Introduction
Method
Source of data
Variables
Outcome variable
Independent variables
Community-level variables
Data management and analysis
Multi-level analysis
Model building
Parameter estimation method
Result
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in Sub-Saharan Africa
Variables | Ferequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Women education | ||
No education | 138,614 | 42.15 |
Primary | 107,871 | 32.80 |
Secondary | 82,372 | 25.05 |
Weaklth Index | ||
Poor | 158,196 | 48.10 |
Middle | 65,092 | 19.79 |
Rich | 105,569 | 32.10 |
Womens age | ||
< 20 | 197,416 | 60.94 |
20–34 | 125,677 | 38.80 |
34 + | 840 | 0.26 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 20,295 | 6.17 |
Married | 235,871 | 71.72 |
Divorced | 72,691 | 22.10 |
Huasband/partner educational status | ||
No education | 111,090 | 39.38 |
Primary | 76,266 | 27.04 |
Secondary | 94,734 | 33.58 |
Birth order of child | ||
1 | 70,759 | 21.52 |
2–3 | 113,740 | 34.59 |
4–5 | 75,051 | 22.82 |
6 + | 69,307 | 21.08 |
Trimester at ANC visit | ||
1st trimester | 73,876 | 37.99 |
2nd trimester | 116,773 | 60.05 |
3rd trimester | 3,822 | 1.97 |
No of ANC vist | ||
None | 24,983 | 11.22 |
1–3 | 76,592 | 34.40 |
4 + | 121,076 | 54.38 |
Place of delivery | ||
Home | 120,303 | 36.58 |
Health Institution | 208,554 | 63.42 |
Residence | ||
Rural | 231,860 | 70.52 |
Urban | 96,929 | 29.48 |
Size of child at birth | ||
Large | 110,170 | 35.22 |
Average | 149,801 | 47.89 |
Small | 52,836 | 16.89 |
Skin to skin contcat | ||
Yes | 69,230 | 45.05 |
No | 84,440 | 54.95 |
Media exposure | ||
Yes | 203,785 | 62.08 |
No | 124,460 | 37.92 |
Mode of delivery | ||
Vaginal | 309,345 | 95.70 |
Cesearian section | 13,898 | 4.30 |
Birth Interval | ||
≤ 24 months | 58,637 | 17.83 |
> 24 months | 270,152 | 82.17 |
Sex of child | ||
Male | 166,539 | 50.65 |
Female | 162,250 | 49.35 |
Parity | ||
1 | 45,807 | 13.93 |
2–3 | 119,019 | 36.19 |
4–5 | 82,230 | 25.00 |
6 + | 81,801 | 24.87 |
Pooled prevalence of early initiation of feeding in Sub-Saharan Africa
Country | Survey year | Number study participants (n) | Percentage EIBF |
---|---|---|---|
Angola | 2015–16 | 11,572 | 48.34 |
Burkina Faso | 2010 | 14,662 | 43.26 |
Benin | 2017–18 | 12,159 | 55.15 |
Burundi | 2016–17 | 12,111 | 85.86 |
CDR | 2011 | 17,780 | 51.78 |
Congo | 2013 | 8,200 | 23.58 |
Cote d’ Ivoire | 2011 | 7,258 | 27.21 |
Cameron | 2018 | 8,999 | 54.20 |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 10,053 | 73.12 |
Gabon | 2012 | 4,146 | 38.42 |
Ghana | 2014 | 5,698 | 55.62 |
Gambia | 2013 | 7,471 | 53.57 |
Guinea | 2018 | 7,453 | 45.09 |
Kenya | 2013 | 20,508 | 66.35 |
Comoros | 2012 | 2,218 | 36.74 |
Liberia | 2013 | 7,091 | 59.68 |
Lesotho | 2014 | 2,569 | 70.54 |
Mali | 2018 | 8,795 | 66.54 |
Malawi | 2015–16 | 16,400 | 81.00 |
Niger | 2012 | 11,460 | 56.63 |
Nigeria | 2018 | 4,051 | 74.47 |
Namibia | 2013 | 7,679 | 79.62 |
Ruanda | 2014–15 | 8,509 | 78.61 |
Serra Leone | 2019 | 10,964 | 51.92 |
Senegal | 2010–11 | 17,426 | 27.85 |
Chad | 2014 | 6,683 | 59.04 |
Togo | 2013–14 | 9,129 | 53.34 |
Tanzania | 2014–15 | 14,409 | 67.76 |
Uganda | 2016 | 3,291 | 75.63 |
South Africa | 2016 | 8,841 | 78.57 |
Zambia | 2018 | 4,267 | 58.19 |
Zimbabwe | 2015 | 32,013 | 43.26 |
All | 328,789 | 100% |
Determinants of EIBF in Sub-Saharan Africa
Random effect analysis result
Parameter | Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III |
---|---|---|---|---|
Community variance(se) | 0.83(0.043) | 0.74(0.074) | 0.66(0.042) | 0.52(0.09) |
ICC | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
MOR(95% CI) | 2.38(2.19 – 2.60) | 2.27(1.96 – 2.63) | 2.17(1.95 – 2.30) | 2.00(1.67 – 2.37) |
PCV(%) | Reference | 10.84% | 20.48% | 37.35% |
Model comparision | ||||
Log-liklihood ratio | -138,905.70 | -56,638.26 | -138,895.90 | -56,636.35 |
Deviance (-2LL) | 277, 811.4 | 113,276.52 | 277, 791 | 113, 272.7 |
The fixed effect analysis result
Variables | Model II AOR (95% CI) | Model III | Model IV AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Women education | |||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Primary | 1.22(1.15—1.27) | 1.20 (1.16—1.26)a | |
Secondary + | 1.03(0.98—1.09) | 1.06(1.01—1.12)b | |
Weaklth Index | |||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Middle | 1.16(1.12—1.21) | 1.10 (1.06 1.16)a | |
Rich | 1.28(1.23—1.35) | 1.29 (1.23—1.34)a | |
Womens age | |||
< 20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
20–34 | 1.04 (1.01—1.08) | 1.04(1.01—1.09)b | |
34 + | 0.79 (0.61—1.04) | 0.80 (0.61—1.04) | |
Huasband/partner education | |||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Primary | 1.12 (1.07—1.17) | 1.11 (1.06—1.16)a | |
Secondary + | 0.88 (0.84—0.93) | 0.87 (0.83—0.92)a | |
Birth order of child | |||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
2–3 | 1.27 (1.22—1.33) | 1.27(1.22—1.33)a | |
4–5 | 1.25 (1.19—1.31) | 1.25(1.19—1.32)b | |
6 + | 1.16 (1.11—1.23) | 1.17(1.11—1.23)b | |
Trimester at ANC visit | |||
1st trimester | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
2nd trimester | 0.96 (0.93—1.00) | 0.96 (0.93—1.01) | |
3rd trimester | 0.94 (0.84—1.05) | 0.94 (0.84—1.05) | |
ANC vist | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | 1.01 (0.97—1.07) | 1.01 (0.97—1.05) | |
Place of delivery | |||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Health Institution | 1.97(1.89—2.05) | 1.97(1.89—2.05)a | |
Health Insurance | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | 1.53 (1.43—1.65) | 1.53(1.42—1.65)a | |
Size of child at birth | |||
Large | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Average | 1.07(1.03—1.11) | 1.07(1.03—1.11)a | |
Small | 0.87(0.84—0.92) | 0.87(0.83—0.92)a | |
Skin to skin contcat | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | 1.51 (1.47—1.57) | 1.51(1.47—1.57)a | |
Media exposure | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | 1.31 (1.30 – 1.40) | 1.36 (1.31—1.41)a | |
Mode of delivery | |||
Vaginal | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Cesearian section | 0.27 (0.25—0.29) | 0.27 (0.25—0.29)a | |
Sex of child | |||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Female | 1.02 (0.99—1.05) | 1.02 (0.99- 1.05) | |
Birth Interval | |||
< 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
≥ 24 | 1.00(0.95—1.04) | 1.00 (0.96—1.04) | |
Residence | |||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Urban | 1.00(0.98—1.02) | 1.30 (1.26—1.36)a | |
Community poverty | |||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
High | 0.96(0.93—1.04) | 1.02 (0.96—1.07) | |
Community ANC visit | |||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
High | 1.02(0.98—1.07) | 1.00 (0.94—1.06) | |
Community education | |||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
High | 1.06 (1.02—1.06) | 1.00(0.94—1.06) | |
Community media exposure | |||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
High | 0.99 (0.96—1.03) | 1.00 (0.94—1.05) |