Background
Domain | Traditional public health Current state | Precision public health Future state |
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Definition | Use of data for surveillance and epidemiology to inform health policy, community interventions and target populations with disadvantage | Use of routinely collected data to inform precision policy, interventions and decision-making based on social position, equity and disease risk |
Data sources | Designed by user specifically for secondary use | Real-world activities such as provision of acute care, wearable devices |
Original intent of data | Secondary use | Routine activity |
Data refresh | Years | Near or real-time |
Data analytics | Descriptive | Descriptive, Predictive, Prescriptive |
Methods
Design
Search strategy
Search category | Domain | PubMed |
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Population | Population and public health | "population health"[MeSH Terms] OR "population health"[tiab] OR "public health"[MeSH Terms] OR "Public Health Surveillance"[MeSH Terms] OR "public health informatics"[MeSH Terms] OR "clinical frameworks"[tiab] OR "Learning Health System"[MeSH Terms] OR "Population Surveillance"[MeSH Terms] OR "surveillance"[tiab] OR "platform*"[ti] OR learning health system[tiab] |
Concept | Digital aggregation | "data sharing"[tiab] OR "aggregat*”[Tiab] OR "Data network" OR linkage*[tiab] OR "data model*"[tiab] |
Context | Real-world and traditional data | "Mobile Applications"[MeSH Terms] OR "social media"[MeSH Terms] OR "mobile health"[All Fields] OR "mobile technolog*"[All Fields] OR "mhealth"[tiab] OR "m-health"[tiab] OR "billing data"[tiab] OR "claims data"[tiab] OR "data aggregation*"[tiab] OR "health data"[tiab] OR survey*[tiab] OR "big data"[tiab] OR "digital health"[tiab] OR "Internet of Things"[MeSH Terms] OR "Internet of Things"[tiab] AND "medical records systems, computerized"[MeSH Terms] OR "Electronic Health Records"[MeSH Terms] OR "electronic health record*"[tiab] OR "EHR"[tiab] OR "electronic medical record*"[tiab] OR "EMR"[tiab] OR "medical records"[tiab] |
Study selection
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
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• Article describes digital aggregation of real-world data and traditional data | • Only a single source of real-world data or traditional data is used |
• The disease/s of interest is a noncommunicable (chronic) disease | • The disease/s of interest are communicable or acute |
• Purpose of digital aggregation is applied, with the intent of contributing to improved community, population or public health | • Purpose of digital aggregation is for data linkage or research |
• Purpose of digital aggregation is applied to an individual patient or patient cohort for treatment or management of disease | |
• Articles not published as full-text empirical studies (i.e. abstracts, conference proceedings, grey literature, dissertation or theses) |
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Major NCDs – cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory conditions and diabetes
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Other NCDs – renal, endocrine, neurological, haematological, gastroenterological, hepatic, musculoskeletal, metabolic (including obesity [29]) skin and oral diseases
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Mental health disorders
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Congenital (including genetic or chromosomal disorders) disorders
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Other conditions, disorders or disability originating from injury (e.g., limb amputation, traumatic brain injury)
Data extraction and synthesis
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
Authors (Year) | Country | Aim | Setting | Population characteristics | Target chronic disease/s |
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Glidewell et al. (2018) [30] | USA | To describe the surveillance methodology to better understand prevalence, care utilisation and outcomes of people with CHDs | Academia/ Healthcare 1. Emory University 2. Massachusetts Department of Public Health 3. New York State Department of Health | 73,112 individuals (identified based on CHD codes in healthcare encounters) | Congenital Heart Disease |
Guilbert et al. (2012) [31] | USA | To develop an EHR-based public health information exchange (via a new information system platform) to represent the ecologic health systems model | Academia/ Healthcare / Government: University of Wisconsin Dep't of Family Medicine Division of Public Health | 40,320 children, 151,881 adults (total clinical sample) | Asthma, T2DM (use cases) |
Ji et al. (2017) [32] | USA | To create a health data model and analytic framework that integrates and analyses openly available health data sources, particularly socially-generated data | Academia: New Jersey Institute of Technology City University of New York | 17,407 (pts in SMN) 69,423 (posts in MedHelp) 86,715 reviews (WebMD) | MS, Fibromyalgia, MDD, GAD, CFS, ALS, Parkinson's, Epilepsy, SAD, Panic Disorder (top ten conditions) |
Li et al. (2020) [35] | China | To develop a system (NCDCMS) for NCD surveillance and management | Government: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention | Ningbo City (5.93 million) 201 medical facilities (98.1%) | T2DM, IHD, cerebrovascular disease, malignant and benign neoplasms of the central nervous system |
Lix et al. (2018) [33] | Canada | To describe the process, structure, benefits and challenges of a distributed model for chronic disease surveillance (CCDSS) | Government: Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) | All Canadian provinces and territories | T2DM, HT, Mental illness, COPD, Asthma, IHD, AMI, HF, Osteoporosis, Parkinson's, MS, Stroke, Epilepsy, Dementia, Osteoarthritis |
Shaban-Nejad et al. (2017) [34] | Canada | To develop PopHR, a big data platform for community and population health surveillance | Academia/ Healthcare: McGill University Tennessee Health Science Center | Census Metropolitan Area of Montreal, Quebec, Canada (25% of total population, ~ 1 million persons) | Arthritis, Asthma, Cancer, CKF, COPD, CHF, Mental illness, Obesity, IHD, MS, Parkinson's, T2DM |
Target population
Characteristics of real-world and traditional data
Authors (Year) | Country | Application | Target noncommunicable diseases/s | Types of RWD | RWD | Traditional data | Refresh frequency | Aggregation of RWD | Analytics | Implementation |
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Glidewell et al. (2018) [30] | USA | - | Congenital Heart Disease | 1. Clinical, Medication & Family Hx 2. Claims/Billing | 1. EHR, birth and death files; SPARCS health information system 2. Medicaid, claims database | CHD registry | Static (cross-sectional) | Static records linked across data sources using Fine-Grained Records Integration and Linkage Tool and SAS. Microsoft Access database hosted standardised, aggregate data | Nil reported | Deidentified and deduplicated surveillance dataset transferred to CDC for review |
Guilbert et al. (2012) [31] | USA | - | Asthma, T2DM (use cases) | Clinical, Medication & Family Hx | EHR | Census (social, economic and behavioural conditions) | Static (cross-sectional) | Built PHIN AVR Web Portal data system to aggregate EHR and community-level data | Geospatial—geocoding, spatial regression Descriptive—prevalence Inferential—multivariate analyses, data mining | Demographic, clinic, community disease summary reports |
Ji et al. (2017) [32] | USA | Social InfoButtons | MS, Fibromyalgia, MDD, GAD, CFS, ALS, Parkinson's, Epilepsy, SAD, Panic Disorder (top ten conditions) | Social media | Twitter, SMN | CDC, PubMed, WebMD, MedHelp | Static (cross-sectional) | Data sources integrated via semantic web technology—links terms from different sources that describe the same concept | Geospatial—geocoding Descriptive—disease prevalence, social discussion, topic prevalence, associations, recommendations Temporal—treatment comparison over time | Platform 'Social InfoButtons'—government an end-user for disease surveillance and to increase awareness of social health trends |
Li et al. (2020) [35] | China | NCDCMS | T2DM, IHD, cerebrovascular disease, malignant and benign neoplasms of the central nervous system | Clinical, Medications & Family Hx | EHR | Electronic clinical history database | Real-time (1 day) | Stepwise, bidirectional 3-level public health data exchange Uniform data standards required to connect HIS with NCDCMS | Geospatial—mapping | Implemented in 5 cities in Zhejiang Province |
Lix et al. (2018) [33] | Canada | CCDSS | T2DM, HT, Mental illness, COPD, Asthma, IHD, AMI, HF, Osteoporosis, Parkinson's, MS, Stroke, Epilepsy, Dementia, Osteoarthritis | Claims/ billing | Health insurance registration, physician billing claims | Hospital discharge abstracts (via administrative dataset) and prescription drug records | Static (cross-sectional) | Provinces/territories generate aggregate data from PHAC data request. Data are reconciled based on uniform definitions | Descriptive—disease incidence, prevalence, mortality (bar and line charts) Geospatial—mapping across provinces and territories | Implemented by PHAC. CCDSS data produced in publications, disease reports and interactive open data resources |
Shaban-Nejad et al. (2017) [34] | Canada | PopHR | Arthritis, Asthma, Cancer, CKF, COPD, CHF, Mental illness, Obesity, IHD, MS, Parkinson's, T2DM | 1. Clinical, Medication & Family HX 2. Claims/Billing 3. Environmental | 1. Public health insurance provider 2. Public health insurance provider 3. Retail transactions | Census and Surveys | Near real-time (2-weeks to 1-year) | Aggregated and individual-level data Server-client architecture: (1) Data processing (2) Data integration (3) Semantics | Geospatial—mapping Descriptive—bar charts, data tables, time series, scatter plots (w/ stratification) Temporal—time series, prevalence changes Comparative—intervention impact, multiple queries | Test users—public health and health service agencies Software verification, rapid feedback, usability testing Pilot implementation to support public health planning and health system management |
Digital aggregation of real-world and traditional data
Application of aggregated data
Digital health transformation towards precision public health
Discussion
Main findings
Comparison to current state
Towards precision public health for noncommunicable disease
Limitations
Conclusions
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Building digital public health foundations through integrating real-world data and traditional data into surveillance platforms (Horizon 1)
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Creating basic population health analytics as a foundation for improving policy and practice decisions (Horizon 2).