Background
Methods
Data and study sample
Variables
Statistical approach
Results
Sample characteristics
Early initiation of breastfeeding
Variable | 2002/2003 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | Diff. between 2002/2003−2017 | 95% CI | pORa | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 35.90 | 39.41 | 50.55 | 57.29 | 21.39 | 17.45–25.32 | 1.43 | 1.37–1.49 |
(A) Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 45.90 | 44.54 | 54.54 | 58.59 | 12.69 | 6.45–18.92 | 1.29 | 1.20–1.39 |
Poorer | 31.68 | 40.67 | 50.97 | 58.22 | 26.54 | 20.10–32.99 | 1.53 | 1.41–1.67 |
Middle | 34.90 | 32.13 | 46.45 | 55.34 | 20.44 | 12.50–28.38 | 1.41 | 1.29–1.55 |
Richer | 35.76 | 42.49 | 49.66 | 54.79 | 19.03 | 9.91–28.16 | 1.37 | 1.25–1.50 |
Richest | 28.47 | 39.94 | 48.45 | 60.61 | 32.15 | 23.81–40.48 | 1.56 | 1.43–1.71 |
(B) Education status | ||||||||
No education/incomplete primary | 40.47 | 47.49 | 58.07 | 54.98 | 14.52 | 4.09–24.95 | 1.42 | 1.25–1.61 |
Primary/incomplete secondary | 36.65 | 40.04 | 52.15 | 59.59 | 22.94 | 17.99–27.88 | 1.39 | 1.32–1.48 |
Secondary+ | 36.39 | 30.55 | 45.35 | 54.5 | 18.11 | 9.37–26.85 | 1.48 | 1.39–1.57 |
(C) Occupation status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 35.57 | 38.83 | 51.79 | 56.86 | 21.28 | 16.21–26.36 | 1.41 | 1.33–1.49 |
Employee: professional, managerial, clerical | 23.16 | 30.25 | 43.80 | 61.79 | 38.63 | 29.49–47.77 | 1.56 | 1.37–1.77 |
Employee: others | 37.38 | 40.28 | 44.36 | 57.31 | 19.94 | 8.80–31.08 | 1.47 | 1.29–1.68 |
Self-employee | 38.83 | 43.5 | 51.55 | 58.73 | 19.90 | 12.58–27.22 | 1.43 | 1.32–1.55 |
(D) Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | 38.96 | 40.35 | 51.98 | 56.46 | 17.50 | 12.35–22.64 | 1.39 | 1.31–1.47 |
Urban | 32.34 | 38.29 | 48.69 | 58.13 | 25.79 | 19.89–31.69 | 1.47 | 1.38–1.57 |
(E) Region | ||||||||
Sumatra | 29.50 | 30.26 | 33.24 | 45.38 | 15.88 | 9.23–22.53 | 1.32 | 1.23–1.43 |
Java & Bali | 36.83 | 42.03 | 55.59 | 61.87 | 25.04 | 19.30–30.78 | 1.49 | 1.39–1.60 |
Kalimantan | 45.25 | 39.84 | 45.49 | 61.31 | 16.06 | 7.16–24.96 | 1.30 | 1.19–1.44 |
Sulawesi | 30.51 | 41.2 | 51.43 | 46.10 | 15.59 | 7.34–23.83 | 1.34 | 1.21–1.48 |
Eastern Indonesia | 57.45 | 45.68 | 65.36 | 68.47 | 11.02 | 1.44–20.60 | 1.44 | 1.3–1.60 |
(F) Place of Delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | 37.98 | 40.77 | 51.73 | 58.85 | 20.86 | 15.11–26.61 | 1.34 | 1.25–1.44 |
Government health facility | 31.37 | 31.77 | 48.82 | 56.86 | 25.49 | 16.06–34.93 | 1.57 | 1.42–1.74 |
Private Facility | 33.50 | 40.81 | 49.75 | 56.65 | 23.15 | 17.37–28.94 | 1.45 | 1.36–1.54 |
(G) Birth attendant | ||||||||
None/unskilled birth attendant | 37.77 | 39.79 | 53.25 | 58.53 | 20.76 | 13.78–27.74 | 1.37 | 1.26–1.49 |
Skilled birth attendant | 34.45 | 39.19 | 49.83 | 57.18 | 22.73 | 17.85–27.61 | 1.45 | 1.38–1.52 |
Variable | 2002/2003 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | |
Overall | Ref | 1.21 | 1.05–1.40 | 1.92 | 1.67–2.21 | 2.79 | 2.44–3.21 | |
(A) Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | Ref | 1.15 | 0.91–1.45 | 1.65 | 1.32–2.06 | 2.08 | 1.64–2.64 | |
Poorer | Ref | 1.62 | 1.24–2.13 | 2.33 | 1.79–3.03 | 3.69 | 2.80–4.85 | |
Middle | Ref | 0.93 | 0.69–1.26 | 1.67 | 1.23–2.27 | 2.55 | 1.90–3.4 | |
Richer | Ref | 1.36 | 0.99–1.87 | 1.96 | 1.43–2.68 | 2.54 | 1.88–3.42 | |
Richest | Ref | 1.16 | 0.86–1.55 | 2.24 | 1.69–2.97 | 3.50 | 2.67–4.58 | |
(B) Education status | ||||||||
No education/incomplete primary | Ref | 1.58 | 1.16–2.14 | 2.28 | 1.64–3.17 | 2.63 | 1.77–3.91 | |
Primary/incomplete secondary | Ref | 1.20 | 1.00–1.44 | 1.80 | 1.50–2.15 | 2.66 | 2.23–3.18 | |
Secondary+ | Ref | 1.07 | 0.86–1.34 | 1.96 | 1.58–2.43 | 2.87 | 2.34–3.53 | |
(C) Occupation status | ||||||||
Unemployed | Ref | 1.17 | 0.98–1.41 | 1.86 | 1.55–2.23 | 2.7 | 2.26–3.22 | |
Employee: professional, managerial, clerical | Ref | 1.08 | 0.66–1.76 | 2.17 | 1.39–3.39 | 3.25 | 2.14–4.94 | |
Employee: others | Ref | 1.34 | 0.85–2.10 | 2.04 | 1.34–3.10 | 3.11 | 2.01–4.81 | |
(D) Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | Ref | 1.20 | 1.00–1.44 | 1.83 | 1.52–2.19 | 2.6 | 2.16–3.13 | |
Urban | Ref | 1.23 | 0.98–1.54 | 2.05 | 1.65–2.55 | 3.04 | 2.47–3.73 | |
(E) Region | ||||||||
Sumatra | Ref | 1.17 | 0.91–1.49 | 1.45 | 1.15–1.84 | 2.33 | 1.83–2.96 | |
Java & Bali | Ref | 1.17 | 0.94–1.45 | 2.16 | 1.74–2.68 | 3.13 | 2.53–3.87 | |
Kalimantan | Ref | 1.39 | 1.03–1.88 | 1.28 | 0.98–1.68 | 2.59 | 1.90–3.53 | |
Sulawesi | Ref | 1.89 | 1.39–2.57 | 2.61 | 1.87–3.65 | 2.3 | 1.67–3.17 | |
Eastern Indonesia | Ref | 0.96 | 0.70–1.32 | 1.88 | 1.36–2.61 | 2.52 | 1.81–3.51 | |
(F) Place of Delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | Ref | 1.19 | 0.99–1.44 | 1.79 | 1.48–2.17 | 2.4 | 1.94–2.97 | |
Government health facility | Ref | 1.3 | 0.85–1.97 | 2.23 | 1.46–3.39 | 3.58 | 2.41–5.31 | |
Private Facility | Ref | 1.23 | 0.98–1.55 | 2.02 | 1.63–2.51 | 2.86 | 2.33–3.50 | |
(G) Birth attendant | ||||||||
None/unskilled birth attendant | Ref | 1.15 | 0.93–1.43 | 1.92 | 1.54–2.40 | 2.37 | 1.82–3.10 | |
Skilled birth attendant | Ref | 1.26 | 1.06–1.50 | 1.95 | 1.65–2.31 | 2.93 | 2.50–3.45 |
Exclusive breastfeeding
Variable | 2002/2003 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | Diff. between 2002/2003 −2017 | 95% CI | pORa | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 39.38 | 31.07 | 41.34 | 51.11 | 11.73 | 4.14–19.32 | 1.21 | 1.12–1.31 |
(A) Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 42.10 | 39.53 | 43.95 | 58.27 | 16.18 | 4.97–27.39 | 1.27 | 1.1–1.47 |
Poorer | 43.59 | 33.76 | 41.44 | 58.71 | 15.12 | 2.99–27.24 | 1.15 | 0.98–1.36 |
Middle | 50.35 | 34.52 | 48.15 | 39.65 | −10.7 | −23.36-1.95 | 1.06 | 0.89–1.25 |
Richer | 37.54 | 29.47 | 29.30 | 43.91 | 6.37 | −10.58-23.32 | 1.09 | 0.9–1.33 |
Richest | 20.32 | 18.44 | 40.89 | 52.95 | 32.62 | 19.1–46.15 | 1.72 | 1.42–2.09 |
(B) Education status | ||||||||
No education/incomplete primary | 37.80 | 31.9 | 37.52 | 58.13 | 20.33 | 4.85–35.81 | 1.17 | 0.94–1.44 |
Primary/incomplete secondary | 43.57 | 36.04 | 41.96 | 51.74 | 8.17 | −2.69-19.03 | 1.12 | 1–1.25 |
Secondary+ | 30.34 | 31.22 | 42.3 | 50.77 | 20.43 | 8.32–32.54 | 1.39 | 1.24–1.57 |
(C) Occupation status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 42.52 | 33.91 | 44.11 | 53.59 | 11.07 | 0.97–21.17 | 1.15 | 1.04–1.27 |
Employee: professional, managerial, clerical | 19.75 | 15.55 | 28.74 | 43.31 | 23.56 | 10.85–36.27 | 1.64 | 1.34–2.01 |
Employee: others | 49.71 | 27.03 | 37.41 | 41.15 | −8.56 | −23.68-6.56 | 1.37 | 1.04–1.80 |
Self-employed/work for family | 29.67 | 35.41 | 41.25 | 51.85 | 22.18 | 9.64–34.73 | 1.3 | 1.10–1.53 |
(D) Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | 40.07 | 33.18 | 42.92 | 56.34 | 16.27 | 7.55–24.98 | 1.22 | 1.10–1.34 |
Urban | 38.32 | 30.59 | 40.75 | 45.79 | 7.46 | −5.06-19.99 | 1.22 | 1.08–1.37 |
(E) Region | ||||||||
Sumatra | 39.24 | 33.28 | 34.83 | 51.17 | 11.92 | 0.62–23.23 | 1.21 | 1.07–1.36 |
Java & Bali | 36.70 | 25.25 | 44.87 | 51.81 | 15.11 | 3.42–26.8 | 1.26 | 1.11–1.44 |
Kalimantan | 29.37 | 30.03 | 22.22 | 30.78 | 1.41 | −9.42-12.24 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.24 |
Sulawesi | 59.22 | 55.66 | 50.86 | 56.49 | −2.73 | −15.44-9.97 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.26 |
Eastern Indonesia | 44.7 | 45.59 | 48.96 | 59.08 | 14.39 | 2.94–25.83 | 1.22 | 1.01–1.46 |
(F) Place of Delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | 42.87 | 33.37 | 39.99 | 55.77 | 12.9 | 0.52–25.27 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.24 |
Government health facility | 32.36 | 41.05 | 39.16 | 48.35 | 15.99 | −1.33-33.32 | 1.22 | 1.01–1.48 |
Private Facility | 34.80 | 25.87 | 43.41 | 50.89 | 16.08 | 5.88–26.29 | 1.31 | 1.16–1.47 |
(G) Birth attendant | ||||||||
None/unskilled birth attendant | 42.63 | 32.05 | 44.45 | 55.21 | 12.58 | −0.89-26.06 | 1.10 | 0.94–1.28 |
Skilled birth attendant | 34.74 | 30.57 | 40.82 | 50.88 | 16.14 | 8.7–23.59 | 1.24 | 1.13–1.36 |
Variable | 2002/2003 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | |
Overall | Ref | 0.77 | 0.60–0.98 | 1.11 | 0.87–1.42. | 1.65 | 1.30–2.09 | |
(A) Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | Ref | 0.98 | 0.66–1.45 | 1.08 | 0.72–1.60 | 2.28 | 1.45–3.58 | |
Poorer | Ref | 0.76 | 0.47–1.22 | 0.77 | 0.46–1.28 | 1.53 | 0.93–2.51 | |
Middle | Ref | 0.78 | 0.45–1.34 | 1.07 | 0.61–1.90 | 1.09 | 0.65–1.84 | |
Richer | Ref | 0.65 | 0.35–1.20 | 0.72 | 0.38–1.37 | 1.25 | 0.69–2.24 | |
Richest | Ref | 0.66 | 0.34–1.27 | 2.70 | 1.47–4.96 | 3.44 | 1.90–6.22 | |
(B) Education status | ||||||||
No education/incomplete primary | Ref | 0.72 | 0.42–1.25 | 0.88 | 0.46–1.67 | 1.88 | 0.98–3.62 | |
Primary/ incomplete secondary | Ref | 0.76 | 0.55–1.06 | 0.95 | 0.67–1.34 | 1.40 | 1.01–1.95 | |
Secondary+ | Ref | 0.83 | 0.55–1.26 | 1.57 | 1.06–2.33 | 2.22 | 1.52–3.24 | |
(C) Occupation status | ||||||||
Unemployed | Ref | 0.69 | 0.52–0.92 | 0.97 | 0.72–1.32 | 1.49 | 1.11–2.00 | |
Employee: professional, managerial, clerical | Ref | 0.82 | 0.42–1.62 | 2.21 | 1.12–4.36 | 3.03 | 1.63–5.63 | |
Employee: others | Ref | 1.26 | 0.53–2.97 | 1.97 | 0.85–4.54 | 2.43 | 1.03–5.71 | |
Self-employed/work for family | Ref | 1.03 | 0.63–1.67 | 1.17 | 0.72–1.91 | 2.29 | 1.40–3.77 | |
(D) Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | Ref | 0.91 | 0.67–1.23 | 1.02 | 0.75–1.37 | 1.85 | 1.36–2.51 | |
Urban | Ref | 0.62 | 0.42–0.93 | 1.21 | 0.82–1.79 | 1.55 | 1.08–2.22 | |
(E) Region | ||||||||
Sumatra | Ref | 0.78 | 0.54–1.14 | 0.87 | 0.61–1.24 | 1.78 | 1.22–2.58 | |
Java & Bali | Ref | 0.75 | 0.5–1.12 | 1.42 | 0.95–2.12 | 1.77 | 1.22–2.59 | |
Kalimantan | Ref | 0.97 | 0.58–1.62 | 0.71 | 0.43–1.19 | 1.20 | 0.65–2.22 | |
Sulawesi | Ref | 0.75 | 0.49–1.16 | 0.91 | 0.58–1.43 | 1.23 | 0.74–2.02 | |
Eastern Indonesia | Ref | 0.77 | 0.45–1.30 | 0.73 | 0.44–1.21 | 1.80 | 1.01–3.21 | |
(F) Place of Delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | Ref | 0.79 | 0.58–1.08 | 0.81 | 0.56–1.15 | 1.74 | 1.16–2.64 | |
Government health facility | Ref | 1.77 | 0.81–3.87 | 1.5 | 0.69–3.24 | 2.13 | 1.01–4.52 | |
Private Facility | Ref | 0.53 | 0.35–0.82 | 1.18 | 0.8–1.74 | 1.66 | 1.15–2.38 | |
(G) Birth attendant | ||||||||
None/unskilled birth attendant | Ref | 0.84 | 0.59–1.19 | 0.92 | 0.61–1.38 | 1.71 | 1.01–2.88 | |
Skilled birth attendant | Ref | 0.68 | 0.49–0.94 | 1.11 | 0.82–1.49 | 1.61 | 1.22–2.14 |
Continued breastfeeding up to 1 year of age
Variable | 2002/2003 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | Diff. between 2002/2003–2017 | 95% CI | pORa | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 83.33 | 82.62 | 78.9 | 77.65 | −5.69 | −13.24-1.86 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.04 |
(A) Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 84.65 | 83.78 | 87.11 | 89.71 | 5.05 | −2.92-13.02 | 0.98 | 0.80–1.20 |
Poorer | 91.03 | 87.14 | 79.09 | 86.25 | −4.78 | −13.91-4.36 | 0.69 | 0.54–0.90 |
Middle | 88.71 | 86.27 | 79.65 | 71.93 | −16.78 | −30.52--3.04 | 0.93 | 0.75–1.15 |
Richer | 76.44 | 69.51 | 77.73 | 64.42 | −12.01 | −26.70-2.67 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.23 |
Richest | 77.63 | 78.56 | 74.82 | 72.06 | −5.57 | −16.30-5.16 | 0.93 | 0.75–1.16 |
(B) Education status | ||||||||
No education/incomplete primary | 91.58 | 82.92 | 85.65 | 88.2 | −3.38 | −10.22-3.46 | 0.80 | 0.60–1.08 |
Primary/incomplete secondary | 89.81 | 86.85 | 81.85 | 82.37 | −7.44 | −14.22--0.65 | 0.90 | 0.77–1.05 |
Secondary+ | 63.69 | 77.45 | 74.12 | 71.37 | 7.68 | −2.06-17.42 | 0.97 | 0.83–1.13 |
(C) Occupation status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 86.36 | 87.83 | 82.18 | 80.39 | −5.97 | −14.72-2.79 | 0.90 | 0.77–1.06 |
Employee: professional, managerial, clerical | 76.19 | 70.84 | 50.1 | 46.54 | −29.65 | −45.46--13.84 | 0.87 | 0.68–1.11 |
Employee: others | 71.48 | 64.41 | 68.69 | 70.63 | −0.85 | −17.37-15.66 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.37 |
Self-employed/work for family | 84.94 | 82.49 | 83.75 | 76.17 | −8.77 | −20.94-3.40 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.28 |
(D) Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | 88.37 | 86.11 | 84.61 | 82.96 | −5.41 | −11.83-1.00 | 0.84 | 0.72–0.98 |
Urban | 76.92 | 78.78 | 73.18 | 68.14 | −8.78 | −21.57-4.00 | 1.00 | 0.87–1.16 |
(E) Region | ||||||||
Sumatra | 87.01 | 79.75 | 83.44 | 80.77 | −6.24 | −13.97-1.48 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.10 |
Java & Bali | 81.6 | 84.91 | 79.59 | 77.36 | −4.25 | −16.03-7.53 | 0.99 | 0.83–1.18 |
Kalimantan | 80.11 | 82.81 | 76.91 | 67.96 | −12.15 | −29.44-5.15 | 0.76 | 0.60–0.97 |
Sulawesi | 89.64 | 78.31 | 74.29 | 76.6 | −13.04 | −22.03--4.06 | 0.80 | 0.65–0.98 |
Eastern Indonesia | 83.18 | 75.79 | 82.2 | 79.51 | −3.67 | −14.69-7.35 | 0.84 | 0.67–1.06 |
(F) Place of Delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | 90.42 | 86.09 | 85.71 | 83.08 | −7.34 | −13.81--0.87 | 0.81 | 0.68–0.96 |
Government health facility | 80.34 | 83.36 | 73.42 | 79.2 | −1.14 | −14.14-11.86 | 0.81 | 0.65–1.01 |
Private Facility | 70.55 | 78.8 | 77.26 | 74.63 | 4.08 | −9.79-17.95 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.26 |
(G) Birth attendant | ||||||||
None/unskilled birth attendant | 90.44 | 85.28 | 85.17 | 81.33 | −9.11 | −18.31-0.09 | 0.81 | 0.66–1.00 |
Skilled birth attendant | 77.81 | 80.91 | 76.42 | 77.17 | −0.64 | −10.78-9.49 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 |
Variable | 2002/2003 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | pOR | 95% CI | |
Overall | Ref | 0.77 | 0.55–1.09 | 0.77 | 0.54–1.09 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.11 | |
(A) Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | Ref | 0.73 | 0.39–1.35 | 1.03 | 0.57–1.87 | 0.85 | 0.44–1.66 | |
Poorer | Ref | 0.47 | 0.21–1.10 | 0.27 | 0.12–0.63 | 0.30 | 0.13–0.70 | |
Middle | Ref | 0.64 | 0.32–1.29 | 0.83 | 0.38–1.83 | 0.68 | 0.34–1.38 | |
Richer | Ref | 1.05 | 0.53–2.09 | 0.81 | 0.42–1.56 | 1.13 | 0.60–2.13 | |
Richest | Ref | 0.89 | 0.46–1.74 | 0.88 | 0.42–1.82 | 0.8 | 0.40–1.61 | |
(B) Education status | ||||||||
No education/incomplete primary | Ref | 0.5 | 0.23–1.12 | 0.63 | 0.28–1.41 | 0.46 | 0.17–1.20 | |
Primary/incomplete secondary | Ref | 0.72 | 0.43–1.20 | 0.71 | 0.42–1.19 | 0.69 | 0.41–1.18 | |
Secondary+ | Ref | 0.91 | 0.53–1.57 | 0.86 | 0.49–1.49 | 0.9 | 0.54–1.53 | |
(C) Occupation status | ||||||||
Unemployed | Ref | 0.78 | 0.48–1.27 | 0.73 | 0.44–1.21 | 0.72 | 0.43–1.22 | |
Employee: professional, managerial, clerical | Ref | 0.53 | 0.20–1.42 | 0.42 | 0.18–0.94 | 0.51 | 0.24–1.09 | |
Employee: others | Ref | 0.67 | 0.27–1.67 | 0.97 | 0.40–2.36 | 0.91 | 0.37–2.24 | |
Self-employed/work for family | Ref | 0.96 | 0.52–1.78 | 1.04 | 0.53–2.04 | 1.09 | 0.56–2.10 | |
(D) Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | Ref | 0.71 | 0.44–1.14 | 0.68 | 0.41–1.13 | 0.55 | 0.33–0.92 | |
Urban | Ref | 0.79 | 0.48–1.30 | 0.84 | 0.51–1.36 | 0.96 | 0.59–1.55 | |
(E) Region | ||||||||
Sumatra | Ref | 0.64 | 0.38–1.08 | 0.75 | 0.45–1.24 | 0.77 | 0.46–1.30 | |
Java & Bali | Ref | 1.00 | 0.57–1.77 | 0.99 | 0.55–1.77 | 0.97 | 0.55–1.70 | |
Kalimantan | Ref | 0.81 | 0.37–1.77 | 0.49 | 0.25–0.93 | 0.48 | 0.22–1.06 | |
Sulawesi | Ref | 0.40 | 0.20–0.78 | 0.36 | 0.19–0.71 | 0.45 | 0.22–0.92 | |
Eastern Indonesia | Ref | 0.64 | 0.27–1.48 | 0.56 | 0.24–1.29 | 0.54 | 0.23–1.25 | |
(F) Place of Delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | Ref | 0.63 | 0.39–1.02 | 0.65 | 0.39–1.08 | 0.48 | 0.27–0.86 | |
Government health facility | Ref | 0.69 | 0.29–1.63 | 0.54 | 0.22–1.36 | 0.49 | 0.21–1.15 | |
Private Facility | Ref | 0.99 | 0.57–1.74 | 1.04 | 0.60–1.81 | 1.23 | 0.72–2.08 | |
(G) Birth attendant | ||||||||
None/unskilled birth attendant | Ref | 0.52 | 0.30–0.90 | 0.67 | 0.36–1.24 | 0.42 | 0.21–0.85 | |
Skilled birth attendant | Ref | 0.93 | 0.61–1.42 | 0.85 | 0.55–1.30 | 0.91 | 0.61–1.36 |