Introduction
The pandemic in the Finnish context
Methods
Participants and procedure
Measures
Variable and items | Response options | Coding | Scale used/adapted from | Cronbach's alpha | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | ||||
Mental health indicators | |||||
Psychological complaints | |||||
How often have you experienced these symptoms over the last six months? | About every day More than once a week About every week About every month Rarely or never | Number of complaints (1 = 0, 2 = 1–2, 3 = 3–4) experienced twice a week or more often | 0.83 | 0.82 | |
Somatic complaints | |||||
How often have you experienced these symptoms over the last six months? | About every day More than once a week About every week About every month Rarely or never | Number of complaints (1 = 0, 2 = 1–2, 3 = 3–4) experienced twice a week or more often | 0.75 | 0.76 | |
Life satisfaction | |||||
Adolescents were asked to rate how satisfied they were with their lives on a visual scale | 10 The best possible life—0 The worst possible life | The scale was reversed and used as a continuous scale (0–10) | |||
Perceived loneliness | |||||
Do you ever feel lonely? (Sample 1) | Yes, very often Yes, quite often Sometimes No | 1 = Low loneliness (No / Sometimes), 2 = High loneliness (Yes, quite often / Yes, very often) | |||
How often have you felt lonely during the last 12 months? (Sample 2) | Never Rarely Sometimes Most of the time Always | 1 = Low loneliness (Never / Rarely / Sometimes), 2 = High loneliness (Most of the time /Always) | |||
Problematic social media use | |||||
During the past year, have you | No Yes | 0.82 | 0.82 | ||
Regularly noticed that you can only think about the moment that you will be able to use social media again? | |||||
Regularly felt dissatisfied because you wanted to spend more time on social media? | |||||
Often been in a bad mood because you couldn’t use social media? | |||||
Tried to spend less time on social media but failed? | |||||
Regularly neglected doing other things (e.g., hobbies, sports) because you wanted to use social media? | |||||
Regularly argued with others about your own social media usage? | |||||
Regularly lied to your parents or friends about how much time you spend on social media? | |||||
Often used social media to escape from unpleasant feelings? | |||||
Actually fought with your parents or siblings because of your social media usage? | |||||
Psychosocial factors | |||||
Perceived home atmosphere | |||||
How would you rate the atmosphere in your home? | Very good Quite good Neither good nor bad Quite bad Very bad | The scale was reversed and used as a continuous variable | |||
Parental monitoring | |||||
Maternal monitoring (6 items)a | Brown [66] | 0.86 | 0.86 | ||
Paternal monitoring (6 items)a | Brown [66] | 0.89 | 0.90 | ||
How much does your mother/father really know about | She/he knows a lot She/he knows something She/he knows nothing I have no mother, or I do not see her I have no father, or I do not see him | The last two response options were omitted. Mean scores were calculated for both subscales | |||
Who your friends are | |||||
How you spend your money | |||||
Where you spend your time after school | |||||
Where you are in the evenings | |||||
What you do in your free time | |||||
What you do on the internet | |||||
Family support | |||||
My family really tries to help me | Very strongly disagree (1)—Very strongly agree (7) | Items were computed into a mean score | 0.97 | 0.96 | |
I get the help and emotional support I need from my family | |||||
I can talk about my problems with my family | |||||
My family is willing to help me in decision-making | |||||
Peer support | |||||
My friends really try to help me | Very strongly disagree (1)— Very strongly agree (7) | Items were computed into a mean score | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
I can count on my friends when something goes wrong | |||||
I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows | |||||
I can talk about my problems with my friends | |||||
Teacher support | |||||
I feel that my teachers accept me as I am | Completely agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Completely disagree | Items were reversed and computed into a mean score | 0.87 | 0.88 | |
I feel that my teachers care about me as a person | |||||
I trust my teachers a lot | |||||
Classmate support | |||||
The pupils in my class get on well with each other | Completely agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Completely disagree | Items were reversed and computed into a mean score | 0.81 | 0.84 | |
Most pupils in my class are kind and helpful Other pupils accept me the way I am | |||||
School climate | |||||
I feel safe in this school | Completely agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Completely disagree | Items were reversed and computed into a mean score | The School Climate Index [71] | 0.81 | 0.86 |
I feel like I belong in this school | |||||
Intensity of online communication | |||||
How often do you interact with the following people via the internet? | I don’t know/Doesn’t concern me Never or hardly ever At least every week Daily or almost daily Several times a day Almost all the time | EU Kids Online Survey [74] | 0.71 | 0.74 | |
Close friend(s) | |||||
Friends from a larger friend group | |||||
People that you have met on the internet | |||||
Other people (e.g., parents, siblings, classmates, teachers) | |||||
Other health-related factors | |||||
Educational expectationsb | |||||
What will you do when you finish comprehensive school? | Sample 1: Apply for general upper secondary education Apply to a vocational school or for other vocational training Apply for an apprenticeship Double qualification (e.g., general upper secondary education and vocational upper secondary education simultaneously) Get a job Remain unemployed I don’t know Sample 2: Apply for general upper secondary education Apply to a vocational school or for other vocational training Double qualification (e.g., general upper secondary education and vocational upper secondary education simultaneously) Apply for voluntary additional education (e.g., 10th grade) I don’t know | Responses were categorized into 1 = academic educational expectations (upper secondary school) and 2 = vocational educational expectations (vocational school or other vocational training). Other response options were omitted due to their low frequency (< 5%) | |||
Health literacya | |||||
I am confident that … | Not at all true Not completely true Somewhat true Absolutely true | A sum score was calculated (range 0–40), and further recoded into three groups: low (score 10–25), moderate (26–35) and high health literacy (36–40) [75] | 0.96 | 0.92 | |
I have good information about health | |||||
When necessary, I am able to give ideas on how to improve health in my immediate surroundings (e.g., a nearby place or area, family, friends) | |||||
I can compare health-related information from different sources | |||||
I can follow the instructions given to me by healthcare personnel (e.g., nurse, doctor) | |||||
I can easily give examples of things that promote health | |||||
I can judge how my own actions affect the surrounding natural environment | |||||
When necessary, I can find health-related information that is easy for me to understand | |||||
I can judge how my behavior affects my health | |||||
-I can usually figure out if some health-related information is right or wrong | |||||
I can give reasons for the choices I make regarding my health | |||||
Self-rated health | |||||
Would you say your health is…? | Excellent Good Fair Poor | The scale was reversed and used as a continuous variable | |||
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
Family affluence | |||||
Does your family own a car (a passenger car, a van, or a lorry)? | No One Two or more | A sum score (range 0–10) was calculated from the items, which was further categorized into three groups of relative family affluence: low (lowest 20th percentile), medium (between 20 and 80th percentile) and high (highest 20th percentile), in line with international guidelines [77]. Due to the distribution of the sum score, the following cut-offs were used: 0–6 (low, lowest 18th percentile), 7–8 (medium, between 19th and 73rd percentile) and 9–10 (high, highest 27th percentile) | |||
Do you have your own bedroom? | No Yes | ||||
How many computers does your family have (including laptops and tablets, but not game consoles and smartphones)? | None One Two More than two | ||||
How many bathrooms are in your home? | None One Two More than two | ||||
Do you have a dishwasher in your home? | No Yes | ||||
Family structure | |||||
Answer this question by thinking about the home in which you live all the time or most of the time, and mark the people who live there | Mother Father Mother’s partner Father’s partner I live in a foster home or children’s home Someone or somewhere else (e.g., grandparents) | Responses were categorized into three family structures (1 = lives in a nuclear family, 2 = lives in a single-parent family, 3 = lives in a step-family). Cases in which the adolescents either left the question blank (n = 33 in sample 1, n = 41 in sample 2) or reported living without a parent (n = 22 in sample 1, n = 27 in sample 2) were set to missing due to the low frequency of those responses | |||
Urban/rural residence | |||||
What kind of place do you live in? | City, in the center City, outside the center Countryside, in the village center Countryside, outside the village center | Responses were dichotomized into 1 = urban residence (City, in the center / City, outside the center) and 2 = rural residence (Countryside, in the village center / Countryside, outside the village center) | |||
Immigrant background | |||||
This variable was constructed from three items asking in which country the adolescents and each of their parents were born | Lists of countries | Responses were categorized into 1 = first-generation immigrant (being born abroad), 2 = second-generation immigrant (born in Finland and one or both parents born abroad), and 3 = native/non-immigrant background (the respondent and parent(s) were born in Finland) |
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Sample 1 (2018), N = 3498 | Sample 2 (2022), N = 3838 | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|
% (n)/M (SD) | % (n)/M (SD) | ||
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
Gender, female (vs. male) | 49.9 (1726) | 50.6 (1915) | χ2 = 0.39, p = 0.531 |
Mean age | 13.44 (1.69) | 13.21 (1.74) | t(7276) = 5.75, p < 0.001 |
Grade | χ2= 68.12, p < 0.001 | ||
5th | 29.8 (1041) | 37.3 (1432) | p < 0.001d |
7th | 36.6 (1281) | 36.8 (1413) | p > 0.05d |
9th | 33.6 (1176) | 25.9 (993) | p < 0.001d |
Language of instruction, Swedish (vs. Finnish) | 19.8 (691) | 37.1 (1424) | χ2 = 268.44, p < 0.001 |
Relative family affluence | χ2= 0.42, p = 0.812 | ||
Low | 17.8 (610) | 17.9 (680) | p > 0.05d |
Medium | 56.0 (1919) | 55.4 (2108) | p > 0.05d |
High | 26.1 (895) | 26.8 (1019) | p > 0.05d |
Family structure | χ2= 65.34, p < 0.001 | ||
Nuclear family | 74.7 (2508) | 69.3 (2313) | p < 0.001d |
Single-parent family | 13.6 (457) | 21.0 (700) | p < 0.001d |
Step-family | 11.7 (391) | 9.7 (323) | p = 0.009d |
Urban residence (vs. rural) | 55.2 (1911) | 57.1 (2152) | χ2= 2.77, p = 0.096 |
Immigrant background | χ2= 0.79, p = 0.675 | ||
First-generation immigrant | 4.5 (156) | 4.2 (154) | p > 0.05d |
Second-generation immigrant | 7.2 (247) | 6.9 (253) | p > 0.05d |
Native (non-immigrant) | 88.2 (3026) | 88.9 (3256) | p > 0.05d |
Mental health indicators | |||
Psychological complaintsa | χ2= 32.60, p < 0.001 | ||
0 | 57.5 (1986) | 51.2 (1927) | p < 0.001d |
1–2 | 27.3 (942) | 29.6 (1115) | p = 0.026d |
3–4 | 15.2 (525) | 19.1% (719) | p < 0.001d |
Somatic complaintsa | χ2= 28.74, p < 0.001 | ||
0 | 69.2 (2391) | 64.4 (2421) | p < 0.001d |
1–2 | 26.2 (903) | 28.5 (1073) | p = 0.023d |
3–4 | 4.6 (159) | 7.1 (266) | p < 0.001d |
Life satisfaction | 7.72 (1.81) | 7.42 (1.67) | t(6847) = 7.28, p < 0.001 |
High loneliness (vs. low) | 14.8 (503) | 11.2 (420) | χ2 = 20.48, p < 0.001 |
Problematic social media use | χ2= 13.08, p < 0.001 | ||
Normative user | 56.2 (1806) | 52.0 (1737) | p = 0.001d |
Risky user | 34.3 (1102) | 38.5 (1284) | p < 0.001d |
Problematic user | 9.5 (307) | 9.5 (318) | p > 0.05d |
Psychosocial factors | |||
Perceived home atmosphere | 4.31 (0.79) | 4.33 (0.79) | t(6854) = − 0.94, p > 0.05 |
Parental monitoringb | |||
Maternal monitoring | 2.43 (0.45) | 2.51 (0.44) | t(5773) = − 5.99, p < 0.001 |
Paternal monitoring | 2.24 (0.54) | 2.33 (0.55) | t(5548) = − 5.99, p < 0.001 |
Family support | 5.67 (1.67) | 5.60 (1.66) | t(6859) = 1.80, p > 0.05 |
Peer support | 5.42 (1.68) | 5.45 (1.65) | t(6838) = − 0.79, p > 0.05 |
Teacher support | 3.84 (0.95) | 3.96 (0.94) | t(6898) = − 5.27, p < 0.001 |
Classmate support | 3.90 (0.79) | 3.79 (0.86) | t(6946) = 5.19, p < 0.001 |
Perceived school climate | 4.14 (0.88) | 3.97 (0.95) | t(6987) = 7.58, p < 0.001 |
Intensity of online communication | 3.02 (0.85) | 3.05 (0.96) | t(6048) = − 0.92, p > 0.05 |
Other health-related factors | |||
Academic educational expectationsc (vs. vocational) | 64.71 (704) | 58.47 (518) | χ2= 8.07, p = 0.005 |
Health literacyb | χ2= 15.00, p = 0.005 | ||
Low | 10.2 (238) | 8.8 (208) | p > 0.05d |
Moderate | 55.5 (1301) | 61.1 (1446) | p < 0.001d |
High | 34.3 (805) | 30.2 (714) | p = 0.002d |
Self-rated health | x= 31.36, p < 0.001 | ||
Poor | 2.4 (84) | 2.1 (79) | p > 0.05d |
Fair | 13.9 (479) | 12.9 (487) | p > 0.05d |
Good | 60.1 (2074) | 55.7 (2106) | p < 0.001d |
Excellent | 23.6 (813) | 29.4 (1111) | p < 0.001d |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 (2018) | ||||
1 Psychological complaintsa | – | |||
2 Somatic complaintsa | 0.45** | – | ||
3 Life satisfactionb | − 0.40** | − 0.26** | – | |
4 Perceived lonelinessa | 0.37** | 0.22** | − 0.33** | – |
5 Problematic social media usea | 0.26** | 0.18** | − 0.22** | 0.17** |
Sample 2 (2022) | ||||
1 Psychological complaintsa | – | |||
2 Somatic complaintsa | 0.51** | – | ||
3 Life satisfactionb | − 0.46** | − 0.33** | – | |
4 Perceived lonelinessa | 0.31** | 0.25** | − 0.32** | – |
5 Problematic social media usea | 0.33** | 0.23** | − 0.28** | 0.19** |
Mental health profiles
Sample 1 (2018)
All | Profile 1 | Profile2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 3149 | “Good mental health” (43.7%, n = 1375) | “Mixed psychosocial health” (19.9%, n = 628) | “Somatically challenged” (15.0%, n = 471) | “Poor mental health” (21.4%, n = 675) | Overall | p-value | Pairwise comparison | |
%/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | χ2/F | |||
Sample 1 (2018) | ||||||||
Mental health indicators | ||||||||
Psychological complaintsa | 2747.51 | < 0.001 | ||||||
0 | 57.5 | 100.0 | 8.1 | 49.0 | 22.8 | All profiles differb | ||
1–2 | 27.7 | 74.4 | 51.0 | 24.4 | 2, 3, 4 differb | |||
3–4 | 14.8 | 17.5 | 52.7 | 2, 4 differb | ||||
Somatic complaintsa | 2919.90 | < 0.001 | ||||||
0 | 69.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 27.3 | 1 = 2, 4 differsb | |||
1–2 | 26.5 | 100.0 | 53.8 | 3, 4 differb | ||||
3–4 | 4.1 | 19.0 | ||||||
Life satisfaction | 7.74 (1.77) | 8.44 (1.15) | 7.48 (1.59) | 7.92 (1.28) | 6.42 (2.37) | 251.64 | < 0.001 | All profiles differb |
High loneliness (vs. low) | 14.5 | 0.0 | 26.4 | 0.0 | 43.0 | 827.20 | < 0.001 | 1 = 3, 2b, 4 differb |
Problematic social media use | 1363.10 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Normative user | 56.1 | 72.4 | 55.6 | 58.2 | 21.8 | 2 = 3, others differb | ||
Risky user | 34.3 | 27.6 | 44.4 | 41.8 | 33.3 | 2 = 3, others differc | ||
Problematic user | 9.6 | 44.9 |
All | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2981 | “Good mental health” (37.0%, n = 1103) | “Mixed psychosomatic health” (16.7%, n = 499) | “Poor mental health and low loneliness” (33.9%, n = 1011) | “Poor mental health and high loneliness” (12.3%, n = 368) | Overall | p-value | Pairwise comparison | |
%/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | χ2/F | |||
Sample 2 (2022) | ||||||||
Mental health indicators | ||||||||
Psychological complaintsa | 2453.62 | < 0.001 | ||||||
0 | 48.1 | 100.0 | 27.7 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 3 = 4, others differb | ||
1–2 | 30.9 | 72.3 | 45.5 | 27.2 | 2, 3, 4 differb | |||
3–4 | 21.0 | 40.6 | 58.7 | 3, 4 differb | ||||
Somatic complaintsa | 1264.00 | < 0.001 | ||||||
0 | 62.1 | 100.0 | 44.3 | 40.4 | 32.1 | 2 = 3, others differc | ||
1–2 | 30.6 | 55.7 | 46.9 | 43.5 | 3 = 4, 2 differsd | |||
3–4 | 7.3 | 12.8 | 24.5 | 3, 4 differb | ||||
Life satisfaction | 7.44 (1.66) | 8.19 (1.00) | 7.77 (1.32) | 7.07 (1.58) | 5.74 (2.24) | 293.31 | < 0.001 | All profiles differb |
High loneliness (vs. low) | 12.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 98.9 | 2944.09 | < 0.001 | 1 = 2 = 3, 4 differsb |
Problematic social media use | 1437.46 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Normative user | 50.2 | 70.5 | 100.0 | 11.8 | 27.4 | All profiles differb | ||
Risky user | 39.9 | 29.5 | 66.4 | 52.4 | All profiles differb | |||
Problematic user | 9.9 | 21.9 | 20.1 | 3 = 4 |
Sample 2 (2022)
Socio-demographic description of mental health profiles
All | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 974–3149 | “Good mental health” (n = 386–1375) | “Mixed psychosocial health” (n = 195–628) | “Somatically challenged” (n = 148–471) | “Poor mental health” (n = 245–675) | Overall | p-value | Pairwise comparison | |
%/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | χ2/F | |||
Sample 1 (2018) | ||||||||
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
Gender, female (vs. male) | 51.2 | 39.7 | 56.1 | 58.6 | 65.1 | 140.79 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4d differ |
Grade | 48.46 | < 0.001 | ||||||
5th | 30.4 | 35.9 | 30.4 | 25.1 | 23.0 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4e differ | ||
7th | 36.5 | 34.4 | 36.8 | 41.0 | 37.5 | No differences | ||
9th | 33.1 | 29.7 | 32.8 | 34.0 | 39.6 | 1 and 4c differ | ||
Language of instruction, Swedish (vs. Finnish) | 19.4 | 16.9 | 21.5 | 24.2 | 19.3 | 14.00 | 0.003 | 1 and 3c differ |
Relative family affluence | 20.83 | 0.002 | ||||||
Low | 17.1 | 15.6 | 19.1 | 18.3 | 17.8 | No differences | ||
Medium | 57.0 | 60.9 | 55.4 | 50.5 | 54.8 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4e differ | ||
High | 25.9 | 23.5 | 25.5 | 31.2 | 27.4 | 1 and 3d differ | ||
Family structure | 36.14 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Nuclear family | 74.7 | 79.2 | 73.5 | 73.4 | 67.2 | 1 and 2e, 1 and 4c differ | ||
Single-parent family | 13.4 | 11.0 | 14.8 | 13.2 | 17.2 | 1 and 4c differ | ||
Step-family | 11.9 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 15.6 | 1 and 4c differ | ||
Urban residence (vs. rural) | 54.9 | 59.4 | 50.7 | 51.7 | 51.9 | 19.93 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3e, 1 and 4d differ |
Immigrant background | 18.62 | 0.005 | ||||||
First-generation immigrant | 4.3 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 1 and 4c, 2 and 4e differ | ||
Second-generation immigrant | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 7.2 | No differences | ||
Native (non-immigrant) | 88.7 | 89.6 | 90.5 | 87.7 | 85.8 | No differences | ||
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||
Perceived home atmosphere | 4.32 (0.78) | 4.55 (0.59) | 4.23 (0.73) | 4.40 (0.67) | 3.90 (0.99) | 122.94 | < 0.001 | All profiles differ c |
Parental monitoringa | ||||||||
Maternal monitoring | 2.44 (0.45) | 2.53 (0.40) | 2.41 (0.44) | 2.48 (0.42) | 2.28 (0.50) | 36.07 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Paternal monitoring | 2.24 (0.53) | 2.36 (0.50) | 2.23 (0.52) | 2.24 (0.51) | 2.04 (0.56) | 37.07 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Family support | 5.70 (1.63) | 6.05 (1.53) | 5.57 (1.52) | 5.89 (1.40) | 4.99 (1.83) | 71.63 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Peer support | 5.47 (1.64) | 5.63 (1.55) | 5.23 (1.67) | 5.78 (1.40) | 5.14 (1.85) | 24.20 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 3 and 4c differ |
Teacher support | 3.85 (0.93) | 4.11 (0.77) | 3.81 (0.89) | 3.85 (0.88) | 3.37 (1.10) | 105.28 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Classmate support | 3.90 (0.77) | 4.09 (0.65) | 3.79 (0.76) | 3.87 (0.71) | 3.62 (0.92) | 66.89 | < 0.001 | 1 and 4c, 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Perceived school climate | 4.15 (0.86) | 4.43 (0.67) | 4.04 (0.85) | 4.19 (0.71) | 3.66 (1.06) | 140.30 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Intensity of online communication | 3.02 (0.85) | 2.92 (0.79) | 2.97 (0.85) | 3.08 (0.80) | 3.22 (0.96) | 19.64 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ |
Other health-related factors | ||||||||
Academic educational expectationsb (vs. vocational) | 67.2 | 65.5 | 75.4 | 71.6 | 60.8 | 12.26 | 0.007 | 2 and 4d differ |
Health literacya | 96.91 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 9.2 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 17.6 | 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Moderate | 56.2 | 52.0 | 64.4 | 55.1 | 57.1 | 1 and 2c differ | ||
High | 34.6 | 42.3 | 27.6 | 37.8 | 25.3 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3e, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Self-rated health | 412.48 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Poor | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 7.9 | 1 and 2e, 1 and 3e, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Fair | 14.0 | 6.4 | 17.0 | 12.3 | 27.9 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Good | 60.5 | 59.8 | 66.0 | 68.2 | 51.5 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Excellent | 23.3 | 33.5 | 15.9 | 18.3 | 12.8 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c differ |
All | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 738–2981 | “Good mental health” (n = 232–1103) | “Mixed psychosomatic health” (n = 124–499) | “Poor mental health and low loneliness” (n = 254–1011) | “Poor mental health and high loneliness” (n = 128–368) | Overall | p-value | Pairwise comparison | |
%/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | χ2/F | |||
Sample 2 (2022) | ||||||||
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
Gender, female (vs. male) | 54.7 | 39.6 | 51.6 | 65.3 | 75.3 | 209.56 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ |
Grade | 85.70 | < 0.001 | ||||||
5th | 36.7 | 44.3 | 40.5 | 32.0 | 21.2 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
7th | 36.2 | 33.2 | 32.5 | 39.7 | 40.5 | 1 and 3e, 2 and 3e differ | ||
9th | 27.2 | 22.5 | 27.1 | 28.3 | 38.3 | 1 and 3e, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4d, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Language of instruction, Swedish (vs. Finnish) | 35.3 | 30.3 | 39.7 | 40.4 | 30.2 | 31.94 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3c, 2 and 4e, 3 and 4d differ |
Relative family affluence | 22.76 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 16.8 | 17.8 | 14.0 | 14.8 | 23.4 | 2 and 4d, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Medium | 56.4 | 57.4 | 59.1 | 55.4 | 52.2 | No differences | ||
High | 26.8 | 24.8 | 26.9 | 29.8 | 24.5 | No differences | ||
Family structure | 40.23 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Nuclear family | 69.6 | 73.9 | 72.8 | 67.4 | 58.2 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ | ||
Single-parent family | 20.4 | 18.8 | 15.8 | 21.8 | 27.7 | 1 and 4d, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c differ | ||
Step-family | 10.0 | 7.3 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 14.0 | 1 and 3e, 1 and 4d differ | ||
Urban residence (vs. rural) | 57.2 | 57.8 | 53.1 | 57.7 | 59.8 | 4.62 | 0.202 | No differences |
Immigrant background | 37.01 | < 0.001 | ||||||
First-generation immigrant | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 1 and 4e, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Second-generation immigrant | 6.3 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 6.1 | 11.6 | 1 and 4d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Native (non-immigrant) | 90.3 | 91.1 | 92.4 | 91.5 | 81.9 | 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||
Perceived home atmosphere | 4.28 (0.80) | 4.57 (0.59) | 4.45 (0.65) | 4.11 (0.80) | 3.69 (1.05) | 156.82 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2e, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4 c differ |
Parental monitoringa | ||||||||
Maternal monitoring | 2.49 (0.44) | 2.59 (0.39) | 2.56 (0.40) | 2.39 (0.44) | 2.31 (0.51) | 63.09 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ |
Paternal monitoring | 2.30 (0.55) | 2.45 (0.50) | 2.41 (0.49) | 2.18 (0.54) | 1.99 (0.62) | 86.44 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Family support | 5.54 (1.64) | 6.07 (1.40) | 5.80 (1.50) | 5.31 (1.56) | 4.24 (1.83) | 144.41 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Peer support | 5.42 (1.63) | 5.70 (1.47) | 5.54 (1.56) | 5.43 (1.55) | 4.36 (1.95) | 68.01 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Teacher support | 3.93 (0.92) | 4.24 (0.75) | 3.96 (0.92) | 3.81 (0.86) | 3.26 (1.11) | 124.80 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Classmate support | 3.76 (0.84) | 4.02 (0.70) | 3.88 (0.74) | 3.64 (0.85) | 3.14 (0.97) | 121.72 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Perceived school climate | 3.92 (0.94) | 4.27 (0.74) | 4.05 (0.83) | 3.77 (0.91) | 3.10 (1.13) | 179.77 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Intensity of online communication | 3.03 (0.94) | 2.93 (0.94) | 3.04 (0.90) | 3.14 (0.93) | 2.98 (1.03) | 8.31 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c differ |
Other health-related factors | ||||||||
Academic educational expectationsb (vs. vocational) | 62.9 | 69.0 | 62.9 | 61.0 | 55.5 | 7.07 | 0.070 | No differences |
Health literacya | 56.54 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 8.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 17.3 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Moderate | 62.2 | 63.4 | 62.0 | 63.0 | 58.1 | No differences | ||
High | 29.8 | 32.4 | 34.0 | 27.9 | 24.6 | No differences | ||
Self-rated health | 355.37 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Poor | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Fair | 13.9 | 5.2 | 8.4 | 19.8 | 31.3 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Good | 59.7 | 59.1 | 65.7 | 60.7 | 50.8 | 1 and 4e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Excellent | 24.5 | 35.4 | 25.1 | 17.2 | 10.9 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ |
Factors associated with mental health profiles
Variable | Sample 1 (2018) Profile (reference: profile 1—“Good mental health”) | Sample 2 (2022) Profile (reference: profile 1— “Good mental health”) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Profile 2—“Mixed psychosocial health” | Profile 3—“Somatically challenged” | Profile 4—“Poor mental health” | Profile 2—“Mixed psychosomatic health” | Profile 3—“Poor mental health and low loneliness” | Profile 4—“Poor mental health and high loneliness” | ||||||||
OR (CI 95%) | p-value | OR (CI 95%) | p-value | OR (CI 95%) | p-value | OR (CI 95%) | p-value | OR (CI 95%) | p-value | OR (CI 95%) | p-value | ||
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||||||||
Gender, female (ref. male) | Crude | 1.95 (1.61–2.36) | < 0.001 | 2.16 (1.74–2.67) | < 0.001 | 2.84 (2.34–3.45) | < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.32–2.04) | < 0.001 | 2.93 (2.44–3.51) | < 0.001 | 4.49 (3.42–5.89) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 1.94 (1.59–2.36) | < 0.001 | 2.11 (1.69–2.63) | < 0.001 | 2.94 (2.40–3.57) | < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.28–2.02) | < 0.001 | 3.11 (2.56–3.77) | < 0.001 | 5.69 (4.18–7.76) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 1.81 (1.45–2.27) | < 0.001 | 1.82 (1.42–2.33) | < 0.001 | 2.53 (1.98–3.25) | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.13–1.90) | 0.004 | 2.49 (1.98–3.14) | < 0.001 | 4.87 (3.25–7.28) | < 0.001 | |
Grade (ref. 5) | |||||||||||||
7th | Crude | 1.22 (0.96- 1.54) | 0.108 | 1.71 (1.32–2.22) | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.33–2.16) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.82–1.41) | 0.600 | 1.56 (1.24–1.97) | < 0.001 | 2.69 (1.91–3.79) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | 0.127 | 1.67 (1.27–2.21) | < 0.001 | 1.58 (1.22–2.04) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 0.206 | 1.55 (1.21–1.99) | < 0.001 | 2.86 (1.97–4.13) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.89 (0.68–1.18) | 0.428 | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | 0.036 | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 0.254 | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 0.730 | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 0.246 | 1.79 (1.11–2.90) | 0.017 | |
9th | Crude | 1.28 (1.01–1.63) | 0.044 | 1.64 (1.25–2.15) | < 0.001 | 2.08 (1.63–2.64) | < 0.001 | 1.32 (0.99–1.78) | 0.062 | 1.62 (1.25–2.09) | < 0.001 | 3.65 (2.55–5.21) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 1.30 (1.01–1.67) | 0.040 | 1.63 (1.22–2.16) | < 0.001 | 2.02 (1.56–2.60) | < 0.001 | 1.35 (0.99–1.83) | 0.056 | 1.58 (1.20–2.07) | < 0.001 | 3.56 (2.42–5.23) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.90 (0.68–1.20) | 0.470 | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 0.130 | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.530 | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | 0.968 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 0.944 | 1.81 (1.10–2.98) | 0.020 | |
Language of instruction, Swedish (ref. Finnish) | Crude | 1.30 (0.99–1.69) | 0.056 | 1.57 (1.21–2.02) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | 0.495 | 1.52 (1.17–1.95) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.11–1.77) | 0.005 | 1.02 (0.71–1.47) | 0.914 |
Adjusteda | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | 0.197 | 1.45 (1.09–1.93) | 0.011 | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 0.904 | 1.48 (1.11–1.96) | 0.007 | 1.63 (1.27–2.11) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.540 | |
Adjustedb | 1.17 (0.84–1.61) | 0.356 | 1.46 (1.06–2.01) | 0.019 | 0.91 (0.65–1.29) | 0.611 | 1.73 (1.27–2.35) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.39–2.41) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.75–1.94) | 0.447 | |
Relative family affluence (ref. low) | |||||||||||||
Medium | Crude | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.020 | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 0.019 | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.067 | 1.26 (0.93–1.72) | 0.142 | 1.11 (0.87–1.43) | 0.390 | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) | 0.011 |
Adjusteda | 0.73 (0.55–0.96) | 0.025 | 0.65 (0.48–0.89) | 0.007 | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.370 | 1.26 (0.90–1.77) | 0.180 | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 0.335 | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | 0.680 | |
Adjustedb | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 0.249 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.027 | 0.93 (0.67–1.30) | 0.672 | 1.41 (0.95–2.08) | 0.088 | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) | 0.297 | 1.57 (0.94–2.64) | 0.085 | |
High | Crude | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.394 | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | 0.448 | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.899 | 1.35 (0.95–1.91) | 0.093 | 1.35 (1.02–1.78) | 0.033 | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | 0.071 |
Adjusteda | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 0.285 | 0.99 (0.71–1.40) | 0.971 | 1.13 (0.82–1.57) | 0.457 | 1.22 (0.83–1.79) | 0.306 | 1.33 (0.97–1.81) | 0.075 | 0.91 (0.60–1.40) | 0.683 | |
Adjustedb | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 0.865 | 0.97 (0.67–1.41) | 0.889 | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) | 0.419 | 1.31 (0.85–2.03) | 0.218 | 1.23 (0.85–1.77) | 0.277 | 1.34 (0.75–2.39) | 0.317 | |
Family structure (ref. nuclear family) | |||||||||||||
Single-parent family | Crude | 1.44 (1.09–1.92) | 0.011 | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 0.113 | 1.82 (1.39–2.39) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 0.362 | 1.38 (1.09–1.75) | 0.007 | 1.85 (1.35–2.53) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 1.35 (1.00–1.83) | 0.050 | 1.23 (0.88–1.73) | 0.224 | 1.78 (1.33–2.38) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.72–1.37) | 0.947 | 1.50 (1.16–1.93) | 0.002 | 1.70 (1.21–2.40) | 0.002 | |
Adjustedb | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 0.286 | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 0.609 | 1.34 (0.95–1.90) | 0.097 | 0.91 (0.63–1.32) | 0.623 | 1.40 (1.04–1.89) | 0.028 | 1.46 (0.94–2.28) | 0.096 | |
Step-family | Crude | 1.30 (0.96–1.77) | 0.096 | 1.50 (1.08–2.08) | 0.015 | 1.90 (1.43–2.52) | < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.09–2.34) | 0.015 | 1.71 (1.23–2.37) | < 0.001 | 2.54 (1.68–3.83) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 1.33 (0.97–1.82) | 0.080 | 1.42 (1.01–1.99) | 0.045 | 1.87 (1.39–2.51) | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.16–2.52) | 0.007 | 1.79 (1.27–2.51) | < 0.001 | 2.47 (1.59–3.83) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 1.19 (0.85–1.66) | 0.323 | 1.40 (0.98–2.00) | 0.066 | 1.40 (0.99–1.99) | 0.056 | 1.39 (0.90–2.13) | 0.136 | 1.27 (0.86–1.87) | 0.238 | 1.50 (0.87–2.59) | 0.149 | |
Urban residence (ref. rural) | Crude | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.59–0.91) | 0.004 | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) | 0.004 | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | 0.085 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.923 | 1.14 (0.86–1.53) | 0.361 |
Adjusteda | 0.73 (0.59–0.91) | 0.004 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.148 | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | 0.003 | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.318 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | 0.770 | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.796 | |
Adjustedb | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 0.012 | 0.86 (0.67–1-11) | 0.253 | 0.74 (0.58–0.95) | 0.019 | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | 0.678 | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | 0.270 | 1.03 (0.70–1.54) | 0.868 | |
Immigrant background (ref. native) | |||||||||||||
First-generation immigrant | Crude | 0.91 (0.53–1.57) | 0.730 | 1.45 (0.86–2.44) | 0.167 | 2.19 (1.44–3.34) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.66–2.15) | 0.563 | 0.79 (0.46–1.35) | 0.385 | 2.47 (1.40–4.35) | 0.002 |
Adjusteda | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) | 0.782 | 1.26 (0.72–2.21) | 0.423 | 1.56 (0.95–2.55) | 0.079 | 1.21 (0.64–2.29) | 0.550 | 0.80 (0.44–1.46) | 0.475 | 1.89 (0.94–3.78) | 0.072 | |
Adjustedb | 0.86 (0.46–1.59) | 0.620 | 0.80 (0.40–1.58) | 0.513 | 1.36 (0.75–2.45) | 0.314 | 1.15 (0.57–2.32) | 0.696 | 0.66 (0.33–1.32) | 0.237 | 1.26 (0.51–3.14) | 0.615 | |
Second-generation immigrant | Crude | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.614 | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 0.675 | 1.07 (0.74–1.53) | 0.732 | 0.65 (0.38–1.11) | 0.115 | 1.01 (0.69–1.46) | 0.972 | 2.03 (1.32–3.12) | 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.87 (0.58–1.31) | 0.510 | 1.14 (0.75–1.72) | 0.545 | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 0.883 | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) | 0.175 | 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | 0.993 | 1.88 (1.14–3.09) | 0.013 | |
Adjustedb | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) | 0.236 | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) | 0.648 | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.228 | 0.49 (0.26–0.94) | 0.033 | 0.85 (0.53–1.36) | 0.497 | 1.10 (0.57–2.09) | 0.784 | |
Psychosocial factors | |||||||||||||
Perceived home atmosphere | Crude | 0.50 (0.44–0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.58–0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.28–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.40 (0.35–0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.24 (0.20–0.28) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.51 (0.44–0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 0.002 | 0.36 (0.31–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.64–0.92) | 0.004 | 0.42 (0.36–0.49) | < 0.001 | 0.26 (0.22–0.32) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.64 (0.54–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.833 | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | 0.955 | 0.60 (0.49–0.72) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.46–0.77) | < 0.001 | |
Parental monitoring | |||||||||||||
Maternal monitoring | Crude1 | 0.52 (0.39–0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.57–1.03) | 0.078 | 0.29 (0.23–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) | 0.154 | 0.40 (0.30–0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.27 (0.20–0.38) | <0 .001 |
Adjusteda1 | 0.40 (0.30–0.54) | < 0.001 | 0.60 (0.44–0.83) | 0.002 | 0.21 (0.16–0.28) | < 0.001 | 0.65 (0.45–0.94) | 0.021 | 0.30 (0.22–0.40) | < 0.001 | 0.17 (0.11–0.24) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedc1 | 0.41 (0.26–0.64) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) | 0.580 | 0.44 (0.28–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.42–1.20) | 0.200 | 0.44 (0.28–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.34–1.17) | 0.144 | |
Paternal monitoring | Crude1 | 0.60 (0.48–0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.63 (0.49–0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.26–0.41) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.289 | 0.46 (0.37–0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.24 (0.18–0.32) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda1 | 0.60 (0.46–0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.34 (0.26–0.43) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.59–1.09) | 0.154 | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.24 (0.17–0.33) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedc1 | 1.38 (0.94–2.04) | 0.103 | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.285 | 1.00 (0.67–1.48) | 0.997 | 1.06 (0.68–1.65) | 0.785 | 0.91 (0.63–1.33) | 0.639 | 0.75 (0.45–1.23) | 0.255 | |
Family support | Crude | 0.81 (0.76–0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.029 | 0.68 (0.64–0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.66–0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.48–0.56) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.82 (0.77–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.240 | 0.71 (0.67–0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.67–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 0.549 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.250 | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | 0.013 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.183 | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 0.003 | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | < 0.001 | |
Peer support | Crude | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.070 | 0.84 (0.79–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 0.080 | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.60–0.69) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.82 (0.77–0.87) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.587 | 0.78 (0.74–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.82–0.96) | 0.002 | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.61 (0.56–0.66) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 0.019 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 0.017 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.333 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.321 | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.783 | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.004 | |
Teacher support | Crude | 0.66 (0.59–0.74) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.61–0.78) | < 0.001 | 0.41 (0.37–0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.56–0.74) | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.48–0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.31 (0.27–0.36) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.68 (0.60–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.64–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.45 (0.40–0.50) | < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.54–0.71) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.49–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.28–0.39) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.420 | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.169 | 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.011 | 0.65 (0.51–0.82) | < 0.001 | |
Classmate support | Crude | 0.56 (0.49–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.55–0.74) | < 0.001 | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.67–0.90) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.46–0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.24–0.33) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.59 (0.51–0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.59–0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.50 (0.44–0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.68–0.93) | 0.004 | 0.55 (0.49–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.28–0.40) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) | 0.091 | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) | 0.041 | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.783 | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) | 0.382 | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 0.155 | 0.80 (0.62–1.04) | 0.096 | |
Perceived school climate | Crude | 0.50 (0.44–0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.54–0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.29–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.61–0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.49 (0.43–0.54) | < 0.001 | 0.26 (0.22–0.30) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.53 (0.46–0.61) | <0 .001 | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.32–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.47–0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.29 (0.24–0.34) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.72 (0.60–0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) | 0.052 | 0.57 (0.47–0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.339 | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 0.012 | 0.49 (0.38–0.63) | < 0.001 | |
Intensity of online communication | Crude | 1.06 (0.95–1.20) | 0.296 | 1.26 (1.10–1.43) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.36–1.71) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | 0.032 | 1.27 (1.15–1.40) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 0.449 |
Adjusteda | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.740 | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 0.065 | 1.43 (1.26–1.62) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | 0.193 | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.120 | |
Adjustedb | 1.21 (1.06–1.39) | 0.006 | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | 0.010 | 1.85 (1.60–2.14) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.06–1.41) | 0.007 | 1.42 (1.24–1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 0.057 | |
Other health-related factors | |||||||||||||
Academic educational expectations (ref. vocational) | Crude2 | 1.60 (1.08–2.36) | 0.018 | 1.33 (0.88–2.01) | 0.182 | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) | 0.229 | 0.78 (0.49–1.23) | 0.282 | 0.70 (0.48–1.03) | 0.070 | 0.59 (0.37–0.93) | 0.024 |
Adjusteda2 | 1.46 (0.96–2.22) | 0.077 | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) | 0.886 | 0.61 (0.42–0.88) | 0.009 | 0.78 (0.48–1.29) | 0.341 | 0.63 (0.41–0.97) | 0.037 | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.047 | |
Adjustedd2 | 1.67 (1.02–2.73) | 0.041 | 1.24 (0.73–2.09) | 0.425 | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | 0.854 | 1.09 (0.58–2.04) | 0.793 | 0.72 (0.42–1.26) | 0.250 | 0.63 (0.30–1.33) | 0.222 | |
Health literacy (ref. low) | |||||||||||||
Moderate | Crude1 | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 0.563 | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) | 0.528 | 0.36 (0.24–0.52) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.52–2.15) | 0.874 | 0.46 (0.29–0.75) | 0.002 | 0.23 (0.13–0.38) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda1 | 0.86 (0.53–1.38) | 0.523 | 0.86 (0.50–1.47) | 0.582 | 0.36 (0.23–0.54) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.47–2.01) | 0.931 | 0.47 (0.28–0.81) | 0.006 | 0.20 (0.11–0.37) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedc1 | 1.43 (0.81–2.50) | 0.215 | 1.36 (0.71–2.60) | 0.355 | 0.72 (0.43–1.22) | 0.225 | 1.00 (0.37–2.66) | 0.993 | 0.46 (0.22–0.98) | 0.043 | 0.28 (0.12–0.70) | 0.006 | |
High | Crude1 | 0.46 (0.29–0.75) | 0.002 | 0.72 (0.43–1.20) | 0.206 | 0.19 (0.13–0.29) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.56–2.40) | 0.700 | 0.42 (0.26–0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.18 (0.10–0.32) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda1 | 0.46 (0.27–0.76) | 0.002 | 0.69 (0.40–1.21) | 0.193 | 0.18 (0.11–0.28) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.47–2.11) | 0.984 | 0.41 (0.23–0.72) | 0.002 | 0.15 (0.08–0.29) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedc1 | 1.10 (0.60–2.02) | 0.759 | 1.34 (0.67–2.68) | 0.400 | 0.59 (0.33–1.05) | 0.071 | 1.00 (0.37–2.66) | 0.489 | 0.65 (0.29–1.43) | 0.282 | 0.46 (0.17–1.20) | 0.113 | |
Self-rated health (ref. poor) | |||||||||||||
Fair | Crude | 0.52 (0.13–2.05) | 0.347 | 0.32 (0.08–1.35) | 0.122 | 0.12 (0.04–0.40) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.17–3.08) | 0.663 | 0.65 (0.22–1.97) | 0.450 | 0.32 (0.11–0.98) | 0.046 |
Adjusteda | 0.53 (0.13–2.14) | 0.372 | 0.36 (0.09–1.52) | 0.164 | 0.15 (0.04–0.50) | 0.002 | 1.04 (0.22–4.99) | 0.964 | 0.79 (0.25–2.52) | 0.695 | 0.67 (0.20–2.30) | 0.527 | |
Adjustedb | 0.68 (0.16–2.92) | 0.602 | 0.29 (0.07–1.25) | 0.097 | 0.22 (0.06–0.80) | 0.022 | 0.97 (0.13–7.47) | 0.975 | 0.65 (0.13–3.21) | 0.597 | 0.81 (0.14–4.68) | 0.816 | |
Good | Crude | 0.22 (0.06–0.84) | 0.027 | 0.19 (0.05–0.78) | 0.021 | 0.02 (0.01–0.08) | < 0.001 | 0.50 (0.12–2.03) | 0.335 | 0.18 (0.06–0.53) | 0.002 | 0.05 (0.02–0.14) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.22 (0.06–0.87) | 0.030 | 0.21 (0.05–0.85) | 0.028 | 0.03 (0.01–0.10) | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.16–3.44) | 0.715 | 0.23 (0.07–0.69) | 0.009 | 0.11 (0.03–0.36) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.36 (0.09–1.50) | 0.158 | 0.20 (0.05–0.82) | 0.026 | 0.06 (0.02–0.22) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.13–6.90) | 0.954 | 0.27 (0.06–1.27) | 0.097 | 0.25 (0.05–1.40) | 0.116 | |
Excellent | Crude | 0.09 (0.02–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.09 (0.02–0.38) | < 0.001 | 0.01 (0.00–0.04) | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.08–1.31) | 0.114 | 0.09 (0.03–0.25) | < 0.001 | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | < 0.001 |
Adjusteda | 0.10 (0.03–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.11 (0.03–0.46) | 0.002 | 0.02 (0.00–0.05) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.11–2.39) | 0.400 | 0.12 (0.04–0.38) | < 0.001 | 0.04 (0.01–0.14) | < 0.001 | |
Adjustedb | 0.23 (0.05–0.97) | 0.046 | 0.12 (0.03–0.50) | 0.004 | 0.04 (0.01–0.15) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.10–5.70) | 0.798 | 0.18 (0.04–0.89) | 0.036 | 0.15 (0.02–0.86) | 0.033 |