Background
Methods
Theoretical framework
Design and procedure
Preliminary questionnaire
Construct | Items | References |
---|---|---|
Skills (check list)-Score sheet for the practical assessment | ||
Sitting at a table | Spence et al. (1984), Sheldon et al. (1994), Cardon et al. (2000, 2001, 2002, 2007), Heiser et al. (2014) and Santos et al. (2017) | |
Pick up the crate | ||
Carry the crate | ||
Set the crate down on the table | ||
Pick up a pencil | ||
Move the crate | ||
Book bag use | ||
Knowledge | ||
General & specific back care knowledge | Spence et al. (1984), Sheldon et al. (1994), Cardon et al. (2000, 2001, 2002, 2007), Dolphens et al. (2011), Park et al. (2011), Heiser et al. (2014), Monfort-Pan˜ego et al. (2016) and Santos et al. (2017) | |
Self-Efficacy | ||
How easy or difficult: | Cardon et al. (2002), Park et al. (2011) and Dolphens et al. (2011) | |
Daily participation in physical activity | ||
Attaining a natural curve of the spine | ||
Minimal loading of the book bag | ||
Pay attention to ergonomic postures | ||
Expectations beliefs | ||
Sitting is ‘dangerous’ when having a backache | Cardon et al. (2002) and Dolphens et al. (2011) | |
Swimming is ‘dangerous’ when having a backache | ||
Running is ‘dangerous’ when having a backache | ||
Participation in physical education is ‘dangerous’ when having a backache | ||
Cycling is ‘dangerous’ when having a backache | ||
Lifting heavy objects is ‘dangerous’ when having a backache | ||
Self-reported behavior | ||
Checking weight of book bag | Cardon et al. (2002), Dolphens et al. (2011) and Noll et al. (2013) | |
Carrying the bag with 2 straps | ||
Elevator use versus taking the stairs | ||
Knee position when putting on shoes | ||
Doing exercises every day | ||
Knee position when lifting | ||
Distance to body when load carrying | ||
No twisting while moving heavy object | ||
Posture in relation to sleeping, sitting in a chair to write, sitting in a chair to talk, using a computer and lifting an object from the ground (BackPEI) |
Psychometric evaluation
Data analysis
Structural validity
Reliability
Results
Participants
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Father’s job | ||
Employed | 564 | 92.4 |
Unemployed | 4 | 0.7 |
Retired | 28 | 4.6 |
Missing | 14 | 2.3 |
Mother’s job | ||
Employed | 123 | 20.2 |
Housewife | 480 | 78.7 |
Missing | 7 | 1.1 |
Father’s level of education | ||
Illiterate/primary | 61 | 10.0 |
Secondary | 204 | 33.4 |
Higher | 248 | 40.7 |
Missing | 97 | 15.9 |
Mother’s level of education | ||
Illiterate/primary | 79 | 13.0 |
Secondary | 235 | 38.5 |
Higher | 216 | 35.4 |
Missing | 80 | 13.1 |
Birth ranking | ||
Being the only child in family | 307 | 50.3 |
Second child | 221 | 36.2 |
Ohers | 67 | 11.3 |
Missing | 15 | 2.5 |
Presence of back pain | ||
Yes | 144 | 23.6 |
No | 459 | 75.2 |
Missing | 7 | 1.1 |
Item-total correlation
Skills | Knowledge | Self-Efficacy | Beliefs | Behavior | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skills | |||||
checkQ1 | 0.95 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
checkQ2 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.29 |
checkQ3 | 0.85 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.17 |
checkQ4 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
checkQ5 | 0.71 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
checkQ6 | 0.78 | 0.009 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.002 |
checkQ7 | 0.49 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
checkQ8 | 0.48 | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.20 |
checkQ9 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.05 |
checkQ10 | 0.68 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.39 |
checkQ11 | 0.87 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.35 |
checkQ12 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.20 |
checkQ13 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.05 |
checkQ14 | 0.78 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.14 |
checkQ15 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.17 |
checkQ16 | 0.86 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.26 |
checkQ17 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
checkQ18 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.23 |
checkQ19 | 0.95 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.21 |
checkQ20 | 0.69 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.12 |
checkQ21 | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
checkQ22 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.23 |
checkQ23 | 0.96 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
Knowledge | |||||
preQ1 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.12 |
preQ2 | 0.35 | 0.80 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0. 26 |
preQ3 | 0.19 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.27 |
preQ4 | 0.31 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
preQ5 | 0.15 | 0.87 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.11 |
preQ6 | 0.09 | 0.84 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.15 |
preQ7 | 0.33 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.23 |
preQ8 | 0.14 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.26 |
preQ9 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
preQ10 | 0.09 | 0.77 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.01 |
Self-Efficacy | |||||
preQ11 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.81 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
preQ12 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.79 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
preQ13 | 0.39 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
preQ14 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0.37 |
Beliefs | |||||
preQ15 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.19 |
preQ16 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.75 | 0.13 |
preQ17 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.86 | 0.03 |
preQ18 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.76 | 0.27 |
preQ19 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 0.20 |
preQ20 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.16 |
Behavior | |||||
preQ21 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.80 |
preQ22 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.79 |
preQ23 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.89 |
preQ24 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.93 |
preQ25 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.86 |
preQ26 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.73 |
Structural validity
Reliability
Subscale [number of items] | Possible score range | Mean (SD) | Cronbach’s alpha | ICC | SEM | MDC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skills [23] | 0–46 | 13.09 (14.56) | 0.97 | 0.78 | 4.96 | 13.74 |
Knowledge [10] | 0–10 | 4.56 (1.44) | 0.96 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 1.99 |
Self-Efficacy [4] | 4–16 | 11.74 (3.05) | 0.93 | 0.83 | 1.42 | 3.94 |
Expectation beliefs [6] | 6–30 | 20.43 (4.84) | 0.94 | 0.80 | 2.49 | 6.90 |
Behavior [6] | 6–30 | 21.89 (5.22) | 0.95 | 0.83 | 2.33 | 6.46 |
Total [49] | 16–132 | 72.28 (16.96) | 0.93 | 0.84 | 7.08 | 19.62 |
Convergent validity
ICC (%) | |
---|---|
Sitting at a table | |
checkQ1. Straight, not slouched | 0.95 |
checkQ2. Feet on the floor | 0.88 |
checkQ3. No twisting | 0.94 |
Pick up the crate | |
checkQ4. Wide base of support | 0.92 |
checkQ5. Load close | 0.85 |
checkQ6. Bend knees | 0.75 |
checkQ7. Back straight | 0.88 |
checkQ8. No twisting | 0.89 |
Carry the crate | |
checkQ9. Back straight (not swayed) | 0.93 |
checkQ10. Load close/elbows bent | 0.89 |
Set the crate down on the table | |
checkQ11. Bend knees | 0.74 |
checkQ12. Load close | 0.84 |
Pick up a pencil | |
checkQ13. Wide base of support | 0.85 |
checkQ14. Bend knees | 0.73 |
checkQ15. Back straight | 0.81 |
Move the crate | |
checkQ16. Back straight | 0.90 |
checkQ17. Load close & in front | 0.88 |
checkQ18. Step/pivot not twist | 0.74 |
Backpack | |
checkQ19. Load correctly (order) | 0.95 |
checkQ20. Handling the bag (bend knees) | 0.89 |
checkQ21. Handling the bag (wide base) | 0.84 |
checkQ22. Handling the bag (back straight) | 0/90 |
checkQ23. Carrying the bag 2 straps | 0.78 |