0.261** | -0.259** | -0.245** | -0.141* | -0.246** | |
Resilience | Tenacity | -0.227** | -0.311** | -0.327** | -0.393** | -0.311** | -0.264** | -0.224** | -0.247** | -0.269** |
Strength | -0.260** | -0.321** | -0.335** | -0.425** | -0.333** | -0.303** | -0.276** | -0.295** | -0.301** | |
Optimism | -0.072 | -0.163* | -0.208** | -0.265** | -0.215** | -0.096 | -0.111 | -0.172* | -0.142* | |
Social support | Family support | -0.196** | -0.137* | -0.204** | -0.139* | -0.211** | -0.150* | -0.205** | -0.172* | -0.244** |
Friend support | -0.192** | -0.150* | -0.172* | -0.180** | -0.205** | -0.180** | -0.212** | -0.163* | -0.229** | |
Other support | -0.178** | -0.126 | -0.175** | -0.139* | -0.206** | -0.146* | -0.200** | -0.159* | -0.230** |
Layers | Factors | Non-standardized regression coefficient | β | t | R2 | ΔR2 | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | |||||||
First | Tenacity | 0.000 | 0.006 | -0.017 | -0.079 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 3.611 |
Strength | -0.004 | 0.006 | -0.148 | -0.667 | ||||
Optimism | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.132 | 0.548 | ||||
Second | Family support | -0.002 | 0.003 | -0.107 | -0.767 | 0.152 | 0.105 | 6.379 |
Friend support | -0.010 | 0.005 | -0.288 | -1.948* | ||||
Other support | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.050 | 0.628 | ||||
Third | Extraversion | -0.007 | 0.005 | -0.128 | -1.440 | 0.297 | 0.144 | 7.970 |
Agreeableness | -0.005 | 0.003 | -0.128 | -1.435 | ||||
Conscientiousness | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.059 | 0.730 | ||||
Neuroticism | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.332 | 3.945** | ||||
Openness | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.085 | 1.050 |