Background
Patterns of male loneliness
Predictors of male loneliness
The present research
Data and methods
Data
Outcome variables
Explanatory variables
Methods
Results
Summary statistics
Mean
|
Std. Dev
|
Min
|
Max
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Loneliness: Single-item | 2.63 | 1.72 | 1 | 7 |
Loneliness: Multi-item | 2.86 | 1.30 | 1 | 7 |
Age | 44.24 | 18.15 | 15 | 98 |
Unemployed | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0 | 1 |
Employed | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 |
Not in labour force | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
Job security | 4.91 | 1.63 | 1 | 7 |
Log household income | 1.84 | 0.47 | 0 | 4.68 |
Partnered | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
Volunteer | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0 | 1 |
Member of club | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
Life event: death of close friend | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 |
Life event: separated from spouse or partner | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0 | 1 |
I seem to have a lot of friends | 4.39 | 1.66 | 1 | 7 |
Frequency of social connection (%) | ||||
Once every 3 months or longer | 13.19 | |||
At least once a month | 32.00 | |||
At least once a week | 54.81 | |||
Household type (%) | ||||
Couple without children | 26.85 | |||
Couple with children | 47.60 | |||
Single parent | 7.56 | |||
Other household type | 17.99 | |||
Major urban | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
Other urban | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
Rural | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
Satisfaction with neighbourhood | 7.85 | 1.65 | 0 | 10 |
Long-term disability | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 |
Stereotypical masculinity beliefs | 2.51 | 1.60 | 1 | 7 |
Regression analysis
(1)
|
(2)
| |
---|---|---|
Age group (ref: 15–24) | ||
25–34 | 0.072*** (0.026) | 0.141*** (0.027) |
35–44 | 0.145*** (0.035) | 0.127*** (0.039) |
45–54 | 0.170*** (0.042) | 0.066 (0.049) |
55–64 | 0.062 (0.047) | -0.090 (0.059) |
65 and older | -0.047 (0.052) | -0.234*** (0.070) |
Labour force status (ref: Unemployed) | ||
Employed | -0.019 (0.034) | |
Not in labour force | -0.099*** (0.028) | |
Job security | -0.043*** (0.004) | |
Log household income | -0.003 (0.015) | |
Partnered | -0.518*** (0.030) | |
Volunteer | -0.004 (0.015) | |
Member of club | -0.028** (0.012) | |
Life event: death of close friend | 0.029** (0.014) | |
Life event: separated from spouse or partner | 0.343*** (0.029) | |
I seem to have many friends (1–7) | -0.133*** (0.003) | |
Frequency of social connection (ref: Less than once a month) | ||
At least once a month | -0.160*** (0.017) | |
At least once a week | -0.265*** (0.018) | |
Household type (ref: Couple without children) | ||
Couple with children | 0.107*** (0.018) | |
Single parent | 0.187*** (0.042) | |
Other household type | 0.273*** (0.028) | |
Region of residence (ref: Rural) | ||
Major urban | -0.015 (0.041) | |
Other urban | 0.025 (0.044) | |
Satisfaction with neighbourhood (1–10) | -0.045*** (0.004) | |
Long-term disability | 0.125*** (0.018) | |
Stereotypical masculinity beliefs | 0.023*** (0.005) | |
COVID-19 lockdown | -0.033 (0.027) | |
Constant | 4.062*** (0.083) | |
Mean of dependent variable | 2.629 | 2.629 |
Within R2
| 0.0010 | 0.0466 |
Observations | 118,667 | 118,667 |
Individuals | 12,117 | 12,117 |
15–24
|
25–34
|
35–44
|
45–54
|
55–64
|
65 +
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour force status (ref: Unemployed) | ||||||
Employed | -0.022 (0.062) | 0.139 (0.092) | -0.090 (0.097) | -0.264*** (0.096) | -0.084 (0.088) | -0.139 (0.196) |
Not in labour force | -0.052 (0.044) | 0.083 (0.075) | -0.053 (0.097) | -0.122 (0.090) | -0.073 (0.080) | -0.302 (0.188) |
Job security | -0.042*** (0.009) | -0.044*** (0.009) | -0.056*** (0.009) | -0.038*** (0.010) | -0.021** (0.011) | -0.029 (0.018) |
Log household income | 0.041 (0.037) | -0.055 (0.039) | 0.013 (0.042) | -0.017 (0.041) | -0.047 (0.035) | -0.025 (0.036) |
Partnered | -0.579*** (0.069) | -0.539*** (0.059) | -0.638*** (0.107) | -0.591*** (0.107) | -0.318** (0.135) | -0.806*** (0.143) |
Volunteer | -0.009 (0.042) | 0.027 (0.038) | 0.027 (0.036) | 0.031 (0.036) | -0.037 (0.037) | -0.119*** (0.037) |
Member of club | -0.040 (0.029) | -0.033 (0.027) | -0.016 (0.030) | -0.020 (0.036) | -0.042 (0.033) | -0.017 (0.037) |
Life event: death of close friend | 0.085* (0.046) | -0.008 (0.046) | -0.018 (0.040) | -0.019 (0.035) | 0.026 (0.031) | 0.059** (0.029) |
Life event: separated from spouse or partner | 0.421*** (0.057) | 0.344*** (0.058) | 0.221*** (0.073) | 0.159** (0.076) | 0.200* (0.105) | 0.232* (0.125) |
I seem to have many friends (1–7) | -0.219*** (0.012) | -0.155*** (0.011) | -0.139*** (0.012) | -0.086*** (0.012) | -0.071*** (0.012) | -0.021* (0.011) |
Frequency of social connection (ref: Less than once a month) | ||||||
At least once a month | -0.104* (0.060) | -0.286*** (0.048) | -0.119*** (0.040) | -0.146*** (0.036) | -0.104** (0.042) | -0.100** (0.042) |
At least once a week | -0.231*** (0.057) | -0.366*** (0.050) | -0.241*** (0.043) | -0.244*** (0.042) | -0.173*** (0.045) | -0.132*** (0.045) |
Household type (ref: Couple without children) | ||||||
Couple with children | -0.106 (0.076) | 0.047 (0.037) | 0.119** (0.058) | 0.030 (0.056) | 0.091* (0.48) | 0.093 (0.075) |
Single parent | -0.031 (0.093) | 0.083 (0.116) | 0.043 (0.147) | 0.224* (0.125) | 0.088 (0.146) | 0.268 (0.193) |
Other household type | -0.003 (0.075) | 0.174*** (0.058) | 0.166 (0.102) | 0.146 (0.092) | 0.309*** (0.091) | 0.420*** (0.119) |
Region of residence (ref: Rural) | ||||||
Major urban | -0.072 (0.090) | -0.085 (0.089) | 0.058 (0.121) | -0.055 (0.131) | -0.134 (0.129) | 0.125 (0.123) |
Other urban | 0.072(0.097) | -0.059 (0.098) | 0.114 (0.117) | -0.026 (0.147) | -0.108 (0.137) | -0.003 (0.126) |
Satisfaction with neighbourhood (1–10) | -0.039*** (0.008) | -0.030*** (0.008) | -0.045*** (0.010) | -0.054*** (0.011) | -0.031*** (0.012) | -0.026** (0.011) |
Long-term disability | 0.182*** (0.063) | 0.241*** (0.057) | 0.184*** (0.053) | 0.029 (0.045) | 0.090** (0.040) | 0.085** (0.033) |
Stereotypical masculinity beliefs | 0.024 (0.017) | 0.010 (0.014) | 0.025* (0.014) | 0.015 (0.014) | 0.042*** (0.014) | -0.001 (0.011) |
COVID-19 lockdown | 0.079 (0.088) | -0.066 (0.066) | -0.109 (0.070) | -0.082 (0.072) | 0.039 (0.071) | -0.044 (0.059) |
Constant | 3.989*** (0.143) | 4.279*** (0.118) | 4.256*** (0.229) | 4.537*** (0.245) | 3.823*** (0.245) | 3.653*** (0.308) |
Mean of dependent variable | 2.629 | 2.674 | 2.672 | 2.709 | 2.582 | 2.485 |
Within R2
| 0.0844 | 0.0668 | 0.0468 | 0.0295 | 0.0188 | 0.0246 |
Observations | 19,107 | 20,275 | 20,376 | 20,745 | 17,778 | 20,386 |
Individuals | 4,072 | 4,433 | 4,044 | 3,783 | 3,205 | 2,674 |