Background
Social determinants of malnutrition in children under five
Malnutrition in Chilean children up to five
Material and methods
Source of information
Outcome variable: undernutrition, normal nutrition, and overnutrition
Independent variables
Variable name | CASEN 2017 question | Codification |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male or female? | Male = 1 Female = 0 |
Age ≤ 2 years | How old is s/he? | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Age 2 ≤ 5 years | How old is s/he? | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Nationality | What is your nationality? | Chilean = 1 Others = 0 |
Household educational level | What was the highest educational level reached? | Primary or secondary school =1 Technical or university = 0 |
Native ethnic groups | Indigenous peoples. Do you belong to or are you a descendant of any of them? | Yes = 1 No = 0 |
At home most of the time | Where does the child spend the most number of hours? | Home = 1 Other = 0 |
Kindergarten attendance | Currently, does the child attend any educational institution, kindergarten, nursery school, or other non-conventional kindergarten program? | Yes = 1 No = 0 |
Type of health insurance | Which health insurance system do you belong to? | Public = 1 Private = 0 |
Health problems | In the last three months, did s/he have any health problem, illness, or accident? | Yes = 1 No = 0 |
Well-child checkup | What type of checkup did s/he undergo in the last three months? Well-child checkup. | Yes = 1 No = 0 |
State supplementary feeding program | For children aged 0 to 6 years, in the last three months, did s/he receive or withdraw, free of charge, food from the consultation room or hospital? | Yes = 1 No = 0 |
Urban/rural residence | The interviewer registered this according to the survey’s design. | Urban = 1 Rural = 0 |
Great North Zone (1) | Grouped by CASEN. Zone 1 includes regions formerly numbered as 1, 2, and 15. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Little North Zone (2) | Grouped by CASEN. Zone 2 includes regions formerly numbered as 3 and 4. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Central Zone (3) | Grouped by CASEN. Zone 3 includes regions formerly numbered as 5, 6, 7, 13, and 16. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
South Zone (4) | Grouped by CASEN. Zone 4 includes regions formerly numbered as 8, 9, 10, and 14. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Austral Zone (5) | Grouped by CASEN. Zone 5 includes regions formerly numbered as 11 and 12. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Quintile I | Built and delivered by CASEN. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Quintile II | Built and delivered by CASEN. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Quintile III | Built and delivered by CASEN. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Quintile IV | Built and delivered by CASEN. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Quintile V | Built and delivered by CASEN. | Inside the range = 1 Outside the range = 0 |
Plan of analysis
Results
Goodness of fit
Number of observations | 1.270.485 |
Iterations | -706371.45 |
LR Chi-square (40) | 36668.99 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 |
Count R2 | 0.812 |
McFadden’s R2 | 0.025 |
Cox-Snell | 0.028 |
Nagelkerke | 0.041 |
Marginal effects
Predict (Normal Nutrition) | Predict (Overnutrition) | Predict (Undernutrición) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dy/dx | [95%. Conf. Interva] | dy/dx | [95%. Conf. Interv.] | dy/dx | [95%. Conf. Interv.] | |
Gender | -0.0104 *** | [-0.0117; -0.0091] | 0.0050*** | [0.0038; 0.0063] | 0.0053*** | [0.0047; 0.0059] |
Age ≤ 2 years | 0.0191*** | [0.0175; 0.0207] | -0.0302*** | [-0.0317; -0,0287] | 0.0111*** | [0.0103; 0.0118] |
Age 2 ≤ 5 years (base) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Nationality | -0.0752*** | [-0.0785; -0,0720] | 0.0915*** | [0.0890; 0.0941] | -0.0162*** | [-0.0183; -0.0141] |
Household educational level | 0.0443*** | [0.0327; 0,0559] | 0.0163*** | [0.0065; 0.0261] | -0.0607*** | [-0.0682; -0.0532] |
Native ethnic groups | -0.0223*** | [-0.0244; -0.0201] | 0.0202*** | [0.0182; 0.0222] | 0.0020*** | [0.0010; 0.0029] |
At home most of the time | 0.0377*** | [0.0347; -0.0407] | -0.0306*** | [-0.0334; -0.0279] | -0.0070*** | [-0.0085; -0.0056] |
Kindergarten attendance | -0.0324*** | [-0.0356; -0.0292] | 0.0305*** | [0.0276; 0.0334] | -0.0018* | [0.0004; 0.0033] |
Type of health insurance | -0.0316*** | [-0.0337; -0.0295] | 0.0319*** | [0.0300; 0.0338] | 0.0003 | [-0.0013; 0.0006] |
Health problems | -0.0452*** | [-0.0469; -0.0435] | 0.0360*** | [0.0347; 0.0379] | 0.0086*** | [0.0080; 0.0096] |
Well-child checkup | -0.0369*** | [-0.0382: -0.0355] | 0.0319*** | [0.0306; 0.0332] | 0.0049*** | [0.0043; 0.0055] |
State supplementary feeding program | -0.0399*** | [-0.0415: -0.0384] | 0.0343*** | [0.0329; 0.0357] | 0.0559*** | [0.0049; 0.0062] |
Urban/rural residence | 0.0250*** | [0.0229; 0.0272] | -0.0208*** | [-0.0228; -0.0188] | -0.0042*** | [-0.0051; -0.0032] |
Great North Zone (1) | 0.0306*** | [0.0281; 0.0331] | -0.0402*** | [-0.0422; -0.0378] | 0.0093*** | [0.0080; 0.0106] |
Little North Zone (2) | 0.0294*** | [0.0269; 0.0320] | -0.0312*** | [-0.0335; -0.0289] | 0.0017** | [0.0005; 0.0029] |
Central Zone (3) (base) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
South Zone (4) | -0.0006 | [-0.0023; 0.0011] | 0.0039*** | [0.0023; 0.0055] | -0.0033*** | [-0.0040; -0.0025] |
Austral Zone (5) | -0.0294*** | [-0.0355; -0.0233] | 0.0192*** | [0.0136; 0.0248] | 0.0102*** | [0.0071; 0.0132] |
Quintile I | -0.0747*** | [-0.0782; -0.0713] | 0.0510*** | [0.0478; 0.0541] | 0.0237*** | [0.0218; 0.0256] |
Quintile II | -0.0936*** | [-0.0971; -0.0900] | 0.0623*** | [0.0591; 0.0656] | 0.0312*** | [0.0291; 0.0332] |
Quintile III | -0.0811*** | [-0.0848; -0.0775] | 0.0604*** | [0.0570; 0.0638] | 0.0207*** | [0.0187; 0.0226] |
Quintile IV | -0.0633*** | [-0.0670; -0.0596] | 0.0548*** | [0.0513; 0,0583] | 0.0084*** | [0.0066; 0.1023] |
Quintile V (base) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Relative risk
Predict (Nutrition) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Overnutrition | Undernutrition | |||
Base Outcome | Relative Risk RRR | 95% Conf. Interval | Relative Risk RRR | 95% Conf. Interval | |
Gender | 1.04*** | [1.0380; 1.0584] | 1.21*** | [1.1904; 1.2388] | |
Age ≤ 2 years | 0.79*** | [0.7862; 0.8055] | 1.41*** | [1.3811; 1.4510] | |
Age 2 ≤ 5 years (base) | - | - | - | - | |
Nationality | 2.73*** | [2.6199; 2.8575] | 0.70*** | [0.6667; 0.7355] | |
Household educational level | 1.06 | [0.9757; 1.1591] | 0.30*** | [0.2813; 0.3383] | |
Native ethnic groups | 1.17*** | [1.1534; 1.1879] | 1.09*** | [1.0653; 1.1323] | |
At home most of the time | 0.77*** | [0.7587; 0.7929] | 0.75*** | [0.7134; 0.7900] | |
Kindergarten attendance | 1.27*** | [1.2497; 1.3091] | 1.10*** | [1.0530; 1.1686] | |
Type of health insurance | 1.30*** | [1.2872; 1.3320] | 1.02 | [0.9932; 1.0627] | |
Health problems | 1.32*** | [1.3153; 1.3457] | 1.38*** | [1.3623; 1.4269] | |
Well-child checkup | 1.29*** | [1.2849; 1.3115] | 1.23*** | [1.2131; 1.2651] | |
State supplementary feeding program | 1.33*** | [1.3175; 1.3490] | 1.27*** | [1.2452; 1.3071] | |
Urban/rural residence | 0.84*** | [0.8362; 0.8608] | 0.84*** | [0.8216; 0.8719] | |
Great North Zone (1) | 0.70*** | [0.6936; 0.72521] | 1.27*** | [1.2295; 1.3223] | |
Little North Zone (2) | 0.76*** | [0.7485; 0.7818] | 1.02 | [0.9813; 1.0638] | |
Central Zone (3) (Base) | - | - | - | - | |
South Zone (4) | 1.03*** | [1.0145; 1.0401] | 0.89*** | [0.8672; 0.9155] | |
Austral Zone (5) | 1.17*** | [1.1256; 1.2200] | 1.39*** | [1.2896; 1.5150] | |
Quintile I | 1.51*** | [1.4798; 1.5475] | 2.17*** | [2.0731; 2.2829] | |
Quintile II | 1.65*** | [1.6150; 1.6878] | 2.61*** | [2.4957; 2.7429] | |
Quintile III | 1.59*** | [1.5572; 1.6286] | 1.97*** | [1.8831; 2.0756] | |
Quintile IV | 1.50*** | [1.4679; 1.5364] | 1.40*** | [1.3332; 1.4786] | |
Quintile V (Base) | - | - | - | - | |
Constant | 0.02*** | [0.0271; 0.0331] | 0.05*** | [0.05062; 0.0638] |