Background
Methods
Data source
Study populations
Time on treatment
Subgroup population
Independent variables
Follow-up
Study outcomes
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Rx (N = 2511) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 402) | Std. Diff | No Rx (N = 402) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 402) | Std. Diff | |
Age group | ||||||
45–64 | 339 (13.5%) | 53 (13.2%) | − 0.009 | 55 (13.7%) | 53 (13.2%) | − 0.015 |
65–74 | 713 (28.4%) | 163 (40.5%) | 0.258 | 162 (40.3%) | 163 (40.5%) | 0.005 |
75 + | 1459 (58.1%) | 186 (46.3%) | − 0.239 | 185 (46.0%) | 186 (46.3%) | 0.005 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1182 (47.1%) | 125 (31.1%) | − 0.332 | 132 (32.8%) | 125 (31.1%) | − 0.037 |
Male | 1329 (52.9%) | 277 (68.9%) | 0.332 | 270 (67.2%) | 277 (68.9%) | 0.037 |
Race | ||||||
White | 1676 (66.7%) | 293 (72.9%) | 0.134 | 290 (72.1%) | 293 (72.9%) | 0.017 |
Black | 365 (14.5%) | 33 (8.2%) | − 0.200 | 40 (10.0%) | 33 (8.2%) | − 0.061 |
Hispanic | 311 (12.4%) | 47 (11.7%) | − 0.021 | 48 (11.9%) | 47 (11.7%) | − 0.008 |
Other | 159 (6.3%) | 29 (7.2%) | 0.035 | 24 (6.0%) | 29 (7.2%) | 0.050 |
Census region | ||||||
Midwest | 704 (28.0%) | 110 (27.4%) | − 0.015 | 103 (26.5%) | 110 (27.4%) | 0.039 |
Northeast | 399 (15.9%) | 56 (13.9%) | − 0.055 | 61 (15.2%) | 56 (13.9%) | − 0.035 |
South | 1184 (47.2%) | 201 (50.0%) | 0.057 | 208 (51.7%) | 201 (50.0%) | − 0.035 |
West | 224 (8.9%) | 35 (8.7%) | − 0.008 | 30 (7.5%) | 35 (8.7%) | 0.046 |
Baseline comorbidities | ||||||
Cardiac Arrhythmia | 1037 (41.3%) | 129 (32.1%) | − 0.192 | 113 (28.1%) | 129 (32.1%) | 0.087 |
Congestive Heart Failure | 976 (38.9%) | 108 (26.9%) | − 0.257 | 97 (24.1%) | 108 (26.9%) | 0.063 |
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions | 1833 (73.0%) | 260 (64.7%) | − 0.180 | 261 (65.0%) | 260 (64.7%) | − 0.005 |
Depression | 501 (20.0%) | 72 (17.9%) | − 0.052 | 68 (16.9%) | 72 (17.9%) | 0.026 |
Diabetes | 973 (38.7%) | 146 (36.3%) | − 0.050 | 136 (33.8%) | 146 (36.3%) | 0.052 |
Hypertension | 1934 (77.0%) | 279 (69.4%) | − 0.173 | 275 (68.4%) | 279 (69.4%) | 0.021 |
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder | 644 (25.6%) | 112 (27.9%) | 0.050 | 112 (27.9%) | 112 (27.9%) | 0.000 |
Renal Failure | 603 (24.0%) | 72 (17.9%) | − 0.150 | 70 (17.4%) | 72 (17.9%) | 0.013 |
Solid Tumor without Metastasis | 347 (13.8%) | 59 (14.7%) | 0.025 | 65 (16.2%) | 59 (14.7%) | − 0.041 |
Valvular Disease | 642 (25.6%) | 70 (17.4%) | − 0.199 | 74 (18.4%) | 70 (17.4%) | − 0.026 |
Elixhauser comorbidity index | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 5.7 (3.4) | 4.7 (2.8) | − 0.344 | 4.5 (2.9) | 4.7 (2.8) | 0.062 |
Median | 5.0 | 4.0 | − | 4.0 | 4.0 | – |
Q1, Q3 | 3.0, 8.0 | 3.0, 6.0 | − | 2.0, 6.0 | 3.0, 6.0 | – |
N hospitalizations in baseline | ||||||
0 | 1452 (57.8%) | 315 (78.4%) | 0.452 | 316 (78.6%) | 315 (78.4%) | − 0.006 |
1 | 662 (26.4%) | 70 (17.4%) | − 0.218 | 73 (18.2%) | 70 (17.4%) | − 0.020 |
2 + | 397 (15.8%) | 17 (4.2%) | − 0.393 | 13 (3.2%) | 17 (4.2%) | 0.053 |
Year of hospitalization | ||||||
2015 | 561 (22.3%) | 36 (9.0%) | − 0.375 | 37 (9.2%) | 36 (9.0%) | − 0.009 |
2016 | 604 (24.1%) | 115 (28.6%) | 0.104 | 127 (31.6%) | 115 (28.6%) | − 0.065 |
2017 | 661 (26.3%) | 131 (32.6%) | 0.138 | 118 (29.4%) | 131 (32.6%) | 0.070 |
2018 | 685 (27.3%) | 120 (29.9%) | 0.057 | 120 (29.9%) | 120 (29.9%) | 0.000 |
Reason for admission | ||||||
Diseases of respiratory system | 1393 (55.5%) | 158 (39.3%) | − 0.328 | 155 (38.6%) | 158 (39.3%) | 0.015 |
Diseases affecting the interstitium | 928 (37.0%) | 239 (59.5%) | 0.462 | 243 (60.4%) | 239 (59.5%) | − 0.020 |
All other reasons | 190 (7.6%) | 5 (1.2%) | − 0.312 | 4 (1.0%) | 5 (1.2%) | 0.024 |
Pulmonologist visit | 1323 (52.7%) | 323 (80.3%) | 0.613 | 322 (80.1%) | 323 (80.3%) | − 0.006 |
Smoker | 1274 (50.7%) | 198 (49.3%) | − 0.030 | 205 (51.1%) | 198 (49.3%) | − 0.035 |
Steroid use | 1351 (53.8%) | 229 (57.0%) | 0.064 | 227 (56.5%) | 229 (57.0%) | 0.010 |
Oxygen use | 1482 (59.0%) | 320 (79.6%) | 0.424 | 310 (77.1%) | 320 (79.6%) | 0.006 |
Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Rx (N = 2039) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 274) | Std. Diff | No Rx (N = 274) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 274) | Std. Diff | |
Age group | ||||||
45–64 | 287 (14.1%) | 39 (14.2%) | 0.006 | 35 (12.8%) | 39 (14.2%) | 0.043 |
65–74 | 589 (28.9%) | 111 (40.5%) | 0.245 | 116 (42.3%) | 111 (40.5%) | − 0.037 |
75 + | 1163 (57.0%) | 124 (45.3%) | − 0.238 | 123 (44.9%) | 124 (45.3%) | 0.007 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 905 (44.4%) | 78 (28.5%) | − 0.336 | 85 (31.0%) | 78 (28.5%) | − 0.056 |
Male | 1132 (55.6%) | 196 (71.5%) | 0.336 | 189 (69.0%) | 196 (71.5%) | 0.056 |
Race | ||||||
White | 1304 (64.0%) | 179 (65.3%) | 0.027 | 175 (63.9%) | 179 (65.3%) | 0.031 |
Black | 168 (8.2%) | 11 (4.0%) | − 0.177 | 13 (4.7%) | 11 (4.0%) | − 0.036 |
Hispanic | 218 (10.7%) | 31 (11.3%) | 0.020 | 27 (9.9%) | 31 (11.3%) | 0.047 |
Other | 349 (17.1%) | 53 (19.3%) | 0.060 | 59 (21.5%) | 53 (19.3%) | − 0.054 |
Census region | ||||||
Midwest | 564 (27.7%) | 71 (25.9%) | − 0.040 | 65 (23.7%) | 71 (25.9%) | 0.051 |
Northeast | 286 (14.0%) | 31 (11.3%) | − 0.082 | 38 (13.9%) | 31 (11.3%) | − 0.077 |
South | 1008 (49.4%) | 143 (52.2%) | 0.056 | 142 (51.8%) | 143 (52.2%) | 0.007 |
West | 181 (8.9%) | 29 (10.6%) | 0.057 | 29 (10.6%) | 29 (10.6%) | 0.000 |
Baseline comorbidities | ||||||
Cardiac Arrhythmia | 892 (43.7%) | 108 (39.4%) | − 0.087 | 112 (40.9%) | 108 (39.4%) | − 0.030 |
Congestive Heart Failure | 845 (41.4%) | 87 (31.8%) | − 0.201 | 97 (35.4%) | 87 (31.8%) | − 0.077 |
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions | 1568 (76.9%) | 180 (65.7%) | − 0.250 | 185 (67.5%) | 180 (65.7%) | − 0.039 |
Depression | 407 (20.0%) | 51 (18.6%) | − 0.035 | 42 (15.3%) | 51 (18.6%) | 0.087 |
Diabetes | 819 (40.2%) | 104 (38.0%) | − 0.044 | 109 (39.8%) | 104 (38.0%) | − 0.037 |
Hypertension | 1600 (78.5%) | 194 (70.8%) | − 0.176 | 200 (73.0%) | 194 (70.8%) | − 0.049 |
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder | 553 (27.1%) | 86 (31.4%) | 0.093 | 81 (29.6%) | 86 (31.4%) | 0.040 |
Renal Failure | 486 (23.8%) | 52 (19.0%) | − 0.118 | 47 (17.2%) | 52 (19.0%) | 0.047 |
Solid Tumor without Metastasis | 302 (14.8%) | 40 (14.6%) | − 0.006 | 38 (13.9%) | 40 (14.6%) | 0.021 |
Valvular Disease | 551 (27.0%) | 58 (21.2%) | − 0.135 | 59 (21.5%) | 58 (21.2%) | − 0.009 |
Elixhauser comorbidity index | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 5.9 (3.3) | 5.2 (2.9) | − 0.258 | 5.1 (3.2) | 5.2 (2.9) | 0.004 |
Median | 6.0 | 5.0 | − | 5.0 | 5.0 | − |
Q1, Q3 | 3.0, 8.0 | 3.0, 7.0 | − | 3.0, 7.0 | 3.0, 7.0 | − |
N hospitalizations in baseline | ||||||
0 | 1132 (55.5%) | 181 (66.1%) | 0.217 | 178 (65.0%) | 181 (66.1%) | 0.023 |
1 | 535 (26.2%) | 67 (24.5%) | − 0.042 | 70 (25.5%) | 67 (24.5%) | − 0.025 |
2 + | 372 (18.2%) | 26 (9.5%) | − 0.255 | 26 (9.5%) | 26 (9.5%) | 0.000 |
Year of hospitalization | ||||||
2015 | 448 (22.0%) | 30 (10.9%) | − 0.301 | 30 (10.9%) | 30 (10.9%) | 0.000 |
2016 | 498 (24.4%) | 69 (25.2%) | 0.019 | 72 (26.3%) | 69 (25.2%) | − 0.025 |
2017 | 532 (26.1%) | 84 (30.7%) | 0.101 | 83 (30.3%) | 84 (30.7%) | 0.008 |
2018 | 561 (27.5%) | 91 (33.2%) | 0.124 | 89 (32.5%) | 91 (33.2%) | 0.016 |
Reason for admission | ||||||
Diseases of respiratory system | 1352 (66.3%) | 136 (49.6%) | − 0.342 | 136 (49.6%) | 136 (49.6%) | 0.000 |
Diseases affecting the interstitium | 523 (25.6%) | 132 (48.2%) | 0.479 | 134 (48.9%) | 132 (48.2%) | − 0.015 |
All other reasons | 164 (8.0%) | 6 (2.2%) | − 0.268 | 4 (1.5%) | 6 (2.2%) | 0.055 |
Pulmonologist visit | 1136 (55.7%) | 225 (82.1%) | 0.595 | 230 (83.9%) | 225 (82.1%) | − 0.049 |
Smoker | 1066 (52.3%) | 135 (49.3%) | − 0.060 | 134 (48.9%) | 135 (49.3%) | 0.007 |
Steroid use | 1145 (56.2%) | 183 (66.8%) | 0.219 | 188 (68.6%) | 183 (66.8%) | − 0.039 |
Oxygen use | 1249 (61.3%) | 228 (83.2%) | 0.430 | 219 (79.9%) | 228 (83.2%) | − 0.027 |
Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Rx (N = 751) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 94) | Std. Diff | No Rx (N = 94) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 94) | Std. Diff | |
Age group | ||||||
45–64 | 119 (15.8%) | 15 (16.0%) | 0.003 | 19 (20.2%) | 15 (16.0%) | − 0.111 |
65–74 | 248 (33.0%) | 46 (48.9%) | 0.328 | 5 (47.9%) | 46 (48.9%) | 0.021 |
75 + | 384 (51.1%) | 33 (35.1%) | − 0.328 | 30 (31.9%) | 33 (35.1%) | − 0.068 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 318 (42.3%) | 26 (27.7%) | − 0.312 | 27 (28.7%) | 26 (27.7%) | − 0.024 |
Male | 433 (57.7%) | 68 (72.3%) | 0.312 | 67 (71.3%) | 68 (72.3%) | 0.024 |
Race | ||||||
White | 470 (62.6%) | 58 (61.7%) | − 0.018 | 61 (64.9%) | 58 (61.7%) | − 0.066 |
Black | 75 (10.0%) | 6 (6.4%) | − 0.132 | 3 (3.2%) | 6 (6.4%) | 0.150 |
Hispanic | 87 (11.6%) | 15 (16.0%) | 0.127 | 13 (13.8%) | 15 (16.0%) | 0.060 |
Other | 119 (15.8%) | 15 (16.0%) | 0.003 | 17 (18.1%) | 15 (16.0%) | − 0.057 |
Census region | ||||||
Midwest | 178 (23.7%) | 27 (28.7%) | 0.114 | 30 (31.9%) | 27 (28.7%) | − 0.069 |
Northeast | 113 (15.0%) | 9 (9.6%) | − 0.167 | 12 (12.8%) | 9 (9.6%) | − 0.101 |
South | 402 (53.5%) | 50 (53.2%) | − 0.007 | 43 (45.7%) | 50 (53.2%) | 0.149 |
West | 58 (7.7%) | 8 (8.5%) | 0.029 | 9 (9.6%) | 8 (8.5%) | − 0.037 |
Baseline comorbidities | ||||||
Cardiac Arrhythmia | 350 (46.6%) | 30 (31.9%) | − 0.303 | 30 (31.9%) | 30 (31.9%) | 0.000 |
Congestive Heart Failure | 337 (44.9%) | 28 (29.8%) | − 0.315 | 25 (26.6%) | 28 (29.8%) | 0.071 |
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions | 604 (80.4%) | 65 (69.1%) | − 0.261 | 70 (74.5%) | 65 (69.1%) | − 0.118 |
Depression | 165 (22.0%) | 22 (23.4%) | 0.034 | 23 (24.5%) | 22 (23.4%) | − 0.025 |
Diabetes | 310 (41.3%) | 36 (38.3%) | − 0.061 | 38 (40.4%) | 36 (38.3%) | − 0.043 |
Hypertension | 604 (80.4%) | 65 (69.1%) | − 0.261 | 64 (68.1%) | 65 (69.1%) | 0.023 |
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder | 216 (28.8%) | 27 (28.7%) | − 0.001 | 25 (26.6%) | 27 (28.7%) | 0.047 |
Renal Failure | 184 (24.5%) | 13 (13.8%) | − 0.273 | 14 (14.9%) | 13 (13.8%) | − 0.030 |
Solid Tumor without Metastasis | 119 (15.8%) | 10 (10.6%) | − 0.154 | 9 (9.6%) | 10 (10.6%) | 0.035 |
Valvular Disease | 207 (27.6%) | 19 (20.2%) | − 0.173 | 20 (21.3%) | 19 (20.2%) | − 0.026 |
Elixhauser comorbidity index | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 6.3 (3.3) | 4.9 (3.0) | − 0.414 | 5.1 (3.2) | 4.9 (3.0) | − 0.061 |
Median | 6.0 | 5.0 | − | 4.5 | 5.0 | − |
Q1, Q3 | 4.0, 9.0 | 3.0, 6.0 | − | 3.0, 8.0 | 3.0, 6.0 | − |
N hospitalizations in baseline | ||||||
0 | 383 (51.0%) | 61 (64.9%) | 0.284 | 54 (57.4%) | 61 (64.9%) | 0.153 |
1 | 211 (28.1%) | 24 (25.5%) | − 0.058 | 25 (26.6%) | 24 (25.5%) | − 0.024 |
2 + | 157 (20.9%) | 9 (9.6%) | − 0.319 | 15 (16.0%) | 9 (9.6%) | − 0.192 |
Year of hospitalization | ||||||
2015 | 176 (23.4%) | 12 (12.8%) | − 0.280 | 10 (10.6%) | 12 (12.8%) | 0.066 |
2016 | 204 (27.2%) | 30 (31.9%) | 0.104 | 29 (30.9%) | 30 (31.9%) | 0.023 |
2017 | 200 (26.6%) | 27 (28.7%) | 0.047 | 31 (33.0%) | 27 (28.7%) | − 0.092 |
2018 | 171 (22.8%) | 25 (26.6%) | 0.089 | 24 (25.5%) | 25 (26.6%) | 0.024 |
Reason for admission | ||||||
Diseases of respiratory system | 562 (74.8%) | 47 (50.0%) | − 0.530 | 40 (42.6%) | 47 (50.0%) | 0.150 |
Diseases affecting the interstitium | 144 (19.2%) | 44 (46.8%) | 0.615 | 49 (52.1%) | 44 (46.8%) | − 0.107 |
All other reasons | 45 (6.0%) | 3 (3.2%) | − 0.134 | 5 (5.3%) | 3 (3.2%) | − 0.106 |
Pulmonologist visit | 408 (54.3%) | 80 (85.1%) | 0.709 | 85 (90.4%) | 80 (85.1%) | − 0.162 |
Smoker | 414 (55.1%) | 46 (48.9%) | − 0.124 | 52 (55.3%) | 46 (48.9%) | − 0.127 |
Steroid use | 420 (55.9%) | 69 (73.4%) | 0.371 | 69 (73.4%) | 69 (73.4%) | 0.000 |
Oxygen use | 484 (64.4%) | 83 (88.3%) | 0.433 | 74 (78.7%) | 83 (88.3%) | 0.053 |
Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Rx (N = 1288) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 180) | Std. Diff | No Rx (N = 180) | Pirfenidone/Nintedanib (N = 180) | Std. Diff | |
Age group | ||||||
45–64 | 168 (13.0%) | 24 (13.3%) | 0.010 | 30 (16.7%) | 24 (13.3%) | − 0.093 |
65–74 | 341 (26.5%) | 65 (36.1%) | 0.208 | 65 (36.1%) | 65 (36.1%) | 0.000 |
75 + | 779 (60.5%) | 91 (50.6%) | − 0.201 | 85 (47.2%) | 91 (50.6%) | 0.067 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 587 (45.6%) | 52 (28.9%) | − 0.352 | 55 (30.6%) | 52 (28.9%) | − 0.036 |
Male | 699 (54.4%) | 128 (71.1%) | 0.352 | 125 (69.4%) | 128 (71.1%) | 0.036 |
Race | ||||||
White | 834 (64.8%) | 121 (67.2%) | 0.050 | 118 (65.6%) | 121 (67.2%) | 0.035 |
Black | 93 (7.2%) | 5 (2.8%) | − 0.205 | 7 (3.9%) | 5 (2.8%) | − 0.062 |
Hispanic | 131 (10.2%) | 16 (8.9%) | − 0.044 | 17 (9.4%) | 16 (8.9%) | − 0.019 |
Other | 230 (17.9%) | 38 (21.1%) | 0.086 | 38 (21.1%) | 38 (21.1%) | 0.000 |
Census region | ||||||
Midwest | 386 (30.0%) | 44 (24.4%) | − 0.125 | 40 (22.2%) | 44 (24.4%) | 0.053 |
Northeast | 173 (13.4%) | 22 (12.2%) | − 0.037 | 27 (15.0%) | 22 (12.2%) | − 0.081 |
South | 606 (47.0%) | 93 (51.7%) | 0.094 | 90 (50.0%) | 93 (51.7%) | 0.033 |
West | 123 (9.5%) | 21 (11.7%) | 0.068 | 23 (12.8%) | 21 (11.7%) | − 0.034 |
Baseline comorbidities | ||||||
Cardiac Arrhythmia | 542 (42.1%) | 78 (43.3%) | 0.027 | 80 (44.4%) | 78 (43.3%) | − 0.022 |
Congestive Heart Failure | 508 (39.4%) | 59 (32.8%) | − 0.137 | 63 (35.0%) | 59 (32.8%) | − 0.047 |
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions | 964 (74.8%) | 115 (63.9%) | − 0.240 | 118 (65.6%) | 115 (63.9%) | − 0.035 |
Depression | 242 (18.8%) | 29 (16.1%) | − 0.071 | 27 (15.0%) | 29 (16.1%) | 0.031 |
Diabetes | 509 (39.5%) | 68 (37.8%) | − 0.034 | 69 (38.3%) | 68 (37.8%) | − 0.011 |
Hypertension | 996 (77.3%) | 129 (71.7%) | − 0.129 | 132 (73.3%) | 129 (71.7%) | − 0.037 |
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder | 337 (26.2%) | 59 (32.8%) | 0.144 | 62 (34.4%) | 59 (32.8%) | − 0.035 |
Renal Failure | 302 (23.4%) | 39 (21.7%) | − 0.042 | 37 (20.6%) | 39 (21.7%) | 0.027 |
Solid Tumor without Metastasis | 183 (14.2%) | 30 (16.7%) | 0.067 | 27 (15.0%) | 30 (16.7%) | 0.046 |
Valvular Disease | 344 (26.7%) | 39 (21.7%) | − 0.115 | 40 (22.2%) | 39 (21.7%) | − 0.013 |
Elixhauser comorbidity index | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 5.8 (3.2) | 5.3 (2.8) | − 0.166 | 5.4 (3.0) | 5.3 (2.8) | − 0.050 |
Median | 5.0 | 5.0 | − | 5.0 | 5.0 | − |
Q1, Q3 | 3.0, 8.0 | 3.0, 7.0 | − | 3.0, 7.0 | 3.0, 7.0 | − |
N hospitalizations in baseline | ||||||
0 | 749 (58.2%) | 120 (66.7%) | 0.176 | 115 (63.9%) | 120 (66.7%) | 0.058 |
1 | 324 (25.2%) | 43 (23.9%) | − 0.030 | 43 (23.9%) | 43 (23.9%) | 0.000 |
2 + | 215 (16.7%) | 17 (9.4%) | − 0.215 | 22 (12.2%) | 17 (9.4%) | − 0.089 |
Year of hospitalization | ||||||
2015 | 272 (21.1%) | 18 (10.0%) | − 0.311 | 17 (9.4%) | 18 (10.0%) | 0.019 |
2016 | 294 (22.8%) | 39 (21.7%) | − 0.025 | 36 (20.0%) | 39 (21.7%) | 0.041 |
2017 | 332 (25.8%) | 57 (31.7%) | 0.130 | 61 (33.9%) | 57 (31.7%) | − 0.047 |
2018 | 390 (30.3%) | 66 (36.7%) | 0.135 | 66 (36.7%) | 66 (36.7%) | 0.000 |
Reason for admission | ||||||
Diseases of respiratory system | 790 (61.3%) | 89 (49.4%) | − 0.240 | 85 (47.2%) | 89 (49.4%) | 0.044 |
Diseases affecting the interstitium | 379 (29.4%) | 88 (48.9%) | 0.406 | 91 (50.6%) | 88 (48.9%) | − 0.033 |
All other reasons | 119 (9.2%) | 3 (1.7%) | − 0.399 | 4 (2.2%) | 3 (1.7%) | − 0.040 |
Pulmonologist visit | 728 (56.5%) | 145 (80.6%) | 0.535 | 150 (83.3%) | 145 (80.6%) | − 0.072 |
Smoker | 652 (50.6%) | 89 (49.4%) | − 0.024 | 92 (51.1%) | 89 (49.4%) | − 0.033 |
Steroid use | 725 (56.3%) | 114 (63.3%) | 0.144 | 114 (63.3%) | 114 (63.3%) | − 0.000 |
Oxygen use | 765 (59.4%) | 145 (80.6%) | 0.431 | 143 (79.4%) | 145 (80.6%) | − 0.041 |
All-cause mortality
Untreated | Treated | Statistical Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|
All respiratory hospitalizations | N = 402 | N = 402 | |
30 day mortality, total (%) | 40 (10.0) | 41 (10.2) | HR 0.96 (CI 0.70–1.33), p = 0.812 |
End of follow-up mortality, total (%) | 192 (47.8) | 81 (20.1) | HR 0.59 (CI 0.45–0.77), p < 0.001 |
Months of follow-up mean(SD) | 10.6 (12.1) Median: 5.3 | 6.3 (8.9) Median: 2.2 | |
ICU hospitalizations | N = 274 | N = 274 | |
30 day mortality, total (%) | 45 (16.4) | 49 (17.9) | HR 1.05 (CI 0.71–1.58) p = 0.782 |
End of follow-up mortality, total (%) | 140 (51.1) | 102 (37.2) | HR 0.79 (CI 0.61–1.02) p = 0.075 |
Months of follow-up mean (SD) | 8.7 (11.5) Median: 3.1 | 7.2 (10.4) Median: 2.4 | |
ICU Hospitalizations w/all mechanical ventilation | N = 94 | N = 94 | |
30 day mortality, total (%) | 29 (30.9) | 27 (28.7) | HR 0.91 (CI 0.52–1.59) p = 0.734 |
End of follow-up mortality, total (%) | 66 (70.2) | 50 (53.2) | HR 0.64 (CI 0.43–0.94) p = 0.021 |
Months of Follow-up mean (SD) | 6.3 (10.7) Median: 1.18 | 4.1 (6.2) Median: 1.55 | |
ICU hospitalizations w/non-invasive mechanical ventilation | N = 60 | N = 60 | |
30 day mortality, total (%) | 13 (21.7) | 13 (21.7) | HR 0.94 (CI 0.34–2.57) p = 0.907 |
End of follow-up mortality, tota l(%) | 39 (65.0) | 26 (43.3) | HR 0.80 (CI 0.43–1.47) p = 0.472 |
Months of Follow-up mean (SD) | 7.13 (11.02) Median: 2.37 | 4.73 (6.71) Median: 1.87 | |
ICU hospitalizations w/invasive mechanical ventilation | N = 34 | N = 34 | |
30 day mortality, total (%) | 10 (29.4) | 14 (41.2) | HR 1.78 (CI 0.55–5.79) p = 0.339 |
End of follow-up mortality, total (%) | 26 (76.5) | 24 (70.6) | HR 1.47 (CI 0.66–3.27) p = 0.345 |
Months of Follow-up mean (SD) | 8.25 (13.95) Median: 1.18 | 3.03 (5.11) Median: 1.05 | |
ICU hospitalizations w/out mechanical ventilation | N = 180 | N = 180 | |
30 day mortality, total (%) | 21 (11.7) | 22 (12.2) | HR 1.00 (CI 0.56–1.83) p = 0.980 |
End of follow-up mortality, total (%) | 79 (43.9) | 52 (28.9) | HR 0.71 (CI 0.50–1.00) p = 0.055 |
Months of Follow-up mean (SD) | 10.0 (11.5) Median: 5.9 | 8.8 (11.7) Median: 3.0 |
All-cause mortality in the subgroup analysis
Unmatched | Matched | Treated adjusted odds ratio [95% Confidence Interval] | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated N = 2,511 | Treated N = 402 | Untreated N = 402 | Treated N = 402 | |||
ICU | 1385 (55.2%) | 218 (54.2%) | 224 (55.7%) | 218 (54.2%) | 0.94 [0.71–1.24] | 0.67 |
All mechanical ventilation | 407 (16.2%) | 66 (16.4%) | 58 (14.4%) | 66 (16.4%) | 1.17 [0.79–1.70] | 0.44 |
Non-invasive MV | 224 (8.9%) | 37 (9.2%) | 34 (8.5%) | 37 (9.2%) | 1.10 [0.67–1.79] | 0.71 |
Invasive MV | 183 (7.3%) | 29 (7.2%) | 24 (6.0%) | 29 (7.2%) | 1.22 [0.70–2.14] | 0.48 |