Introduction
Methods
Study design and population
Data collection
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient selection and characteristics
Comparison of baseline and clinical characteristics between survivors and nonsurvivors
Variables | Patients with TBI (N = 1024) | Survivors (n = 935) | Nonsurvivors (n = 89) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 63.1 (52.0–74.0) | 63.1 (52.0–74.0) | 67.0 (53.1–76.5) | 0.072 |
Male sex, n (%) | 767 (74.9) | 700 (74.9) | 67 (75.3) | 1.000 |
Preexisting illness, n (%) | ||||
Previous PCI history | 48 (4.7) | 46 (4.9) | 2 (2.2) | 0.380 |
Hypertension | 345 (33.7) | 323 (34.5) | 22 (24.7) | 0.079 |
Diabetes | 221 (21.6) | 207 (22.1) | 14 (15.7) | 0.204 |
Renal impairment | 15 (1.5) | 15 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.458 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 14 (1.4) | 14 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.494 |
Trauma mechanism | 1.000 | |||
Blunt | 1020 (99.6) | 931 (99.6) | 89 (100.0) | |
Penetrating | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
Revised trauma score | 5.97 (5.03–7.84) | 5.97 (5.64–7.84) | 4.09 (2.83–5.13) | < 0.001 |
Injury severity score | 22 (16–25) | 22 (16–25) | 25 (21–26) | < 0.001 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | 14 (7–15) | 14 (8–15) | 4 (3–6) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 130 (110–140) | 130 (110–140) | 120 (90–160) | 0.259 |
Respiratory rate, /min | 20 (20–20) | 20 (20–20) | 20 (20–24) | 0.002 |
Pulse rate, /min | 84 (74–96) | 84 (74–95) | 92 (73–108) | 0.004 |
Body temperature, °C | 36.4 (36.1–36.8) | 36.4 (36.2–36.8) | 36.2 (36.0–36.4) | < 0.001 |
Massive transfusion, n (%) | 85 (8.3) | 64 (6.8) | 21 (23.6) | < 0.001 |
Emergency operation, n (%) | 259 (25.3) | 243 (26.0) | 16 (18.2) | 0.138 |
Variables | Patients with TBI (N = 1024) | Survivors (n = 935) | Nonsurvivors (n = 89) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
PR, ms | 164 (146–184) | 164 (148–186) | 152 (135–174) | 0.001 |
PR prolongation, n (%) | 143 (14) | 134 (14.3) | 9 (10.1) | 0.349 |
QRS, ms | 92 (84–102) | 92 (86–102) | 92 (82–104) | 0.754 |
QRS widening, n (%) | 77 (7.5) | 64 (6.8) | 13 (14.6) | 0.015 |
QTc, ms | 461 (440–482) | 460 (438–480) | 479 (456–512) | < 0.001 |
QTc prolongation, n (%) | 288 (28.1) | 245 (26.2) | 43 (48.3) | < 0.001 |
Presence of STE, n (%) | 84 (8.2) | 71 (7.6) | 13 (14.6) | 0.036 |
Presence of STD, n (%) | 158 (15.4) | 108 (11.6) | 50 (56.2) | < 0.001 |
Variables | Isolated TBI (N = 776) | Combined TBI (N = 248) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survivors (n = 715) | Non-survivors (n = 61) | P | Survivors (n = 220) | Non-survivors (n = 28) | P | |
Age, years | 64 (53–74) | 68 (55–77) | 0.138 | 60 (50–70) | 64 (52–77) | 0.212 |
Male sex, n (%) | 536 (75.0) | 44 (72.1) | 0.737 | 164 (74.5) | 23 (82.1) | 0.518 |
Preexisting illness, n (%) | ||||||
Previous PCI history | 41 (5.7) | 1 (1.6) | 0.288 | 5 (2.3) | 1 (3.6) | 1.000 |
Hypertension | 264 (36.9) | 15 (24.6) | 0.074 | 59 (26.8) | 7 (25.0) | 1.000 |
Diabetes | 164 (22.9) | 12 (19.7) | 0.671 | 43 (19.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.179 |
Renal impairment | 13 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.588 | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 12 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.632 | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Trauma mechanism | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Blunt | 712 (99.6) | 61 (100.0) | 219 (99.5) | 28 (100.0) | ||
Penetrating | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Revised trauma score | 5.97 (5.64–7.84) | 4.09 (2.83–5.97) | < 0.001 | 5.97 (5.08–7.84) | 4.09 (2.63–5.03) | < 0.001 |
Injury severity score | 17 (16–25) | 25 (20–25) | < 0.001 | 26 (22–34) | 29 (23–38) | 0.066 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | 14 (8–15) | 4 (3–6) | < 0.001 | 15 (8–15) | 3 (3–7) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 130 (110–150) | 140 (105–160) | 0.232 | 110 (100–130) | 85 (70–110) | < 0.001 |
Respiratory rate, /min | 20 (20–20) | 20 (20–22) | 0.229 | 20 (20–22) | 22 (20–24) | 0.002 |
Pulse rate, /min | 82 (72–92) | 90 (72–105) | 0.022 | 90 (80–104) | 97 (80–110) | 0.244 |
Body temperature, °C | 36.4 (36.2–36.8) | 36.2 (36.0–36.5) | < 0.001 | 36.4 (36.0–36.8) | 36.2 (36.0–36.3) | 0.003 |
Massive transfusion, n (%) | 33 (4.6) | 7 (11.5) | 0.043 | 31 (14.1) | 14 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
Emergency operation, n (%) | 206 (28.8) | 10 (16.4) | 0.054 | 37 (16.8) | 6 (21.4) | 0.732 |
Variables | Isolated TBI (N = 776) | Combined TBI (N = 248) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survivors (n = 715) | Non-survivors (n = 61) | P | Survivors (n = 220) | Non-survivors (n = 28) | P | |
PR, ms | 166 (152–188) | 162 (138–176) | 0.010 | 152 (136–172) | 138 (132–172) | 0.080 |
PR prolongation, n (%) | 114 (15.9) | 8 (13.1) | 0.690 | 20 (9.1) | 1 (3.6) | 0.530 |
QRS, ms | 92 (86–102) | 92 (82–102) | 0.342 | 89 (82–100) | 91 (83–117) | 0.272 |
QRS widening, n (%) | 50 (7.0) | 7 (11.5) | 0.302 | 14 (6.4) | 6 (21.4) | 0.017 |
QTc, ms | 458 (438–480) | 476 (454–513) | < 0.001 | 462 (444–482) | 484 (466–511) | 0.002 |
QTc prolongation, n (%) | 180 (25.2) | 28 (45.9) | < 0.001 | 65 (29.5) | 15 (53.6) | 0.019 |
Presence of STE, n (%) | 55 (7.7) | 9 (14.8) | 0.093 | 16 (7.3) | 4 (14.3) | 0.360 |
Presence of STD, n (%) | 85 (11.9) | 30 (49.2) | < 0.001 | 23 (10.5) | 20 (71.4) | < 0.001 |
Multivariate analysis for predicting 48-h mortality in patients with TBI
Variables | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 1.013 (0.996–1.031) | 0.127 |
Hypertension | 0.664 (0.370–1.191) | 0.170 |
Revised trauma score | 0.561 (0.483–0.650) | < 0.001 |
Injury severity score | 1.010 (0.972–1.049) | 0.620 |
Pulse rate, /min | 1.007 (0.994–1.020) | 0.281 |
Body temperature, °C | 0.627 (0.413–0.953) | 0.029 |
Massive transfusion | 1.797 (0.875–3.691) | 0.111 |
Emergency operation | 0.363 (0.191–0.688) | 0.002 |
ECG variables | ||
PR prolongation | 0.625 (0.277–1.412) | 0.259 |
QRS complex widening | 1.584 (0.707–3.547) | 0.264 |
QTc prolongation | 2.017 (1.203–3.382) | 0.008 |
Presence of STE | 1.079 (0.454–2.563) | 0.863 |
Presence of STD | 8.428 (5.019–14.152) | < 0.001 |
Isolated TBI group | Combined TBI group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | |
Age, years | 1.010 (0.989–1.031) | 0.349 | ||
Hypertension | 0.509 (0.251–1.030) | 0.060 | ||
Diabetes | 0.394 (0.057–2.720) | 0.345 | ||
Revised trauma score | 0.563 (0.473–0.669) | < 0.001 | 0.586 (0.422–0.814) | < 0.001 |
Injury severity score | 1.076 (1.005–1.152) | 0.035 | 0.963 (0.899–1.031) | 0.279 |
Pulse rate, /min | 1.012 (0.996–1.027) | 0.132 | ||
Body temperature, °C | 0.710 (0.435–1.158) | 0.170 | 0.555 (0.213–1.447) | 0.229 |
Massive transfusion, n (%) | 1.364 (0.434–4.285) | 0.596 | 2.484 (0.850–7.256) | 0.096 |
Emergency operation | 0.200 (0.089–0.448) | < 0.001 | ||
ECG variables | ||||
PR prolongation | 0.648 (0.262–1.604) | 0.348 | 1.618 (0.159–16.487) | 0.684 |
QRS complex widening | 1.553 (0.564–4.276) | 0.394 | 1.666 (0.346–8.008) | 0.524 |
QTc prolongation | 2.098 (1.111–3.962) | 0.022 | 2.837 (1.011–7.958) | 0.048 |
Presence of STE | 1.642 (0.605–4.461) | 0.330 | 0.278 (0.052–1.473) | 0.132 |
Presence of STD | 5.903 (3.146–11.076) | < 0.001 | 15.430 (5.528–43.067) | < 0.001 |