Introduction
Methods
Data
Sample
Outcome variable
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio-economic and demographic trends of sterilization regret in India
Variables | NFHS-4 (2015–16) |
---|---|
Age at sterilization | |
< 25 | 7.01 |
25–29 | 6.54 |
> = 30 | 6.51 |
Year since sterilization | |
< 2 | 6.48 |
2–5 | 6.97 |
6–9 | 7.20 |
More than 10 years | 6.83 |
Parity at sterilization | |
1 | 10.74 |
2–3 | 6.86 |
> 3 | 5.79 |
Told sterilization would mean no more children | |
No | 5.55 |
Yes | 6.99 |
Compensation received | |
No | 7.50 |
Yes | 6.32 |
Out of Pocket Expenditure Incurred | |
No OOP | 6.75 |
Less than 3000 | 7.26 |
More than equal to 3000 | 7.67 |
Quality of care | |
Very good | 7.61 |
All right | 5.27 |
Not so good | 10.40 |
Bad | 18.25 |
Type of health facility | |
Public | 6.69 |
Private | 6.77 |
Others | 2.07 |
Sex Composition | |
Only Son | 7.59 |
Only Daughter | 10.51 |
Both | 5.91 |
Child loss | |
No loss | 6.81 |
Before Sterilization | 7.36 |
After Sterilization | 14.61 |
Child loss overall | |
No loss | 6.66 |
1 child loss | 7.32 |
2 child loss | 5.32 |
More than 2 loss | 5.91 |
Currently married | |
Yes | 6.72 |
No | 6.70 |
Age of women | |
15–19 | 8.70 |
20–24 | 7.24 |
25–29 | 6.49 |
30–34 | 6.76 |
35–39 | 6.52 |
40–44 | 6.58 |
45–49 | 6.19 |
Educational Status | |
No education | 6.34 |
Primary | 6.01 |
Secondary | 7.14 |
Higher | 6.93 |
Caste | |
SC | 6.61 |
ST | 6.67 |
OBC | 7.04 |
Others | 6.06 |
Religion | |
Hindu | 6.55 |
Muslim | 8.76 |
Christin | 7.61 |
Others | 3.98 |
Wealth Quintile | |
Poorest | 6.06 |
Poorer | 6.61 |
Middle | 6.69 |
Richer | 7.25 |
Richest | 7.04 |
Region | |
North | 5.29 |
Central | 6.36 |
East | 6.76 |
North East | 5.47 |
West | 5.44 |
South | 8.15 |
Place of residence | |
Urban | 6.92 |
Rural | 6.61 |
Total | 6.90 |
Amount paid, compensation received and OOP for female sterilization in India
N | Mean Sterilization Expenditure | Mean Compensation Received | Out of Expenditure | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Public | 1,53,423 | 270.0 (259.9,280.1) | 382.7 ( 380.3,385.1) | -112.7 (-123.1, -102.3) |
Private | 28,152 | 8240.8 (8100.0,8381.6) | 50.4 (45.6,55.2) | 8190.4 (8049.5,8331.4) |
Others | 318 | 1444.9 (801.2,2088.6) | 278.4 (226.5,330.4) | 1166.5 (513.6,1819.4) |
Total | 1,81,892 | 1244.3 (1221.0,1267.6) | 342.0 (339.8,344.2) | 902.3 (878.6,926.0) |
Multivariate Logistic analysis
NFHS-4 (2015–16) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III |
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Age at sterilization | |||
< 25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–29 | 0.96 (0.90 1.02) | 0.96 (0.90 1.02) | 0.95 (0.89 1.02) |
> = 30 | 0.96 (0.89 1.04) | 0.96 (0.88 1.04) | 0.97 (0.89 1.06) |
Year since sterilization | |||
Less than 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2–5 | 1.11 (1.00 1.23) | 1.11*(0.99 1.23) | 1.12*(1.01 1.25) |
6–9 | 1.17*(1.05 1.30) | 1.17*(1.05 1.30) | 1.20*(1.07 1.34) |
10 + | 1.09* (1.02 1.20) | 1.07 (0.97 1.19) | 1.12*(1.01 1.24) |
Parity at sterilization | |||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2–3 | 0.72*(0.62 0.83) | 0.72*(0.62 0.83) | 0.71*(0.61 0.84) |
> 3 | 0.61*(0.52 0.72) | 0.62*(0.52 0.73) | 0.61*(0.51 0.72) |
Told sterilization would mean no more children | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.41*(1.31 1.52) | 1.42*(1.32 1.53) | 1.38*(1.27 1.51) |
Compensation received | |||
No | - | 1.00 | - |
Yes | - | 0.87*(0.81 0.93) | - |
Quality of care | |||
Very good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
All right | 0.73*(0.69 0.77) | 0.73*(0.69 0.77) | 0.72*(0.68 0.78) |
Not so good | 1.28*(1.13 1.45) | 1.27*(1.12 1.44) | 1.26*(1.09 1.45) |
Bad | 3.08*(2.26 4.19) | 3.03*(2.23 4.12) | 2.80*(2.08 3.78) |
Type of health facility | |||
Public | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Private | 0.92 (0.85 1.02) | 0.85*(0.77 0.93) | 0.76*(0.66 0.88) |
Others | 0.56 (0.3 1.06) | 0.53*(0.28 1.01) | 0.47*(0.23 0.99) |
Sex Composition | |||
Only Son | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Only Daughter | 1.22*(1.10 1.35) | 1.22*(1.1 1.35) | 1.22*(1.1 1.36) |
Both | 0.76*(0.71 0.81) | 0.76*(0.71 0.81) | 0.78*(0.73 0.84) |
Child loss | |||
No loss | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Before Sterilization | 1.23*(1.13 1.34) | 1.21*(1.12 1.31) | 2.21*(1.2 4.1) |
After Sterilization | 2.17*(1.16 4.06) | 2.34*(1.22 4.49) | 1.20*(1.1 1.3) |
Currently married | |||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 0.86*(0.76 0.98) | 0.88*(0.78 1.00) | 1.18*(1.04 1.35) |
Educational Status | |||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.03 (0.95 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96 1.13) |
Secondary | 1.09 (1.01 1.17) | 1.09*(1.01 1.17) | 1.09*(1.01 1.17) |
Higher | 1.02 (0.87 1.2) | 1.02 (0.87 1.20) | 1.06 (0.88 1.27) |
Caste | |||
SC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
ST | 1.05 (0.95 1.17) | 1.05 (0.95 1.16) | 1.05 (0.93 1.19) |
OBC | 0.96 (0.9 1.04) | 0.96 (0.90 1.03) | 0.96 (0.89 1.05) |
Others | 1.00 (0.91 1.09) | 0.99 (0.91 1.09) | 1.00 (0.90 1.11) |
Religion | |||
Hindu | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Muslim | 1.38*(1.24 1.52) | 1.37*(1.23 1.52) | 1.36*(1.20 1.55) |
Christin | 0.94 (0.78 1.12) | 0.93 (0.78 1.12) | 0.87 (0.71 1.07) |
Others | 0.89 (0.74 1.08) | 0.89 (0.73 1.07) | 0.85 (0.69 1.03) |
Wealth Quintile | |||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poorer | 1.05 (0.97 1.14) | 1.05 (0.96 1.14) | 1.06 (0.97 1.16) |
Middle | 0.99 (0.91 1.09) | 0.99 (0.90 1.08) | 0.99 (0.9 1.10) |
Richer | 0.98 (0.89 1.09) | 0.98 (0.88 1.08) | 0.98 (0.87 1.10) |
Richest | 0.93 (0.82 1.05) | 0.92 (0.81 1.04) | 0.93 (0.81 1.07) |
Region | |||
North | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Central | 1.25*(1.15 1.35) | 1.27*(1.18 1.38) | 1.26*(1.14 1.40) |
East | 1.21*(1.1 1.33) | 1.23*(1.11 1.35) | 1.19*(1.06 1.34) |
North East | 0.89 (0.75 1.05) | 0.89 (0.75 1.06) | 0.94 (0.75 1.17) |
West | 0.77*(0.69 0.86) | 0.77*(0.69 0.86) | 0.78*(0.68 0.89) |
South | 1.38*(1.28 1.5) | 1.39*(1.28 1.51) | 1.41*(1.26 1.57) |
Place of residence | |||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 1.04 (0.97 1.11) | 1.04 (0.97 1.12) | 1.06 (0.96 1.16) |
Out of Pocket expenditure incurred in sterilization operation | - | - | |
No expenditure | |||
Less than 3000 | 1.21*(1.07 1.36) | ||
More than equal to 3000 | 1.31*(1.12 1.53) |
Results from predicted probabilities
Predicted Probabilities | Mean |
---|---|
Public facility and not received compensation | 0.070 (0.070–0.071) |
Public facility and received compensation | 0.064 (0.064–0.064) |
Private facility and not received compensation | 0.066 (0.066–0.066) |
Private facility and received compensation | 0.077 (0.076–0.079) |
Other facility and not received compensation | 0.038 (0.036–0.040) |
Other facility and received compensation | 0.040 (0.037–0.043) |
Public facility and no expenditure incurred for sterilization | 0.067 (0.067–0.067) |
Public facility and incurred less than INR 3000 as OOP | 0.089 (0.088–0.090) |
Public facility and incurred more than equal to INR 3000 as OOP | 0.117 (0.117–0.119) |
Private facility and no expenditure incurred for sterilization | 0.076 (0.075–0.078) |
Private facility and incurred less than INR 3000 as OOP | 0.062 (0.061–0.063) |
Private facility and incurred more than equal to INR 3000 as OOP | 0.077 (0.076–0.078) |
Other facility and no expenditure incurred for sterilization | 0.036 (0.034–0.039) |
Other facility and incurred less than INR 3000 as OOP | 0.075 (0.066–0.084) |
Other facility and incurred more than equal to INR 3000 as OOP | 0.009 (0.007–0.010) |