Introduction
Materials and methods
Data source
Definition of SPMs
Patient selection
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of patients
Site of SPMs | N | % | Histology of SPMs | N | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 741 | 100.00% | ALL | 741 | 100.00% |
Lung and Bronchus | 136 | 18.35% | Squamous Cell Neoplasms | 158 | 21.32% |
Urinary Bladder | 112 | 15.11% | Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas | 139 | 18.76% |
Rectum | 83 | 11.20% | Transitional Cell Papillomas and Carcinomas | 112 | 15.11% |
Melanoma of the Skin | 63 | 8.50% | Cystic, Mucinous and Serous Neoplasms | 91 | 12.28% |
Sigmoid Colon | 23 | 3.10% | Epithelial Neoplasms, NOS | 67 | 9.04% |
Prostate | 21 | 2.83% | Nevi and Melanomas | 64 | 8.64% |
Soft Tissue including Heart | 18 | 2.43% | Complex Mixed and Stromal Neoplasms | 16 | 2.16% |
Anus, Anal Canal and Anorectum | 18 | 2.43% | Nhl - Mature B-Cell Lymphomas | 14 | 1.89% |
NHL - Extranodal | 15 | 2.02% | Ductal and Lobular Neoplasms | 13 | 1.75% |
Esophagus | 14 | 1.89% | Soft Tissue Tumors and Sarcomas, NOS | 10 | 1.35% |
Stomach | 14 | 1.89% | Complex Epithelial Neoplasms | 8 | 1.08% |
Corpus Uteri | 14 | 1.89% | Fibromatous Neoplasms | 7 | 0.94% |
Tonsil | 13 | 1.75% | Acinar Cell Neoplasms | 7 | 0.94% |
Larynx | 13 | 1.75% | Germ Cell Neoplasms | 6 | 0.81% |
Pancreas | 12 | 1.62% | Oseous and Chondromatous Neoplasms | 3 | 0.40% |
Ascending Colon | 11 | 1.48% | Lipomatous Neoplasms | 3 | 0.40% |
Kidney and Renal Pelvis | 11 | 1.48% | Myomatous Neoplasms | 3 | 0.40% |
Cecum | 11 | 1.48% | Basal Cell Neoplasms | 3 | 0.40% |
Tongue | 9 | 1.21% | Mesothelial Neoplasms | 3 | 0.40% |
Ovary | 9 | 1.21% | Nhl - Mature t and Nk-Cell Lymphomas | 2 | 0.27% |
Variables | Training set | Validation set | χ² | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 585) | (n = 156) | ||||||
N | % | N | % | ||||
Site of SPMs | 0.75 | 0.980 | |||||
Lung and Bronchus | 106 | 18.1 | 30 | 19.2 | |||
Urinary Bladder | 88 | 8.7 | 24 | 7.7 | |||
Rectum | 68 | 43.4 | 15 | 44.9 | |||
Melanoma of the Skin | 51 | 11.6 | 12 | 9.6 | |||
Sigmoid Colon | 18 | 3.1 | 5 | 3.2 | |||
Others | 254 | 15.0 | 70 | 15.4 | |||
Histology of SPMs | 6.54 | 0.257 | |||||
Squamous Cell Neoplasms | 130 | 22.2 | 28 | 17.9 | |||
Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas | 114 | 19.5 | 25 | 16.0 | |||
Transitional Cell Papilloma and Carcinomas | 90 | 15.4 | 22 | 14.1 | |||
Cystic, Mucinous and Serous Neoplasms | 64 | 10.9 | 27 | 17.3 | |||
Nevi and Melanomas | 51 | 8.7 | 13 | 8.3 | |||
Others | 136 | 23.2 | 41 | 26.3 | |||
Age(years) | 0.79 | 0.853 | |||||
<60 | 152 | 26.0 | 42 | 26.9 | |||
60–69 | 190 | 32.5 | 47 | 30.1 | |||
70–79 | 214 | 36.6 | 61 | 39.1 | |||
≥ 80 | 29 | 5.0 | 6 | 3.8 | |||
Race | 5.29 | 0.071 | |||||
White | 484 | 82.7 | 127 | 81.4 | |||
Black | 65 | 11.1 | 12 | 7.7 | |||
Others | 36 | 6.2 | 17 | 10.9 | |||
Stage-T | 2.81 | 0.590 | |||||
Ta | 141 | 24.1 | 34 | 21.8 | |||
T1 | 186 | 31.8 | 42 | 26.9 | |||
T2 | 122 | 20.9 | 38 | 24.4 | |||
T3 | 89 | 15.2 | 26 | 16.7 | |||
T4 | 47 | 8.0 | 16 | 10.3 | |||
Stage-N | 5.15 | 0.161 | |||||
N0 | 482 | 82.4 | 113 | 74.4 | |||
N1 | 55 | 9.4 | 22 | 14.1 | |||
N2 | 43 | 7.4 | 16 | 10.3 | |||
N3 | 5 | 0.9 | 5 | 1.3 | |||
Stage-M | 0.29 | 0.593 | |||||
M0 | 528 | 90.3 | 143 | 91.7 | |||
M1 | 57 | 9.7 | 13 | 8.3 | |||
Stage-T of RC | 2.71 | 0.608 | |||||
Ta | 74 | 12.6 | 24 | 15.4 | |||
T1 | 140 | 23.9 | 34 | 21.8 | |||
T2 | 87 | 14.9 | 29 | 18.6 | |||
T3 | 254 | 43.4 | 63 | 40.4 | |||
T4 | 30 | 5.1 | 6 | 3.8 | |||
Stage-N of RC | 3.72 | 0.155 | |||||
N0 | 437 | 74.7 | 106 | 67.9 | |||
N1 | 110 | 18.8 | 34 | 21.8 | |||
N2 | 38 | 6.5 | 16 | 10.3 | |||
Stage-M of RC | 0.91 | 0.341 | |||||
M0 | 552 | 94.4 | 144 | 92.3 | |||
M1 | 33 | 5.6 | 12 | 7.7 | |||
SPMs Surgical history | |||||||
Yes | 422 | 72.1 | 113 | 72.4 | 0.005 | 0.941 | |
No | 163 | 27.9 | 43 | 27.6 | |||
Surgical history of RC | 0.35 | 0.554 | |||||
Yes | 511 | 87.4 | 139 | 89.1 | |||
No | 74 | 12.6 | 17 | 10.9 | |||
Histology of RC | 0.75 | 0.689 | |||||
Others | 70 | 12.0 | 19 | 12.2 | |||
Ade | 436 | 74.5 | 120 | 76.9 | |||
Cystic, Mucinous and Serous Neoplasms | 79 | 13.5 | 17 | 10.9 | |||
SPMs radiation record | 0.58 | 0.445 | |||||
Yes | 151 | 25.8 | 45 | 28.8 | |||
No | 434 | 74.19 | 111 | 71.2 | |||
Radiation record of RC | 0.83 | 0.362 | |||||
Yes | 291 | 49.7 | 84 | 53.8 | |||
No | 294 | 50.3 | 72 | 46.2 | |||
SPMs chemotherapy record | 0.96 | 0.328 | |||||
Yes | 215 | 36.8 | 64 | 41.0 | |||
No | 370 | 63.2 | 92 | 59.0 | |||
Chemotherapy record of RC | 1.06 | 0.303 | |||||
Yes | 318 | 54.4 | 92 | 59.0 | |||
No | 267 | 45.6 | 64 | 41.0 | |||
SPMs tumor size(cm) | 5.45 | 0.141 | |||||
0–3 | 394 | 67.4 | 97 | 62.2 | |||
3–5 | 86 | 14.7 | 32 | 20.5 | |||
5–10 | 78 | 13.3 | 16 | 10.3 | |||
≥ 10 | 27 | 4.6 | 11 | 7.1 | |||
SPMs grade | 4.73 | 0.316 | |||||
Well | 56 | 9.6 | 9 | 5.8 | |||
Moderately | 183 | 31.3 | 41 | 26.3 | |||
Poorly | 94 | 16.1 | 29 | 18.6 | |||
Undifferentiated | 45 | 7.7 | 15 | 9.6 | |||
Unknown | 207 | 35.4 | 62 | 39.7 |
Prognostic factors selection and nomogram construction
Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | CI (95%) | P value | HR | CI (95%) | P value | |
Site of SPMs | 0.009 | 0.108 | ||||
Lung and Bronchus | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Urinary Bladder | 0.383 | 0.276–0.530 | <0.001 | 1.651 | 0.735–3.713 | 0.225 |
Rectum | 0.507 | 0.366–0.701 | <0.001 | 1.020 | 0.648–1.605 | 0.932 |
Melanoma of the Skin | 0.349 | 0.229–0.530 | <0.001 | 0.217 | 0.029–1.630 | 0.137 |
Sigmoid Colon | 0.427 | 0.243–0.748 | <0.001 | 0.854 | 0.450–1.621 | 0.629 |
Others | 0.522 | 0.410–0.665 | <0.001 | 0.840 | 0.619–1.140 | 0.263 |
Age(years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
<60 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
60–69 | 1.431 | 1.099–1.863 | 0.008 | 1.422 | 1.074–1.883 | 0.014 |
70–79 | 1.758 | 1.370–2.256 | <0.001 | 1.713 | 1.297–2.263 | <0.001 |
≥ 80 | 2.499 | 1.624–3.846 | <0.001 | 2.801 | 1.763–4.450 | <0.001 |
Stage-T | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||||
Ta | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
T1 | 1.028 | 0.786–1.345 | 0.839 | 0.819 | 0.586–1.146 | 0.244 |
T2 | 1.388 | 1.045–1.844 | 0.024 | 0.835 | 0.577–1.207 | 0.337 |
T3 | 1.545 | 1.145–2.084 | 0.004 | 1.159 | 0.769–1.748 | 0.480 |
T4 | 3.340 | 2.377–4.693 | <0.001 | 1.390 | 0.898–2.153 | 0.140 |
Stage-N | <0.001 | 0.012 | ||||
N0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
N1 | 1.618 | 1.222–2.143 | <0.001 | 0.926 | 0.660–1.299 | 0.655 |
N2 | 2.313 | 1.676–3.192 | <0.001 | 1.534 | 1.071–2.197 | 0.020 |
N3 | 3.369 | 1.668–6.802 | <0.001 | 2.011 | 0.923–4.380 | 0.079 |
Stage-M | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
M0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
M1 | 3.748 | 2.849–4.931 | <0.001 | 2.523 | 1.800-3.537 | <0.001 |
Stage-T of RC | 0.005 | 0.094 | ||||
Ta | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
T1 | 0.847 | 0.610–1.176 | 0.322 | 0.841 | 0.593–1.192 | 0.330 |
T2 | 1.036 | 0.730–1.471 | 0.843 | 1.106 | 0.740–1.653 | 0.623 |
T3 | 1.132 | 0.841–1.524 | 0.415 | 1.009 | 0.682–1.495 | 0.963 |
T4 | 2.028 | 1.295–3.178 | 0.002 | 1.917 | 1.145–3.211 | 0.013 |
Stage-N of RC | 0.017 | 0.721 | ||||
N0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
N1 | 1.187 | 0.942–1.496 | 0.146 | 0.975 | 0.753–1.261 | 0.844 |
N2 | 1.848 | 1.324–2.578 | <0.0001 | 1.314 | 0.894–1.932 | 0.164 |
Stage-M of RC | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
M0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
M1 | 3.828 | 2.747–5.336 | <0.001 | 3.113 | 2.144–4.521 | <0.001 |
SPMs surgical history | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
No | 2.403 | 1.974–2.924 | <0.001 | 2.056 | 1.552–2.725 | <0.001 |
SPMs radiation record | <0.001 | 0.129 | ||||
Yes | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
No | 0.707 | 0.577–0.866 | <0.001 | 1.217 | 0.949–1.560 | 0.122 |
SPMs chemotherapy record | <0.001 | 0.177 | ||||
Yes | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
No | 0.581 | 0.482-0.700 | <0.001 | 0.874 | 0.682–1.120 | 0.287 |
SPMs tumor size(cm) | <0.001 | 0.140 | ||||
0–3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
3–5 | 1.616 | 1.262–2.069 | <0.001 | 1.377 | 1.032–1.839 | 0.030 |
5–10 | 2.005 | 1.544–2.602 | <0.001 | 1.365 | 1.007–1.850 | 0.045 |
≥ 10 | 0.965 | 0.613–1.520 | 0.879 | 0.792 | 0.472–1.330 | 0.378 |
Performance and validation of the nomogram
NRI | IDI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Year | 3-Year | 5-Year | 1-Year | 3-Year | 5-Year | |
Training set(N = 585) | ||||||
Estimate | 0.247 | 0.445 | 0.508 | 0.030 | 0.072 | 0.080 |
95%CI | 0.022–0.503 | 0.363–0.689 | 0.385–0.682 | |||
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Validation set(N = 156) | ||||||
Estimate | 0.247 | 0.445 | 0.508 | 0.068 | 0.131 | 0.141 |
95%CI | 0.024–0.506 | 0.299–0.682 | 0.400–0.720 | |||
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |