Background
Methods
Study design and participant selection criteria
Sample size calculation and sampling technique
Study tool and variables
Information on tobacco
Information on nicotine dependency
Information on the implemented tobacco control measures
Face and content validity of the data collection tool
Model structure and model fit
Training of data collectors
Statistical analysis
Results
Findings from psychometric analyses
Descriptive findings of the study
Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Age
| 43.2 (13.4%) |
State (Region)
| |
Bihar | 304 (15.5%) |
Kerala | 249 (12.7%) |
Madhya Pradesh | 252 (12.8%) |
Maharashtra | 589 (30.0%) |
Punjab | 459 (23.4%) |
Telangana | 109 (5.5%) |
Location: | |
Rural | 613 (31.2%) |
Semi-Urban | 424 (21.6%) |
Urban | 925 (47.1%) |
Sex: | |
Males | 1844 (94.0%) |
Females | 118 (6.01%) |
Education: | |
No formal schooling | 447 (22.8%) |
The primary level of schooling | 544 (27.7%) |
Intermediate level of schooling | 500 (25.5%) |
High school | 245 (12.5%) |
Graduation | 210 (10.7%) |
Post-graduation | 16 (0.82%) |
Employment: | |
Unemployed | 285 (14.5%) |
Self –employed | 648 (33.0%) |
Employee for others | 1029 (52.4%) |
Duration of Habit: | |
Less than 5 years | 435 (22.2%) |
6–10 years | 641 (32.7%) |
11–20 years | 438 (22.3%) |
More than 20 years | 441 (22.5%) |
Person who asked to quit: | |
No one | 474 (32.3%) |
Parents | 242 (16.5%) |
Relatives | 336 (22.9%) |
Friends | 86 (5.87%) |
Health providers (Doctors/Dentists) | 328 (22.4%) |
How soon after waking would you first use tobacco: | |
Within 31–60 min | 1186 (60.4%) |
Within 5–30 min | 492 (25.1%) |
Within 5 min | 284 (14.5%) |
Do you find it difficult to refrain from tobacco use in places where it is forbidden?
| |
No | 1410 (71.9%) |
Yes | 548 (27.9%) |
Time of the day you prefer using tobacco: | |
Early morning | 359 (18.3%) |
During the day | 772 (39.3%) |
After every meal | 744 (37.9%) |
Nighttime before sleep | 79 (4.03%) |
Daily frequency of smoking: | |
5 or less | 922 (47.1%) |
6–10 times | 749 (38.2%) |
11–20 times | 253 (12.9%) |
More than 20 times | 35 (1.79%) |
Duration of smoking: | |
Less than 5 years | 435 (22.2%) |
6–10 years | 641 (32.7%) |
11–20 years | 438 (22.3%) |
More than 20 years | 441 (22.5%) |
Daily frequency of Smokeless tobacco (n = 817): | |
5 or less | 491 (60.1%) |
6–10 times | 239 (29.3%) |
11–20 times | 79 (9.67%) |
More than 20 times | 8 (0.98%) |
Duration of Smokeless tobacco (n = 817): | |
Less than 5 years | 239 (29.26%) |
6–10 years | 256 (31.3%) |
11–20 years | 163 (20%) |
More than 20 years | 159 (19.5%) |
Have you used tobacco even when you were sick?
| |
No | 983 (50.1%) |
Yes | 975 (49.7%) |
Influencers to stop smoking: | |
No influencers | 474 (24.2%) |
One influencer | 996 (50.8%) |
Two influencers | 225 (11.5%) |
Three influencers | 226 (11.5%) |
Four or more influencers | 41 (2.09%) |
Tobacco product used
| |
Cigarette | 674 (34.4%) |
Bidis (or Equivalent – Rolled cigarettes) | 715 (36.4%) |
Shisha | 44 (2.24%) |
Smokeless tobacco (Tambakoo) | 1132 (57.7%) |
Betel quid | 187 (9.53%) |
Other products used | 1.40 (0.73) |
Intention to quit: | |
Now | 857 (43.7%) |
In the next six months | 375 (19.1%) |
Sometime in the future, beyond six months | 172 (8.77%) |
Not decided | 438 (22.3%) |
Never | 120 (6.12%) |
Findings from the perceived-application of tobacco control measures
Tobacco Control Measures | N (%) |
---|---|
Tobacco sold by a certified company | 1485 (75.7%) |
Tobacco can be bought by a minor | 1352 (68.9%) |
Is your tobacco taxed | 1458 (74.5%) |
‘No Smoking’ signs | 1816 (92.6%) |
I have offered free tobacco quit-service | 1345 (68.6%) |
I have been offered free tobacco quit-service | 1322 (67.4%) |
Warning on package | 1824 (93.0%) |
Warning on TV | 1837 (93.6%) |
Have strict regulations | 781 (39.8%) |
Seen tobacco advertised | 1637 (83.4%) |
Tax raised | 1536 (78.3%) |
Findings from tobacco dependency
Findings from the structural equation modelling (SEM)
Pathway (IV ➔ DV) | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effects (Mediation) |
---|---|---|---|
Tobacco Control Measures ➔ Quit | 0.176 *** | 0.167*** | 006* (Frequency) |
0.002 NS (Duration) | |||
0.001 NS (Dependency) | |||
Education ➔ Quit | 0.14*** | 0.13*** | 0.006* (Frequency) |
0.005 NS (Duration) | |||
0 NS (Dependency) | |||
Frequency ➔ Quit | -0.257*** | -0.257*** | Only direct effects are available |
Duration ➔ Quit | -0.028 NS | -0.028 NS | |
Dependency ➔ Quit | -0.035 NS | 0.035 NS | |
N Influencers ➔ Quit | 0.686*** | 0.686*** | Only direct effects are available |
HCP vs. None ➔ Quit | 0.425*** | 0.425*** | Only direct effects are available |
Rel vs. None ➔ Quit | 0.399*** | 0.399*** | |
Friends vs. None ➔ Quit | 0.417*** | 0.417*** | |
Parents vs. None ➔ Quit | 0.288*** | 0.288*** | |
Bidis ➔ Quit | -0.115*** | Only total effects were of interest as these variables were included as controlling factors | |
Cig ➔ Quit | -0.058** | ||
Tambakoo ➔ Quit | 0.186*** | ||
Bidis ➔ Frequency | 0.142*** | 0.142*** | Only direct effects are available |
Cig ➔ Frequency | -0.048* | -0.048* | |
Tambakoo ➔ Frequency | -0.135*** | -0.135*** | |
Bidis ➔ Duration | 0.199*** | 0.199*** | Only direct effects are available |
Bidis ➔ Dependency | 0.078** | 0.078** | Only direct effects are available |
Betel ➔ Dependency | 0.07** | 0.07** | |
Shisha ➔ Dependency | 0.103** | 0.103** |