Introduction
Materials and methods
Study area
Type of study and data source
Sampling
Definition of variables
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Data analysis
Ethics
Results
Background characteristics of households
Socio-economic and demographic characteristics | N | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 5373 | 40.1 |
Rural | 8032 | 59.9 |
Region | ||
AMPAP | 2914 | 21.7 |
Reste-Ouest | 2261 | 16.9 |
Sud-Est | 805 | 6.0 |
Nord | 1295 | 9.7 |
Nord-Est | 449 | 3.3 |
Artibonite | 2083 | 15.5 |
Centre | 958 | 7.1 |
Sud | 959 | 7.2 |
Grand’Anse | 560 | 4.2 |
Nord-Ouest | 657 | 4.9 |
Nippes | 464 | 3.5 |
Sex of household head | ||
Male | 7362 | 54.9 |
Female | 6043 | 45.1 |
Age of household head | ||
Less than 25 years | 570 | 4.3 |
25-34 | 2706 | 20.2 |
35-44 | 2904 | 21.7 |
45-54 | 2762 | 20.6 |
55-64 | 2248 | 16.8 |
65 and above | 2215 | 16.5 |
Education level of household head | ||
No formal education | 4689 | 35.0 |
Primary | 4238 | 31.6 |
Secondary | 3589 | 26.8 |
Higher | 861 | 6.4 |
Don’t know | 28 | 0.2 |
Marital status | ||
Never married | 976 | 7.3 |
In union | 8920 | 66.6 |
Divorced/Widowed | 3509 | 26.1 |
Household size | ||
Less than 3 | 3087 | 23.0 |
3-5 | 6597 | 49.2 |
More than 5 | 3721 | 27.8 |
Number of children aged 1-14 years old | ||
No children | 7444 | 55.5 |
Only one | 2318 | 17.3 |
2-3 | 2838 | 21.2 |
4 and above | 805 | 6.0 |
Number of elderly (aged 65 and above) | ||
None | 10,250 | 76.5 |
Only one | 2556 | 19.0 |
Two and above | 599 | 4.5 |
Number of men vs. women in the household | ||
Fewer women | 3553 | 26.5 |
Equal | 3006 | 22.4 |
More women | 6846 | 51.1 |
Access to mass media | ||
Yes | 7245 | 54.0 |
No | 6160 | 46.0 |
Wealth Index | ||
Poorest | 2387 | 17.8 |
Poorer | 2390 | 17.8 |
Middle | 2868 | 21.4 |
Richer | 3349 | 25.0 |
Richest | 2411 | 18.0 |
Total | 13,405 | 100.0 |
Prevalence of open defecation practice by socio-economic and demographic characteristics of households
Socio-economic and demographic characteristics | Open defecation practice | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes
N (%) | No
N (%) | ||
Place of residence | |||
Urban | 513 (9.6) | 4860 (90.4) | 0.000 |
Rural | 2876 (35.8) | 5156 (64.2) | |
Region | |||
Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince | 225 (7.7) | 2689 (92.3) | 0.000 |
Reste-Ouest | 603 (26.7) | 1658 (73.7) | |
Sud-Est | 186 (23.1) | 619 (76.9) | |
Nord | 345 (26.7) | 950 (73.3) | |
Nord-Est | 85 (18.9) | 364 (81.1) | |
Artibonite | 596 (28.6) | 1487 (71.4) | |
Centre | 352 (36.7) | 606 (63.3) | |
Sud | 337 (35.2) | 622 (64.8) | |
Grand’Anse | 277 (49.5) | 283 (50.5) | |
Nord-Ouest | 206 (31.3) | 451 (68.7) | |
Nippes | 178 (38.4) | 286 (61.6) | |
Sex of household head | |||
Male | 1967 (26.7) | 5395 (73.3) | 0.000 |
Female | 1422 (23.5) | 4621 (76.5) | |
Age of household head | |||
Less than 25 years | 151 (26.5) | 419 (73.5) | 0.000 |
25-34 | 581 (21.5) | 2125 (78.5) | |
35-44 | 681 (23.5) | 2223 (76.5) | |
45-54 | 683 (24.7) | 2079 (75.3) | |
55-64 | 633 (28.2) | 1615 (71.8) | |
65 and above | 661 (29.8) | 1554 (70.2) | |
Education level of household head | |||
No formal education | 1850 (39.5) | 2839 (60.5) | 0.000 |
Primary | 1161 (27.4) | 3077 (72.6) | |
Secondary | 366 (10.2) | 3223 (89.8) | |
Higher | 99 (1.2) | 852 (98.8) | |
Don’t know | 3 (9.4) | 25 (90.6) | |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 134 (13.7) | 842 (86.3) | 0.000 |
In union | 2311 (25.9) | 6609 (74.1) | |
Divorced/Widowed | 945 (26.9) | 2564 (73.1) | |
Household size | |||
Less than 3 | 810 (26.2) | 2277 (73.8) | 0.283 |
3-5 | 1624 (24.6) | 4973 (75.4) | |
More than 5 | 955 (25.7) | 2766 (74.3) | |
Number of children aged 1-14 years old | |||
No children | 1767 (23.7) | 5677 (76.3) | 0.000 |
Only one | 551 (23.8) | 1767 (76.2) | |
2-3 | 787 (27.7) | 2051 (72.3) | |
4 and above | 285 (35.3) | 520 (64.7) | |
Number of elderly (aged 65 and above) | |||
None | 2496 (24.4) | 7755 (75.6) | 0.000 |
Only one | 745 (29.2) | 1810 (70.8) | |
Two and above | 148 (24.8) | 450 (75.2) | |
Number of men and women in the household | |||
Fewer women | 982 (27.6) | 2572 (72.4) | 0.000 |
Equal | 796 (26.5) | 2209 (73.5) | |
More women | 1611 (23.5) | 5234 (76.5) | |
Access to mass media | |||
Yes | 910 (12.6) | 6335 (87.4) | 0.000 |
No | 2480 (40.3) | 3680 (59.7) | |
Wealth Index | |||
Poorest | 1046 (43.8) | 1341 (56.2) | 0.000 |
Poorer | 669 (28.0) | 1721 (72.0) | |
Middle | 539 (18.8) | 2329 (81.2) | |
Richer | 677 (20.2) | 2672 (79.8) | |
Richest | 458 (19.0) | 1953 (81.0) | |
Total | 3389 (25.3) | 10,016 (74.7) |
Predictors of OD practice in Haiti
Socio-economic and demographic characteristics | P-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio
(AOR) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Place of residence | |||
Rural | 0.000 | 2.01 | 1.76 – 2.30 |
Urban = Ref. | |||
Region | |||
Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince | 0.000 | 0.39 | 0.31 – 0.51 |
Reste-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.46 | 0.38 – 0.55 |
Sud-Est | 0.000 | 0.35 | 0.28 – 0.42 |
Nord | 0.000 | 0.53 | 0.43 – 0.64 |
Nord-Est | 0.000 | 0.31 | 0.25 – 0.38 |
Artibonite | 0.000 | 0.43 | 0.36 – 0.52 |
Centre | 0.000 | 0.52 | 0.43 – 0.63 |
Sud | 0.000 | 0.63 | 0.52 – 0.77 |
Nord-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.49 | 0.40 – 0.59 |
Nippes | 0.000 | 0.68 | 0.56 – 0.83 |
Grand’Anse = Ref. | |||
Sex of household head | |||
Female | 0.000 | 0.74 | 0.67 – 0.81 |
Male = Ref. | |||
Age of household head | |||
Less than 25 years | 0.000 | 3.06 | 2.23 – 4.20 |
25-34 | 0.000 | 2.30 | 1.82 – 2.90 |
35-44 | 0.000 | 1.77 | 1.42 – 2.20 |
45-54 | 0.015 | 1.30 | 1.05 – 1.59 |
55-64 | 0.165 | 1.15 | 0.94 – 1.41 |
65 and above = Ref. | |||
Education level of household head | |||
No formal education | 0.000 | 23.04 | 13.34 – 39.80 |
Primary | 0.000 | 13.00 | 7.54 – 22.34 |
Secondary | 0.000 | 5.59 | 3.23 – 9.64 |
Higher = Ref. | |||
Marital status | |||
Never married | 0.002 | 0.68 | 0.53 - 0.87 |
In union | 0.026 | 0.88 | 0.78 - 0.98 |
Divorced/Widowed = Ref. | |||
Household size | |||
Less than 3 | 0.000 | 1.40 | 1.21 – 1.62 |
3-5 | 0.003 | 1.18 | 1.06 – 1.32 |
More than 5 = Ref. | |||
Number of children aged 1-14 years old | |||
No children | 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.61 – 0.88 |
Only one | 0.040 | 0.81 | 0.66 – 0.99 |
2-3 | 0.177 | 0.88 | 0.73 – 1.06 |
4 or more = Ref. | |||
Number of elderly (aged 65 and above) | |||
Only one | 0.330 | 1.09 | 0.92 – 1.28 |
Two and above | 0.198 | 0.84 | 0.65 – 1.09 |
None = Ref. | |||
Number of men vs. women in the household | |||
Equal | 0.178 | 0.92 | 0.81 – 1.04 |
More women | 0.068 | 0.91 | 0.82 – 1.01 |
Fewer women = Ref. | |||
Access to mass media | |||
No | 0.000 | 2.35 | 2.14 – 2.58 |
Yes = Ref. | |||
Wealth Index | |||
Poorest | 0.000 | 2.13 | 1.83 – 2.47 |
Poorer | 0.000 | 1.64 | 1.41 – 1.91 |
Middle | 0.059 | 1.16 | 0.99 – 1.36 |
Richer | 0.940 | 1.01 | 0.87 – 1.17 |
Richest = Ref. |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Urban | Rural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P-Value | AOR (95% CI) | P-Value | AOR (95% CI) | |
Region | ||||
Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince | 0.000 | 0.23 (0.16 - 0.33) | ||
Reste-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.35 (0.20 - 0.61) | 0.000 | 0.51 (0.41 - 0.63) |
Sud-Est | 0.005 | 0.42 (0.23 - 0.77) | 0.000 | 0.38 (0.30 - 0.47) |
Nord | 0.000 | 0.25 (0.16 - 0.39) | 0.000 | 0.64 (0.51 - 0.80) |
Nord-Est | 0.000 | 0.08 (0.05 - 0.13) | 0.000 | 0.41 (0.32 - 0.53) |
Artibonite | 0.000 | 0.13 (0.08 - 0.21) | 0.000 | 0.55 (0.45 - 0.67) |
Centre | 0.000 | 0.14 (0.08 - 0.27) | 0.000 | 0.64 (0.52 - 0.78) |
Sud | 0.006 | 0.49 (0.30 - 0.82) | 0.000 | 0.68 (0.56 - 0.84) |
Nord-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.19 (0.12 - 0.33) | 0.000 | 0.59 (0.48 - 0.73) |
Nippes | 0.595 | 1.15 (0.69 - 1.92) | 0.000 | 0.67 (0.54 - 0.83) |
Grand’Anse = Ref. | ||||
Sex of household head | ||||
Female | 0.000 | 0.63 (0.51 - 0.80) | 0.000 | 0.78 (0.71 - 0.87) |
Male = Ref. | ||||
Age of household head | ||||
Less than 25 years | 0.000 | 12.18 (6.01 - 24.73) | 0.000 | 2.09 (1.46 - 2.99) |
25-34 | 0.000 | 5.21 (2.91 - 9.32) | 0.000 | 1.92 (1.49 - 2.49) |
35-44 | 0.000 | 4.32 (2.47 - 7.55) | 0.002 | 1.45 (1.14 - 1.84) |
45-54 | 0.001 | 2.43 (1.42 - 4.14) | 0.231 | 1.15 (0.92 - 1.44) |
55-64 | 0.036 | 1.82 (1.04 - 3.17) | 0.572 | 1.07 (0.86 - 1.33) |
65 and above = Ref. | ||||
Education level of household head | ||||
No formal education | 0.000 | 37.15 (15.64 - 88.25) | 0.000 | 16.75 (8.12- 34.57) |
Primary | 0.000 | 17.52 (7.52 - 40.82) | 0.000 | 9.90 (4.81 - 20.39) |
Secondary | 0.000 | 5.90 (2.53 - 13.75) | 0.000 | 4.81 (2.33 - 9.97) |
Higher = Ref. | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 0.016 | 0.51 (0.29 - 0.88) | 0.109 | 0.79 (0.59 - 1.05) |
In union | 0.912 | 1.02 (0.77 - 1.33) | 0.021 | 0.86 (0.76 - 0.98) |
Divorced/Widowed/Separated = Ref. | ||||
Household size | ||||
Less than 3 | 0.017 | 1.58 (1.08 - 2.29) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.14 - 1.58) |
3-5 | 0.160 | 1.23 (0.92 - 1.64) | 0.011 | 1.17 (1.04 - 1.32) |
More than 5 = Ref. | ||||
Number of children 1-14 years old | ||||
No children | 0.035 | 0.58 (0.35 - 0.96) | 0.005 | 0.76 (0.62 - 0.92) |
Only one | 0.128 | 0.65 (0.38 - 1.13) | 0.074 | 0.82 (0.66 - 1.02) |
2-3 | 0.215 | 0.72 (0.43 - 1.21) | 0.237 | 0.89 (0.73 - 1.08) |
4 and above = Ref. | ||||
Number of elderly (aged 65 and above) | ||||
One | 0.040 | 1.53 (1.02 - 2.29) | 0.879 | 1.01 (0.85 - 1.21) |
Two and above | 0.359 | 1.45 (0.66 - 3.21) | 0.088 | 0.79 (0.59 - 1.04) |
None = Ref. | ||||
Number men vs. women in the household | ||||
Equal | 0.646 | 0.93 (0.68 - 1.27) | 0.152 | 0.90 (0.79 - 1.04) |
More women | 0.012 | 0.72 (0.55 - 0.93) | 0.314 | 0.94 (0.84 - 1.06) |
Fewer women = Ref. | ||||
Access to mass media | ||||
No | 0.000 | 3.36 (2.71 - 4.18) | 0.000 | 2.12 (1.95 - 2.35) |
Yes = Ref. | ||||
Wealth Index | ||||
Poorest | 0.000 | 3.12 (2.17 - 4.51) | 0.000 | 2.18 (1.83 - 2.58) |
Poorer | 0.442 | 0.86 (0.58 - 1.27) | 0.000 | 1.87 (1.56 - 2.23) |
Middle | 0.451 | 1.12 (0.83 - 1.52) | 0.059 | 1.19 (0.99 - 1.44) |
Richer | 0.266 | 0.85 (0.63 - 1.13) | 0.568 | 1.05 (0.88 -1.25) |
Richest = Ref. | ||||
Pearson chi2 = 4203.95 | Pearson chi2 = 7804.82 | |||
Prob > Chi2 = 0.0375 | Prob > Chi2 = 0.6885 | |||
Mean VIF > 5 | Mean VIF = 3.69 | |||
Pseudo R2 = 0.2384 | Pseudo R2 = 0.1013 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Low education | High education | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P-Value | AOR (95% CI) | P-Value | AOR (95% CI) | |
Place of residence | ||||
Rural | 0.000 | 2.04 (1.76 - 2.38) | 0.000 | 2.59 (1.96 - 3.43) |
Urban = Ref. | ||||
Region | ||||
Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince | 0.000 | 0.51 (0.38 - 0.68) | 0.000 | 0.16 (0.09 - 0.27) |
Reste-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.47 - 0.72) | 0.000 | 0.18 (0.11 - 0.29) |
Sud-Est | 0.000 | 0.39 (0.32 - 0.49) | 0.000 | 0.20 (0.12 - 0.35) |
Nord | 0.000 | 0.63 (0.51 - 0.78) | 0.000 | 0.18 (0.09 - 0.32) |
Nord-Est | 0.000 | 0.36 (0.29 - 0.46) | 0.000 | 0.16 (0.08 - 0.29) |
Artibonite | 0.000 | 0.51 (0.42 - 0.62) | 0.000 | 0.26 (0.16 - 0.42) |
Centre | 0.000 | 0.60 (0.49 - 0.73) | 0.000 | 0.30 (0.18 - 0.51) |
Sud | 0.002 | 0.72 (0.59 - 0.89) | 0.000 | 0.31 (0.19 - 0.52) |
Nord-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.56 (0.46 - 0.69) | 0.000 | 0.27 (0.17 - 0.43) |
Nippes | 0.004 | 0.73 (0.59 - 0.91) | 0.004 | 0.48 (0.29 - 0.78) |
Grand’Anse = Ref. | ||||
Sex of household head | ||||
Female | 0.000 | 0.82 (0.74 - 0.91) | 0.010 | 0.72 (0.56 - 0.92) |
Male = Ref. | ||||
Age of household head | ||||
Less than 25 years | 0.000 | 2.06 (1.42 - 2.99) | 0.001 | 6.58 (2.27 - 19.06) |
25-34 | 0.001 | 1.55 (1.21 - 1.99) | 0.004 | 4.35 (1.60 - 11.82) |
35-44 | 0.011 | 1.35 (1.07 - 1.70) | 0.037 | 2.91 (1.07 - 7.94) |
45-54 | 0.277 | 1.13 (0.91 - 1.40) | 0.342 | 1.64 (0.59 - 4.58) |
55-64 | 0.393 | 1.09 (0.89 - 1.36) | 0.626 | 1.32 (0.43 - 4.09) |
65 and above = Ref. | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 0.201 | 0.81 (0.58 - 1.13) | 0.002 | 0.46 (0.28 - 0.74) |
In union | 0.018 | 0.86 (0.77 - 0.97) | 0.172 | 0.77 (0.53 - 1.12) |
Divorced/Widowed/Separate = Ref. | ||||
Household size | ||||
Less than 3 | 0.000 | 1.47 (1.26 - 1.72) | 0.773 | 1.06 (0.71 - 1.61) |
3-5 | 0.004 | 1.19 (1.06 - 1.34) | 0.432 | 1.14 (0.83 - 1.57) |
More than 5 = Ref. | ||||
Number of children 1-14 years old | ||||
No children | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.60 - 0.88) | 0.109 | 0.63 (0.36 - 1.11) |
Only one | 0.014 | 0.76 (0.61 - 0.95) | 0.403 | 0.77 (0.42 - 1.41) |
2-3 | 0.241 | 0.89 (0.73 - 1.08) | 0.166 | 0.67 (0.38 - 1.18) |
4 and above = Ref. | ||||
Number of elderly (aged 65 and above) | ||||
One | 0.617 | 1.05 (0.88 - 1.25) | 0.591 | 1.12 (0.74 - 1.71) |
Two and above | 0.186 | 0.83 (0.64 - 1.09) | 0.549 | 0.69 (0.22 - 2.25) |
None = Ref. | ||||
Number men vs. women in the household | ||||
Equal | 0.143 | 0.90 (0.79 - 1.03) | 0.957 | 0.99 (0.70 - 1.39) |
More women | 0.073 | 0.90 (0.81 - 1.01) | 0.319 | 0.87 (0.66 - 1.15) |
Fewer women = Ref. | ||||
Access to mass media | ||||
No | 0.000 | 2.35 (2.13 - 2.60) | 0.000 | 2.85 (2.27 - 3.58) |
Yes = Ref. | ||||
Wealth Index | ||||
Poorest | 0.000 | 2.19 (1.87 - 2.56) | 0.001 | 1.94 (1.31 - 2.89) |
Poorer | 0.000 | 1.93 (1.63 - 2.27) | 0.041 | 0.64 (0.41 - 0.98) |
Middle | 0.022 | 1.22 (1.03 - 1.44) | 0.193 | 0.77 (0.52 - 1.14) |
Richer | 0.831 | 0.98 (0.84 - 1.15) | 0.793 | 0.95 (0.65 - 1.38) |
Richest = Ref. | ||||
Pearson chi2 = 7849.37 | Pearson chi2 = 3314.71 | |||
Prob > Chi2 = 0.8006 | Prob > Chi2 = 0.7161 | |||
Mean VIF = 2.83 | Mean VIF = 3.75 | |||
Pseudo R2 = 0.1054 | Pseudo R2 = 0.1909 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Poor | Non-poor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P-Value | AOR (95% CI) | P-Value | AOR (95% CI) | |
Place of residence | ||||
Rural | 0.000 | 2.44 (1.92 - 3.11) | 0.000 | 1.91 (1.63 - 2.24) |
Urban = Ref. | ||||
Region | ||||
Aire Métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince | 0.000 | 0.41 (0.25 - 0.65) | 0.000 | 0.33 (0.24 - 0.45) |
Reste-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.48 (0.36 - 0.63) | 0.000 | 0.37 (0.28 - 0.50) |
Sud-Est | 0.000 | 0.30 (0.22 - 0.41) | 0.000 | 0.31 (0.23 - 0.42) |
Nord | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.44 - 0.76) | 0.000 | 0.43 (0.32 - 0.58) |
Nord-Est | 0.000 | 0.39 (0.29 - 0.51) | 0.000 | 0.20 (0.14 - 0.28) |
Artibonite | 0.000 | 0.47 (0.37 - 0.60) | 0.000 | 0.36 (0.27 - 0.47) |
Centre | 0.000 | 0.55 (0.43 - 0.71) | 0.000 | 0.44 (0.33 - 0.60) |
Sud | 0.783 | 0.96 (0.74 - 1.26) | 0.000 | 0.40 (0.30 - 0.54) |
Nord-Ouest | 0.000 | 0.53 (0.41 - 0.68) | 0.000 | 0.42 (0.32 - 0.56) |
Nippes | 0.066 | 0.77 (0.59 - 1.02) | 0.000 | 0.55 (0.41 - 0.74) |
Grand’Anse = Ref. | ||||
Sex of household head | ||||
Female | 0.000 | 0.69 (0.60 - 0.80) | 0.000 | 0.77 (0.68 - 0.88) |
Male = Ref. | ||||
Age of household head | ||||
Less than 25 years | 0.000 | 3.03 (1.89 - 4.86) | 0.000 | 3.20 (2.09 - 4.90) |
25-34 | 0.000 | 2.24 (1.59 - 3.16) | 0.000 | 2.46 (1.79 - 3.39) |
35-44 | 0.002 | 1.67 (1.21 - 2.30) | 0.000 | 1.92 (1.42 - 2.59) |
45-54 | 0.028 | 1.41 (1.04 - 1.91) | 0.110 | 1.26 (0.95 - 1.68) |
55-64 | 0.421 | 1.13 (0.84 - 1.52) | 0.218 | 1.19 (0.90 - 1.57) |
65 and above = Ref. | ||||
Education level of household head | ||||
No formal education | 0.000 | 38.32 (15.48 - 94.88) | 0.000 | 14.73 (7.40 - 29.33) |
Primary | 0.000 | 23.45 (9.51 - 57.85) | 0.000 | 7.87 (3.98 - 15.56) |
Secondary | 0.000 | 9.41 (3.80 - 23.33) | 0.000 | 3.45 (1.74 - 6.84) |
Higher = Ref. | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 0.000 | 0.49 (0.34 - 0.72) | 0.394 | 0.87 (0.63 - 1.20) |
In union | 0.000 | 0.72 (0.61 - 0.86) | 0.893 | 1.01 (0.86 - 1.18) |
Divorced/Widowed/Separated = Ref. | ||||
Household size | ||||
Less than 3 | 0.000 | 1.50 (1.21 - 1.87) | 0.022 | 1.27 (1.04 - 1.55) |
3-5 | 0.005 | 1.26 (1.07 - 1.48) | 0.281 | 1.09 (0.93 - 1.27) |
More than 5 = Ref. | ||||
Number of children 1-14 years old | ||||
No children | 0.028 | 0.75 (0.58 - 0.97) | 0.025 | 0.74 (0.58 - 0.96) |
Only one | 0.164 | 0.81 (0.61 - 1.09) | 0.185 | 0.83 (0.62 - 1.10) |
2-3 | 0.858 | 0.98 (0.75 - 1.27) | 0.138 | 0.82 (0.63 - 1.07) |
4 and above = Ref. | ||||
Number of elderly (65 and above) | ||||
One | 0.743 | 1.04 (0.82 - 1.33) | 0.299 | 1.13 (0.90 - 1.40) |
Two and above | 0.334 | 0.83 (0.57 - 1.21) | 0.354 | 0.85 (0.59 - 1.21) |
None = Ref. | ||||
Number men vs. women in households | ||||
Equal | 0.244 | 0.90 (0.75 - 1.08) | 0.421 | 0.93 (0.78 - 1.11) |
More women | 0.214 | 0.91 (0.78 - 1.06) | 0.152 | 0.90 (0.78 - 1.04) |
Fewer women = Ref. | ||||
Access to mass media | ||||
No | 0.000 | 2.10 (1.82 - 2.41) | 0.000 | 2.52 (2.22 - 2.85) |
Yes = Ref. | ||||
Pearson chi2 = 4061.72 | Pearson chi2 = 6217.40 | |||
Prob > Chi2 = 0.9964 | Prob > Chi2 = 0.9649 | |||
Mean VIF = 3.30 | Mean VIF = 3.67 | |||
Pseudo R2 = 0.1738 | Pseudo R2 = 0.1355 |