Introduction
Methods
Study design, and setting
Study population and sampling procedure
Data collection procedure and variables
Data processing and analysis
Spatial scan statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population
Variables | Weighted frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|---|
Residence | |||
Rural | 5,999 | 69.25 | |
Urban | 2,664 | 30.75 | |
Age in year | |||
15–29 | 1,670 | 19.28 | |
30–39 | 2,189 | 25.27 | |
40–49 | 1,738 | 20.06 | |
50–59 | 1,236 | 14.27 | |
> = 60 | 1,830 | 21.13 | |
Wealth quantile | |||
Poorest | 1,498 | 17.30 | |
Poorer | 1,634 | 18.87 | |
Middle | 1,675 | 19.34 | |
Richer | 1,738 | 20.06 | |
Richest | 2,117 | 24.44 | |
Level of education | |||
No education, preschool | 4,120 | 47.56 | |
Primary | 3,069 | 35.43 | |
Secondary | 872 | 10.07 | |
Higher | 601 | 6.94 | |
Region | |||
Tigray | 585 | 6.75 | |
Afar | 88 | 1.01 | |
Amhara | 2,110 | 24.35 | |
Oromia | 3,207 | 37.02 | |
Somali | 419 | 4.83 | |
Benishangul Gumuz | 94 | 1.08 | |
SNMP | 1,668 | 19.25 | |
Gambella | 35 | 0.41 | |
Harari | 25 | 0.29 | |
Addis Ababa | 376 | 4.34 | |
Dire Dawa | 57 | 0.66 | |
Sex | |||
Male | 6,751 | 77.93 | |
Female | 1,912 | 22.07 | |
Family size | |||
< = 5 | 5,516 | 63.68 | |
> 5 | 3,147 | 36.32 | |
Has radio | |||
Yes | 2,411 | 27.83 | |
No | 6,252 | 72.17 | |
Has television | |||
Yes | 1,458 | 16.83 | |
No | 7,205 | 83.17 |
CBHI coverage by regions in Ethiopia
Spatial distribution of CBHI coverage
Spatial SaTScan analysis of CBHI Coverage (Bernoulli based model)
Cluster | Enumeration areas (Cluster detected) | Coordinates (radius) | population | Cases | RR | LLR | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 83, 82, 57, 84, 56, 78, 58, 59, 54, 81, 74, 61, 60, 62, 75, 53, 9, 22, 18, 70, 76, 23, 65, 20, 71, 7, 13, 2, 8, 14, 21, 72, 55, 24, 85, 1, 5, 51, 79, 63, 12, 19, 52, 11, 165, 80, 46, 29, 17, 44, 6, 25, 73, 162, 77, 66, 36, 3, 64, 45, 16, 10, 163, 4, 67 | (12.322718 N, 37.959425 E) / 265.25 km | 1859 | 874 | 3.67 | 463.18 | 0.0001 |
2 | 173, 196, 192, 198, 199, 204, 191, 197, 190, 189 | (6.272978 N, 36.862733 E) / 124.08 km | 292 | 119 | 2.1 | 33.52 | 0.0001 |
3 | 116, 203 | (7.531183 N, 38.662596 E) / 34.42 km | 57 | 40 | 3.54 | 33.45 | 0.0001 |
4 | 03, 104 | (7.648661 N, 39.688764 E) / 61.78 km | 57 | 36 | 3.18 | 22.14 | 0.0001 |
5 | 69 | (9.577575 N, 39.728117 E) / 0 km | 28 | 22 | 3.94 | 22.14 | 0.0001 |
6 | 250 | (9.227458 N, 42.199756 E) / 0 km | 29 | 18 | 3.10 | 12.12 | 0.0024 |
7 | 97,96 | (7.964041 N, 36.490345 E) / 40.33 km | 60 | 25 | 2.08 | 7.23 | 0.139 |
8 | 149 | (10.333829 N, 34.842459 E) / 0 km | 30 | 15 | 2.49 | 6.64 | 0.241 |
9 | 92 | (8.880101 N, 35.804185 E) / 0 km | 30 | 13 | 2.16 | 4.14 | 0.877 |
10 | 155, 86, 154 | (9.766226 N, 34.782318 E) / 19.60 km | 90 | 29 | 1.61 | 3.65 | 0.954 |
Spatial interpolation
Individual and community-level factors associated with health insurance in Ethiopia
The random effect analysis result
The fixed effect analysis result
Individual and community-level variables | Models | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Null model AOR (95%CI) | Model I AOR (95%CI) | Model II AOR (95%CI) | Model III AOR (95%CI) | |
Age | ||||
15–29 | 0.48(.37,0.60) | 0.46(0.36,0.60) * | ||
30–39 | 0.82(0.67,1.01) | 0.77(0.63,0.96) * | ||
40–49 | 1.09(0.88,1.34) | 1.01(0.81,1.24) | ||
50–59 | 1.13(0.90,1.42) | 1.08(0.86,1.36) | ||
> = 60 | 1 | 1 | ||
Residence type | ||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 1.96(1.19,3.22) | 0.73(0.45,1.19) | ||
Level of education | ||||
No education | 1.65(1.21,2.34) | 1.26(0.89,1.75) | ||
Primary | 1.88(1.38,2.56) | 1.57(1.15,2.15) * | ||
Secondary | 1.45(1.03,2.05) | 1.38(0.97,1.95) | ||
Higher | 1 | 1 | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | ||
Poorer | 1.32 (1.03,1.70) | 1.17(0.91,1.51) | ||
Middle | 1.91 (1.46,2.49) | 1.71(1.30,2.24) * | ||
richer | 1.93 (1.45, 2.55) | 1.79(1.34,2.41) * | ||
Richest | 1.28 (0.91,1.78) | 1.43(0.95,2.17) | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 1.24 (1.05, 1.45) | 1.11(0.93,1.32) | ||
Family size | ||||
< = 5 | 1 | 1 | ||
> 5 | 0.69 (0.59,0.79) | 0.82(0.69,0.96) * | ||
Has radio | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 0.85 (.72,0.99) | 0.92(0.78,1.09) | ||
Has television | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 0.90 (0.70,1.16) | 0.93(0.68,1.26) | ||
Region | ||||
Tigray | 0.67 (.33.1.33) | 0.67(0.34,1.33) | ||
Afar | 0.01(0.004, 0.28) | 0.002(0.006,0.04) * | ||
Amhara | 1 | 1 | ||
Oromia | 0.13(0.68,0.25) | 0.11(0.06,0.21) * | ||
Somali | 0.01(0.005,0.03) | 0.02(0.007,0.04) * | ||
Benishangul | 0.04(0.02,0.09) | 0.04(0.02,0.08) * | ||
SNMP | 0.11(0.06,0.22) | 0.09(0.05,0.18) * | ||
Gambela | 0.03(0.02,0.07) | 0.004(0.02,0.08) * | ||
Harari | 0.06(0.03,0.13) | 0.06(0.03,0.14) * | ||
Addis Ababa | 0.05(0.03,0.12) | 0.07(0.03,0.16) * | ||
Dire Dawa | 0.03(0.02,0.06) | 0.03(0.02,0.07) * | ||
Random variables and model comparison | ||||
PCV (%) | Reference | 8.12 | 59.53 | 61.1 |
ICC (%) | 54.42 | 52.32 | 32.58 | 31.74 |
MOR (95% CI) | 6.57(5.39,8.21) | 6.08(5.01,7.55) | 3.31(2.89,3.87) | 1.45(2.82,3.78) |
Log likelihood (LLR) | -3181.42 | 3115.30 | -3084.13 | -3022.51 |
DIC (2LLR) | 6,362.84 | 6,230.60 | 6,168.26 | 6,045.02 |