According to data from GLOBOCAN, an estimated 1.4 million new cases and 375,000 deaths worldwide from prostate cancer (PCa), being a highly prevalent disease worldwide with incidence rates ranging between 6.3 and 83, 4 per 100,000 men in different regions, with significant differences between regions due to genetic background, lifestyle, availability of screening programs, and diagnostic practices, thus it ranks as the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men for 2020; PCa is the third most frequent cancer diagnosed in LATAM after lung and breast, being the most frequent diagnosed in men, reaching one of the highest mortality rates among all cancers, being the main cause of death from cancer in some countries from South America such as Ecuador, Chile and Venezuela [
7]; In Argentina, PCa is also the most frequent cancer in men, with an incidence of 42 cases per 100,000 men with mortality rate 10,3/100.000 ASR in 2020 [
8]; In Colombia, PCa is the third most lethal cancer in men, after stomach and lung cancer, with an age standardized rate cancer mortality 11/100,000 men in 2017 [
9]; In Peru, the reported PCa mortality rate between 2010 and 2014 was 24.1 per 100,000 men for this period, showing an increase of 15.2% compared to the previous report from 2005 to 2009, with higher rates found in the coast in contrast with the mountains and the jungle [
10]; In Brazil, PCa is the most frequent tumor excluding non-melanoma skin cancers and the second cause of cancer death among those over 50 years of age; In Brazil, PCa is the most frequent tumor, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, and the second cause of cancer death among those over 50 years of age; The National Cancer Institute (INCA) reported 15,841 deaths, equivalent to a mortality rate of 15.30 deaths per 100,000 men in 2020, and estimated 71,730 new cases of PCa for 2023–2025 equivalent a incidence rate 62.95 per 100,000 men [
11,
12]; an upward trend in mortality rates from 1996 to 2006 was described),several reasons could explain this trend, such as late adoption of the PSA test, delays in cancer diagnosis and treatment, although contemporary analyses have suggested a significant reduction in mortality rates from 2006 to 2019, likely reflecting increased awareness and advances in the structure of medical care. Moreover, there are significant discrepancies between each Brazilian region and city that influence the availability of diagnostic methods and available treatments. Although contemporary analyses have suggested that decreasing trends will continue to occur in Brazil [
13], in Chile, between 1955 and 1993, a slow increase in adjusted mortality rates of 1.7% per year (12.1 to 28.7/100,000 men) was reported, accelerating notably between 1993 and 1996, with increases to 12.1% annually (28.7 to 38.7/100,000 men). From 1996, a significant decrease in mortality was reported at an annual rate of 1.2% until 2019 (38.7 to 28.6/100,000 men) in all age groups. However, more significantly, at older ages [
14]. Although PCa continues to be the most common cancer in men in Chile, it is not the main cause of cancer mortality since it is behind stomach, lung, and colon cancer.
While the mortality rates have declined in most high-income countries since the mid-1990s, including those in North America, Oceania, and Northern and Western Europe, probably reflecting in treatment and earlier detection through increased screening [
7], during the same period, the increase in life expectancy, the consequent aging of the population and improvements in health care in LATAM inevitably results in incidence rates increased in many countries [
15], initially showing a high trend in most countries. However, recent data suggest a decreasing trend in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Uruguay, suggesting an improvement in managing the disease [
17]. Nevertheless, the cancer mortality rates in LATAM are almost double those of high-income countries In North America (14.2 vs. 8.4) [
1,
16].
Although most of the population in South America has basic health coverage, significant disparities persist between health systems in different countries, even between different regions within each country [
17]. There is a significant discrepancy in resources, early diagnosis techniques, and access to specialized care between public and private health systems, which, together with geographic disparities and low socioeconomic status, can create disadvantages, increase mortality rates, and worsen oncological outcomes in these patients [
18]. Therefore, health systems in LATAM must design prevention policies, early diagnosis, increased access to specialized care, and effective treatment to reduce these disadvantages.