Background
Materials and methods
Study population
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without stroke (n = 1997) | With stroke (n = 338) | P value | Without stroke (n = 1348) | With stroke (n = 337) | P value | |
Sex | 0.771 | 0.980 | ||||
Female | 828 (41.46%) | 143 (42.31%) | 573 (42.51%) | 143 (42.43%) | ||
Male | 1169 (58.54%) | 195 (57.69%) | 775 (57.49%) | 194 (57.57%) | ||
Age (years) | 63.00 (55.00–69.00) | 65.00 (60.00–72.00) | < 0.001* | 64.00 (58.00–70.00) | 65.00 (60.00–72.00) | < 0.001* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.39 (23.44–27.68) | 25.50 (23.23–27.68) | 0.929 | 25.39 (23.29–27.68) | 25.50 (23.23–27.68) | 0.941 |
CAD type | ||||||
SCAD | 128 (6.41%) | 36 (10.65%) | 0.005* | 86 (6.38%) | 36 (10.68%) | 0.006* |
UA | 1471 (73.66%) | 229 (67.75%) | 0.024* | 989 (73.37%) | 229 (67.95%) | 0.047* |
NSTEMI | 286 (14.32%) | 41 (12.13%) | 0.283 | 201 (14.91%) | 41 (12.17%) | 0.199 |
STEMI | 79 (3.96%) | 23 (6.80%) | 0.018* | 51 (3.78%) | 22 (6.53%) | 0.027* |
Previous MI | 205 (10.27%) | 49 (14.50%) | 0.021* | 146 (10.83%) | 49 (14.54%) | 0.057 |
Ischaemic cardiomyopathy | 34 (1.70%) | 11 (3.25%) | 0.082 | 23 (1.71%) | 11 (3.26%) | 0.069 |
Heart failure | 312 (15.62%) | 72 (21.30%) | 0.009* | 228 (16.91%) | 72 (21.36%) | 0.056 |
Hypertension | 1307 (65.45%) | 262 (77.51%) | < 0.001* | 899 (66.69%) | 262 (77.74%) | < 0.001* |
Dyslipidaemia | 605 (30.30%) | 95 (28.11%) | 0.417 | 414 (30.71%) | 94 (27.89%) | 0.313 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.99 (3.40–4.67) | 3.94 (3.32–4.76) | 0.544 | 4.00 (3.37–4.68) | 3.94 (3.32–4.76) | 0.478 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.51 (1.92–3.11) | 2.45 (1.91–3.15) | 0.615 | 2.51 (1.90–3.11) | 2.45 (1.91–3.15) | 0.567 |
Valvular heart disease | 43 (2.15%) | 8 (2.37%) | 0.840 | 32 (2.37%) | 8 (2.37%) | 1 |
AF | 176 (8.81%) | 48 (14.20%) | 0.002* | 119 (8.83%) | 48 (14.24%) | 0.003* |
AF type | < 0.001* | 0.003* | ||||
No | 1821 (91.19%) | 290 (85.80%) | 1229 (91.17%) | 289 (85.76%) | ||
paroxysmal AF | 106 (5.31%) | 22 (6.51%) | 69 (5.12%) | 22 (6.53%) | ||
Non-paroxysmal AF | 70 (3.51%) | 26 (7.69%) | 50 (3.71%) | 26 (7.72%) | ||
DM | 551 (27.59%) | 102 (30.18%) | 0.327 | 378 (28.04%) | 102 (30.27%) | 0.418 |
COPD | 40 (2.00%) | 7 (2.07%) | 0.836 | 30 (2.23%) | 7 (2.08%) | 0.868 |
CKD | 39 (1.95%) | 13 (3.85%) | 0.043* | 23 (1.71%) | 13 (3.86%) | 0.015* |
Creatine (μmol/L) | 69.00 (59.00–80.95) | 72.00 (61.30–86.00) | 0.001* | 70.00 (59.00–82.00) | 72.00 (61.30–86.00) | 0.011* |
Fatty liver | 39 (1.95%) | 5 (1.48%) | 0.670 | 30 (2.23%) | 5 (1.48%) | 0.393 |
Smoking | 409 (20.48%) | 57 (16.86%) | 0.124 | 261 (19.36%) | 56 (16.62%) | 0.249 |
Alcohol consumption | 347 (17.38%) | 47 (13.91%) | 0.115 | 224 (16.62%) | 46 (13.65%) | 0.184 |
Aortic atherosclerosis | 529 (26.81%) | 146 (43.84%) | < 0.001* | 386 (28.94%) | 146 (43.98%) | < 0.001* |
LA (mm) | 34.00 (32.00–37.00) | 35.00 (32.00–37.00) | 0.073 | 34.00 (32.00–37.00) | 35.00 (32.00–37.00) | 0.024* |
EF (%) | 61.74 (60.61–62.89) | 61.70 (60.64–62.77) | 0.574 | 61.74 (60.61–62.86) | 61.70 (60.64–62.77) | 0.73 |
PWV (cm/s) | 1556.50 (1367.50–1798.50) | 1623.00 (1418.00–1906.50) | < 0.001* | 1575.25 (1388.00–1814.38) | 1625.00 (1418.00–1908.62) | 0.022* |
ABI | 1.09 (1.02–1.156) | 1.08
(0.97–1.16) | 0.057 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 1.08 (0.97–1.16) | 0.005* |
CHA2DS2-VASc score | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–5.00) | < 0.001* | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–5.00) | < 0.001* |
Propensity score | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | < 0.001* | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | < 0.001* |
Without (n = 1518) | With AF (n = 167) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.505 | ||
Female | 641 (42.23%) | 75 (44.91%) | |
Male | 877 (57.77%) | 92 (55.09%) | |
Age (years) | 63.50 (58.00–70.00) | 69.00 (63.00–77.00) | < 0.001* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.39 (23.23–27.68) | 25.69 (23.44–27.68) | 0.872 |
CAD type | |||
SCAD | 70 (4.61%) | 52 (31.14%) | < 0.001* |
UA | 1132 (74.57%) | 86 (51.50%) | < 0.001* |
NSTEMI | 225 (14.82%) | 17 (10.18%) | 0.104 |
STEMI | 71 (4.68%) | 2 (1.20%) | 0.036* |
Previous MI | 166 (10.94%) | 29 (17.37%) | 0.014* |
Ischaemic cardiomyopathy | 24 (1.58%) | 10 (5.99%) | < 0.001* |
Heart failure | 211 (13.90%) | 89 (53.29%) | < 0.001* |
Hypertension | 1041 (68.58%) | 120 (71.86%) | 0.385 |
Dyslipidaemia | 456 (30.04%) | 52 (31.14%) | 0.769 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.00 (3.39–4.70) | 3.83 (3.28–4.70) | 0.229 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.52 (1.91–3.12) | 2.32 (1.88–3.09) | 0.301 |
Valvular heart disease | 29 (1.91%) | 11 (6.59%) | < 0.001* |
DM | 430 (28.33%) | 50 (29.94%) | 0.661 |
COPD | 35 (2.31%) | 2 (1.20%) | 0.354 |
CKD | 28 (1.84%) | 8 (4.79%) | 0.012* |
Creatine (μmol/L) | 69.00 (59.00–81.00) | 79.85 (68.00–94.75) | < 0.001* |
Fatty liver | 33 (2.17%) | 2 (1.20%) | 0.401 |
Smoking | 296 (19.50%) | 21 (12.57%) | 0.03* |
Alcohol consumption | 249 (16.40%) | 21 (12.57%) | 0.201 |
Aortic atherosclerosis | 458 (30.53%) | 74 (44.58%) | < 0.001* |
LA (mm) | 34.00 (32.00–36.00) | 38.00 (35.00–42.50) | < 0.001* |
EF (%) | 61.74 (60.64–62.89) | 60.78 (55.48–62.05) | 0.001* |
PWV (cm/s) | 1565.00 (1387.75–1810.75) | 1734.75 (1505.88–2149.62) | < 0.001* |
ABI | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 1.06 (0.94–1.14) | 0.004* |
CHA2DS2-VASc score | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–6.00) | < 0.001* |
Stroke | 289 (19.04%) | 48 (28.74%) | 0.003* |
Subgroup analysis
Association between AF and ischaemic stroke
Variable | Univariable OR (95% CI) P value | Multivariable OR (95% CI) P value |
---|---|---|
Without AF | 1.00 | 1.00 |
With AF | 1.71 (1.20–2.46) 0.003* | 1.55 (0.94–2.56) 0.087 |
Association between AF burden and ischaemic stroke
Variable | Univariable OR (95% CI) P value | Multivariable OR (95% CI) P value |
---|---|---|
Paroxysmal AF | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Non-paroxysmal AF | 1.63 (0.83–3.20) 0.155 | 1.02 (0.32–3.24) 0.973 |