Introduction
Methods
Study design and patients
FMD measurement protocol
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline clinical characteristics
Variables | All (n = 58) | Control group (n = 32) | Ipragliflozin group (n = 26) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 month | 24 months | P value | 0 month | 24 months | P value | ||
Age, yr | 65.1 ± 10.4 | 66.3 ± 10.4 | 63.5 ± 10.4 | ||||
Male, n (%) | 39 (67.2) | 22 (68.8) | 17 (65.4) | ||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 5.0 | 28.1 ± 5.9 | 27.9 ± 5.5 |
0.30
| 28.4 ± 3.8 | 26.7 ± 3.8* |
< 0.01
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 ± 14 | 134 ± 14 | 133 ± 13 |
0.80
| 130 ± 14 | 128 ± 13 |
0.56
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 14 | 73 ± 10 |
0.12
| 76 ± 14 | 74 ± 13 |
0.40
|
Heart rate, bpm | 70 ± 15 | 67 ± 12 | 71 ± 13 |
0.05
| 73 ± 17 | 74 ± 14 |
0.75
|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.57 ± 0.55 | 4.61 ± 0.55 | 4.32 ± 0.87 |
0.01
| 4.52 ± 0.67 | 4.63 ± 0.90** |
0.39
|
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.25 ± 0.33 | 1.35 ± 0.35 | 1.31 ± 0.26 |
0.23
| 1.12 ± 0.26* | 1.20 ± 0.20 |
0.03
|
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.62 ± 0.61 | 2.62 ± 0.69 | 2.40 ± 0.55 |
0.04
| 2.62 ± 0.52 | 2.68 ± 0.73** |
0.45
|
Glucose, mmol/L | 8.25 ± 1.31 | 8.3 ± 1.87 | 7.85 ± 1.67 |
0.21
| 8.19 ± 1.77 | 7.24 ± 1.35 |
< 0.01
|
HbA1c, % | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 0.7 |
0.27
| 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 0.9 |
< 0.01
|
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 71.7 ± 18.1 | 73.7 ± 20.6 | 74.7 ± 21.2 |
0.49
| 69.3 ± 14.6 | 69.1 ± 15.5** |
0.88
|
Current smoker, n (%) | 9 (15.5) | 7 (21.9) | 2 (7.7) | ||||
Medical history, n (%) | |||||||
Hypertension | 37
(63.8) | 21 (65.6) | 16 (61.5) | ||||
Dyslipidemia | 28 (48.3) | 14 (43.8) | 14 (53.8) | ||||
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease | 22 (37.9) | 10 (31.2) | 12 (46.2) | ||||
Previous stroke | 4 (6.9) | 2 (6.2) | 2 (7.7) | ||||
Heart failure | 8 (13.8) | 4 (12.5) | 4 (15.4) | ||||
Medication, n (%) | |||||||
ACE inhibitors | 9 (15.5) | 5 (15.6) | 5 (15.6) |
1.00
| 4 (15.4) | 4 (15.4) |
1.00
|
ARBs | 36 (62.1) | 22 (68.8) | 22 (68.8) |
1.00
| 14 (53.8) | 16 (61.5) |
0.57
|
Calcium channel blockers | 43 (74.1) | 26 (81.2) | 26 (81.2) |
1.00
| 17 (65.4) | 17 (65.4) |
1.00
|
Beta-blockers | 24 (41.4) | 12 (37.5) | 14 (43.8) |
0.61
| 12 (46.2) | 12 (46.2) |
1.00
|
Statins | 38 (65.5) | 21 (65.6) | 21 (65.6) |
1.00
| 17 (65.4) | 17 (65.4) |
1.00
|
Antiplatelet drugs | 32 (41.6) | 13 (41.9) | 12 (38.7) |
0.80
| 9 (34.6) | 9 (34.6) |
1.00
|
Insulin | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
1.00
| 1 (3.8) | 2 (7.7) |
0.55
|
Metformin | 24 (41.4) | 15 (46.9) | 16 (50.0) |
0.80
| 9 (34.6) | 10 (38.5) |
0.77
|
Sulfonylurea | 10 (17.2) | 8 (25.0) | 7 (21.9) |
0.77
| 2 (7.7) | 1 (3.8) |
0.55
|
Thiazolidinedione | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.2) |
0.09
| 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
N/A
|
DPP-4 inhibitors | 37 (63.8) | 19 (59.4) | 19 (59.4) |
1.00
| 18 (69.2) | 16 (61.5) |
0.57
|
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
N/A
| 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.8) |
0.24
|
FMD, % |
5.3 ± 2.7
|
5.4 ± 2.9
|
5.0 ± 3.2
|
0.34
|
5.2 ± 2.6
|
5.2 ± 2.6
|
0.96
|